scholarly journals Summer Heat and Ice Balances on Hodges Glacier, South Georgia, Falkland Islands Dependencies

1982 ◽  
Vol 28 (99) ◽  
pp. 221-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. G. G. Hogg ◽  
J. G. Paren ◽  
R. J. Timmis
Keyword(s):  
Latent Heat ◽  
Heat Balance ◽  
Significant Contribution ◽  
Heat Fluxes ◽  
Falkland Islands ◽  
Mountain Range ◽  
Ablation Zone ◽  
Net Radiation ◽  
Summer Heat ◽  
The Heat Balance

AbstractThe heat and ice balances of a temperate sub-Antarctic cirque glacier were measured through the 1973–74 melt season at an altitude midway between the climatic firn limit and the snout. The melt calculated from mean daily measurements at a single level of net radiation, wind-speed, temperature, and humidity agreed with that observed at nearby budget stakes. In the central ablation zone, radiation provided (54 ± 6)% and sensible fluxes (46 ± 6)% of the heat income through the summer, which was exceptionally warm and sunny. Latent-heat fluxes made no significant contribution to the heat balance. The calculation by Smith (1960) that the radiative, sensible, and latent heat fluxes contribute about equally to ablation in this zone has not been substantiated by measurement. The measured partition of the glacier’s heat balance suggested that maritime influences on its regime are mitigated by its position in the lee of a major mountain range.

scholarly journals Summer Heat and Ice Balances on Hodges Glacier, South Georgia, Falkland Islands Dependencies

1982 ◽  
Vol 28 (99) ◽  
pp. 221-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. G. G. Hogg ◽  
J. G. Paren ◽  
R. J. Timmis
Keyword(s):  
Latent Heat ◽  
Heat Balance ◽  
Significant Contribution ◽  
Heat Fluxes ◽  
Falkland Islands ◽  
Mountain Range ◽  
Ablation Zone ◽  
Net Radiation ◽  
Summer Heat ◽  
The Heat Balance

AbstractThe heat and ice balances of a temperate sub-Antarctic cirque glacier were measured through the 1973–74 melt season at an altitude midway between the climatic firn limit and the snout. The melt calculated from mean daily measurements at a single level of net radiation, wind-speed, temperature, and humidity agreed with that observed at nearby budget stakes. In the central ablation zone, radiation provided (54 ± 6)% and sensible fluxes (46 ± 6)% of the heat income through the summer, which was exceptionally warm and sunny. Latent-heat fluxes made no significant contribution to the heat balance. The calculation by Smith (1960) that the radiative, sensible, and latent heat fluxes contribute about equally to ablation in this zone has not been substantiated by measurement. The measured partition of the glacier’s heat balance suggested that maritime influences on its regime are mitigated by its position in the lee of a major mountain range.

scholarly journals Ablation and Heat Balance of the Yukikabe Snow Patch in the Daisetsu Mountains, Hokkaido, Japan

1984 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 122-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Sato ◽  
S. Takahashi ◽  
R. Naruse ◽  
G. Wakahama
Keyword(s):  
Latent Heat ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Heat Balance ◽  
Meteorological Parameters ◽  
Heat Sources ◽  
Sensible Heat ◽  
Net Radiation ◽  
Ice Caps ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
The Heat Balance

A good correlation was found between the ablation of snow and degree day index (cumulative values of positive daily mean air temperature) during the summer of 1978 on the Yukikabe snow patch in the Daisetsu mountains, central Hokkaido. The volume change of the snow patch in the ablation season of any year can hence be estimated from air temperature using this relationship. Each of the heat-balance terms controlling the ablation is evaluated separately by using empirical equations and assumed values for meteorological parameters at the snow patch. Triangular diagrams are constructed in order to illustrate the relative contributions of sensible heat, latent heat, and net radiation, the main three heat sources. A higher contribution from sensible and latent heat is found for the snow patches of Japan than for many glaciers and ice caps elsewhere. This may be due to higher mid-summer air temperatures than in other glaciated parts of the world.

scholarly journals Ablation and Heat Balance of the Yukikabe Snow Patch in the Daisetsu Mountains, Hokkaido, Japan

1984 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 122-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Sato ◽  
S. Takahashi ◽  
R. Naruse ◽  
G. Wakahama
Keyword(s):  
Latent Heat ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Heat Balance ◽  
Meteorological Parameters ◽  
Heat Sources ◽  
Sensible Heat ◽  
Net Radiation ◽  
Ice Caps ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
The Heat Balance

A good correlation was found between the ablation of snow and degree day index (cumulative values of positive daily mean air temperature) during the summer of 1978 on the Yukikabe snow patch in the Daisetsu mountains, central Hokkaido. The volume change of the snow patch in the ablation season of any year can hence be estimated from air temperature using this relationship. Each of the heat-balance terms controlling the ablation is evaluated separately by using empirical equations and assumed values for meteorological parameters at the snow patch. Triangular diagrams are constructed in order to illustrate the relative contributions of sensible heat, latent heat, and net radiation, the main three heat sources. A higher contribution from sensible and latent heat is found for the snow patches of Japan than for many glaciers and ice caps elsewhere. This may be due to higher mid-summer air temperatures than in other glaciated parts of the world.

scholarly journals The Midsummer Heat Balance of an Alaskan Maritime Glacier

1968 ◽  
Vol 7 (51) ◽  
pp. 431-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. A. Streten ◽  
G. Wendler
Keyword(s):  
Latent Heat ◽  
Heat Balance ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Ice Melting ◽  
Mountain Glacier ◽  
Temperature And Humidity ◽  
The Heat Balance

AbstractThe heat balance of an Alaskan mountain glacier located close to the sea is calculated for a period of 16 d in midsummer—a period which is typical of the summer in this region in its high cloudiness and in its temperature and humidity conditions. The radiative and the combined sensible and latent heat components are found to contribute equally to the observed high rate of ice melting.

scholarly journals The Midsummer Heat Balance of an Alaskan Maritime Glacier

1968 ◽  
Vol 7 (51) ◽  
pp. 431-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. A. Streten ◽  
G. Wendler
Keyword(s):  
Latent Heat ◽  
Heat Balance ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Ice Melting ◽  
Mountain Glacier ◽  
Temperature And Humidity ◽  
The Heat Balance

Abstract The heat balance of an Alaskan mountain glacier located close to the sea is calculated for a period of 16 d in midsummer—a period which is typical of the summer in this region in its high cloudiness and in its temperature and humidity conditions. The radiative and the combined sensible and latent heat components are found to contribute equally to the observed high rate of ice melting.

scholarly journals Heat Balance at the Snow Surface in a Katabatic Wind Zone, East Antarctica

1985 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 174-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tetsuo Ohata ◽  
Nobuyoshi Ishikawa ◽  
Shun’ichi Kobayashi ◽  
Sadao Kawaguchi
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
Balance Equation ◽  
Heat Balance ◽  
Cloud Amount ◽  
Temperature Inversion ◽  
East Antarctica ◽  
Katabatic Wind ◽  
Snow Surface ◽  
Net Radiation ◽  
The Heat Balance

Each component of the heat balance equation was obtained independently for 24 days in winter and 8 days in summer in 1980 at Mizuho station, East Antarctica. In winter, net radiation QNR was -37.6W/m-2 , QS; +36.7W/m-2 and QC; +2.5W/m2 QL was three orders less than QS. In the summer, QNR; +l9.9W/m-2 QC;-7.4W/m’, QL ; -.SW/m-2 and Q C; .2W/m-2. In the winter cloud amount was an important factor determining the variation in heat balance components, but also variation in the strength of the katabatic wind had effect. Condensation of water vapor occurred in winter and sublimation in summer: summer sublimation had a significant effect on the heat balance. The small condensation may be due to the structure of the temperature inversion at Mizuho which is related to the katabatic wind. The present results show that at Mizuho, the radiation loss Q NR and Q S which compensate it is larger than at any other site on the continent excluding the coastal stations.

scholarly journals The surface energy balance of a polygonal tundra site in northern Siberia – Part 1: Spring to fall

2011 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 151-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Langer ◽  
S. Westermann ◽  
S. Muster ◽  
K. Piel ◽  
J. Boike
Keyword(s):  
Heat Flux ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Surface Energy ◽  
Snow Cover ◽  
Latent Heat ◽  
Latent Heat Flux ◽  
Surface Energy Balance ◽  
Heat Fluxes ◽  
Net Radiation ◽  
Ground Heat Flux

Abstract. In this article, we present a study on the surface energy balance of a polygonal tundra landscape in northeast Siberia. The study was performed during half-year periods from April to September in each of 2007 and 2008. The surface energy balance is obtained from independent measurements of the net radiation, the turbulent heat fluxes, and the ground heat flux at several sites. Short-wave radiation is the dominant factor controlling the magnitude of all the other components of the surface energy balance during the entire observation period. About 50% of the available net radiation is consumed by the latent heat flux, while the sensible and the ground heat flux are each around 20 to 30%. The ground heat flux is mainly consumed by active layer thawing. About 60% of the energy storage in the ground is attributed to the phase change of soil water. The remainder is used for soil warming down to a depth of 15 m. In particular, the controlling factors for the surface energy partitioning are snow cover, cloud cover, and the temperature gradient in the soil. The thin snow cover melts within a few days, during which the equivalent of about 20% of the snow-water evaporates or sublimates. Surface temperature differences of the heterogeneous landscape indicate spatial variabilities of sensible and latent heat fluxes, which are verified by measurements. However, spatial differences in the partitioning between sensible and latent heat flux are only measured during conditions of high radiative forcing, which only occur occasionally.

scholarly journals ANNUAL HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER AT AN OTTAWA SITE

1965 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. W. Gold ◽  
D. W. Boyd
Keyword(s):  
Mass Transfer ◽  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Heat Balance ◽  
Longwave Radiation ◽  
Fourier Component ◽  
Net Radiation ◽  
Average Mass ◽  
Ground Heat Flux ◽  
Annual Component ◽  
The Heat Balance

The Fourier component of period 1 year is calculated for the net radiation, net solar radiation, incoming solar radiation, and ground heat flux from observations made at a grass-covered site in Ottawa in the 2-year period 1 January 1961 to 31 December 1962. The Fourier approximation of the evapotranspiration and sublimation loss is determined from estimates of the average mass transfer at the time of maximum in summer and minimum in winter. The approximation of the annual component of the convective transfer is obtained using the heat balance equation.During the 6-month period 1 April to 30 September about 48% of the net solar radiation was dissipated by evapotranspiration, 42% dissipated by longwave radiation, 7% dissipated by convection, and 3% was stored in the ground.

scholarly journals Estimating Air–Sea Heat Fluxes in Semienclosed Basins: The Case of the Gulf of Elat (Aqaba)

2009 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 185-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moshe Ben-Sasson ◽  
Steve Brenner ◽  
Nathan Paldor
Keyword(s):  
Heat Flux ◽  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Sea Surface Temperature ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Heat Balance ◽  
Evaporation Rate ◽  
Heat Fluxes ◽  
Sea Surface ◽  
Turbulent Heat ◽  
The Heat Balance

Abstract Meteorological and oceanographic data collected at the head of the Gulf of Elat were used to compute the air–sea heat flux components and the heat storage in the water column, which are in turn used to estimate the heat balance of this semienclosed basin. The solar radiation was measured directly, whereas the longwave (LW) cooling and the turbulent heat fluxes (latent, LH; sensible, SH) were computed from commonly used bulk formulas. Nine formulas for LW and four formulas for LH + SH were tested for a total of 36 possible combinations. Independent estimates for the bounds on the advective heat flux through the straits and results from a one-dimensional mixed layer model provided criteria to help identify the best choice of bulk formulas for the gulf. It was concluded that the LW formula of Bignami together with the turbulent flux formulas of Kondo provide the best estimate of the heat balance of the gulf. Based on this, the annual mean evaporation is 1.6–1.8 m yr−1, with a minimum of 1 m yr−1 in (the long) summer and a maximum of 3–4 m yr−1 in (the short) winter. The increase in evaporation rate during the winter results from the instability of the atmosphere at that time when the sea surface temperature exceeds the air temperature; in the summer, when the air temperature is much higher than the sea surface temperature, evaporation nearly stops due to the atmospheric stability. This estimated evaporation rate for the gulf, which is similar for all four of the LH formulas considered, is significantly smaller than values commonly quoted in the literature. Finally, in contrast to previous studies, it is found that the advective heat flux from the Straits of Tiran is large and significant in spring, reaching an estimated value of over 125 W m−2, but its annually averaged value is only about 35–40 W m−2.

scholarly journals Characteristics of the Heat Balance of the Greenland Ice sheet for Modelling

1985 ◽  
Vol 31 (107) ◽  
pp. 3-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Ambach
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Heat Balance ◽  
Sensible Heat Flux ◽  
Greenland Ice Sheet ◽  
Climatic Changes ◽  
Equilibrium Line ◽  
Radiation Balance ◽  
Sensible Heat ◽  
Net Radiation ◽  
The Heat Balance

AbstractData of the heat balance measured during EGIG 1959 and 1967 are applied to calculate the shift in equilibrium line due to climatic changes. The analysis follows Kuhn’s algorithm by determining from the data: (i) response of the net radiation balance due to changes in air temperature, cloudiness, and albedo, (ii) the response of the sensible heat flux due to changes in air temperature, (iii) the altitudinal gradients of air temperature and cumulative accumulation, (iv) the duration of the ablation season, and (v) the significance of superimposed ice. The shift of the equilibrium line due to changes in cloudiness is negligible compared to that which is caused by changes in temperature. The formation of superimposed ice, however, influences the result considerably. The shift of the equilibrium line amounts to +77 m K−1 at constant cloudiness and –4 m per 1/10 cloudiness at constant temperature.

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