scholarly journals Promising approaches to the search for fungal metabolites for management of arthropod pests

2021 ◽  
Vol 104 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-27
Author(s):  
A. O. Berestetskiy* ◽  
G. R. Lednev ◽  
Q. Hu
Keyword(s):  
Soil Fungi ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Gene Clusters ◽  
Phytopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Ecological Groups ◽  
Fungal Metabolites ◽  
Insecticidal Proteins ◽  
Subsequent Activation ◽  
Low Sensitivity ◽  
New Compounds

Biorational insecticides of natural origin, such as avermectins, spinosins, azadirachtin and afidopyropen, are increasingly used in agriculture. The present paper reviews modern ecological, genomic, and biotechnological approaches to the search for new compounds with insecticidal properties (entomotoxic, antifeedant, and hormonal) produced by fungi of various ecological groups (entomopathogens, soil saprotrophs, endophytes, phytopathogens, and mushrooms). The literature survey showed that insecticidal metabolites of entomopathogenic fungi had not been sufficiently studied, and the majority of well-characterized compounds had showed moderate insecticidal activity. The greatest number of substances with insecticidal properties was found to be produced by soil fungi, mainly from the genera Aspergillus and Penicillium. Metabolites with insecticidal and antifeedant properties were also found in endophytic and phytopathogenic fungi. Low sensitivity of insect pests of stored products (in particular, of grain) to mycotoxins was recorded. Mushrooms were found to be promising producers of antifeedant compounds as well as insecticidal proteins. It is possible to increase the number of substances with insecticidal properties detected in fungi not only by extension of the screening range but also by exploitation of diverse bioassay sytems and model insect species. Mining genomes for secondary metabolite gene clusters and secreted proteins with their subsequent activation by various methods allows for better understanding of the biosynthetic potential of the prospective strains. Efficacy of these studies can be increased with high-throughput techniques of fungal metabolites extraction and further analysis using chromatography and mass spectrometry. Insecticidal proteins detected in fungi can be used in the technologies for development of transgenic plant varieties resistant to pests, or hypervirulent bioinsecticides.

scholarly journals The Chemical Ecology Approach to Reveal Fungal Metabolites for Arthropod Pest Management

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 1379
Author(s):  
Alexander Berestetskiy ◽  
Qiongbo Hu
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Ecology ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Gene Clusters ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Phytopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Ecological Groups ◽  
Fungal Metabolites ◽  
Fungal Genomes ◽  
Subsequent Activation ◽  
New Compounds

Biorational insecticides (for instance, avermectins, spinosins, azadirachtin, and afidopyropen) of natural origin are increasingly being used in agriculture. The review considers the chemical ecology approach for the search for new compounds with insecticidal properties (entomotoxic, antifeedant, and hormonal) produced by fungi of various ecological groups (entomopathogens, soil saprotrophs, endophytes, phytopathogens, and mushrooms). The literature survey revealed that insecticidal metabolites of entomopathogenic fungi have not been sufficiently studied, and most of the well-characterized compounds show moderate insecticidal activity. The greatest number of substances with insecticidal properties was found to be produced by soil fungi, mainly from the genera Aspergillus and Penicillium. Metabolites with insecticidal and antifeedant properties were also found in endophytic and phytopathogenic fungi. It was noted that insect pests of stored products are mostly low sensitive to mycotoxins. Mushrooms were found to be promising producers of antifeedant compounds as well as insecticidal proteins. The expansion of the number of substances with insecticidal properties detected in prospective fungal species is possible by mining fungal genomes for secondary metabolite gene clusters and secreted proteins with their subsequent activation by various methods. The efficacy of these studies can be increased with high-throughput techniques of extraction of fungal metabolites and their analysis by various methods of chromatography and mass spectrometry.

scholarly journals Categorization of Orthologous Gene Clusters in 92 Ascomycota Genomes Reveals Functions Important for Phytopathogenicity

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 337
Author(s):  
Daniel Peterson ◽  
Tang Li ◽  
Ana M. Calvo ◽  
Yanbin Yin
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Genomics ◽  
Orthologous Gene ◽  
Gene Clusters ◽  
Phytopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Secreted Proteins ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Comparative Genomic ◽  
Signal Peptides ◽  
Comparative Genomics Analysis

Phytopathogenic Ascomycota are responsible for substantial economic losses each year, destroying valuable crops. The present study aims to provide new insights into phytopathogenicity in Ascomycota from a comparative genomic perspective. This has been achieved by categorizing orthologous gene groups (orthogroups) from 68 phytopathogenic and 24 non-phytopathogenic Ascomycota genomes into three classes: Core, (pathogen or non-pathogen) group-specific, and genome-specific accessory orthogroups. We found that (i) ~20% orthogroups are group-specific and accessory in the 92 Ascomycota genomes, (ii) phytopathogenicity is not phylogenetically determined, (iii) group-specific orthogroups have more enriched functional terms than accessory orthogroups and this trend is particularly evident in phytopathogenic fungi, (iv) secreted proteins with signal peptides and horizontal gene transfers (HGTs) are the two functional terms that show the highest occurrence and significance in group-specific orthogroups, (v) a number of other functional terms are also identified to have higher significance and occurrence in group-specific orthogroups. Overall, our comparative genomics analysis determined positive enrichment existing between orthogroup classes and revealed a prediction of what genomic characteristics make an Ascomycete phytopathogenic. We conclude that genes shared by multiple phytopathogenic genomes are more important for phytopathogenicity than those that are unique in each genome.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Activities of the Fungal Metabolites Isolated from the Marine Endophytes Epicoccum nigrum M13 and Alternaria alternata 13A

Marine Drugs ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 232
Author(s):  
M. Mallique Qader ◽  
Ahmed A. Hamed ◽  
Sylvia Soldatou ◽  
Mohamed Abdelraof ◽  
Mohamed E. Elawady ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alternaria Alternata ◽  
Antibacterial Effect ◽  
Saline Lake ◽  
2D Nmr ◽  
Fungal Metabolites ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Epicoccum Nigrum ◽  
Wadi El Natrun ◽  
New Compounds

Epicotripeptin (1), a new cyclic tripeptide along with four known cyclic dipeptides (2–5) and one acetamide derivative (6) were isolated from seagrass-associated endophytic fungus Epicoccum nigrum M13 recovered from the Red Sea. Additionally, two new compounds, cyclodidepsipeptide phragamide A (7) and trioxobutanamide derivative phragamide B (8), together with eight known compounds (9–16), were isolated from plant-derived endophyte Alternaria alternata 13A collected from a saline lake of Wadi El Natrun depression in the Sahara Desert. The structures of the isolated compounds were determined based on the 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic data, HRESIMS data, and a comparison with the reported literature. The absolute configurations of 1 and 7 were established by advanced Marfey’s and Mosher’s ester analyses. The antimicrobial screening indicated that seven of the tested compounds exhibited considerable (MIC range of 2.5–5 µg/mL) to moderate (10–20 µg/mL) antibacterial effect against the tested Gram-positive strains and moderate to weak (10–30 µg/mL) antibacterial effect against Gram-negative strains. Most of the compounds exhibited weak or no activity against the tested Gram-negative strains. On the other hand, four of the tested compounds showed considerable antibiofilm effects against biofilm forming Gram-positive and Gram-negative strains.

scholarly journals Professor Tadeusz Dominik (1909-1980)

2014 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomasz Majewski ◽  
Irena Majchrowicz
Keyword(s):  
Soil Fungi ◽  
Phytopathogenic Fungi

A biography of prof. dr Tadeusz Dominik (1909-1980), professor of Agriculture Academy in Szczecin, an investigator of mycorrhize soil fungi, particularly keratinophilig and phytopathogenic fungi.

Streptomyces botrytidirepellens sp. nov., a novel actinomycete with antifungal activity against Botrytis cinerea

2021 ◽  
Vol 71 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mengqi Jiang ◽  
Xi Xu ◽  
Jia Song ◽  
Dongmei Li ◽  
Liyuan Han ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antifungal Activity ◽  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Gene Clusters ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Phytopathogenic Fungi ◽  
Antagonistic Effect ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Desferrioxamine B ◽  
Cell Free Filtrate

The fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea is the causal agent of devastating gray mold diseases in many economically important fruits, vegetables, and flowers, leading to serious economic losses worldwide. In this study, a novel actinomycete NEAU-LD23T exhibiting antifungal activity against B. cinerea was isolated, and its taxonomic position was evaluated using a polyphasic approach. Based on the genotypic, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic data, it is concluded that the strain represents a novel species within the genus Streptomyces , for which the name Streptomyces botrytidirepellens sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is NEAU-LD23T (=CCTCC AA 2019029T=DSM 109824T). In addition, strain NEAU-LD23T showed a strong antagonistic effect against B. cinerea (82.6±2.5%) and varying degrees of inhibition on nine other phytopathogenic fungi. Both cell-free filtrate and methanol extract of mycelia of strain NEAU-LD23T significantly inhibited mycelial growth of B. cinerea. To preliminarily explore the antifungal mechanisms, the genome of strain NEAU-LD23T was sequenced and analyzed. AntiSMASH analysis led to the identification of several gene clusters responsible for the biosynthesis of bioactive secondary metabolites with antifungal activity, including 9-methylstreptimidone, echosides, anisomycin, coelichelin and desferrioxamine B. Overall, this research provided us an excellent strain with considerable potential to use for biological control of tomato gray mold.

scholarly journals Function of pathway specific regulators in the ACE1 and pyrichalasin H biosynthetic gene clusters

RSC Advances ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (61) ◽  
pp. 35797-35802 ◽  
Author(s):  
Verena Hantke ◽  
Chongqing Wang ◽  
Elizabeth J. Skellam ◽  
Russell J. Cox
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Ectopic Expression ◽  
Gene Clusters ◽  
Fungal Metabolites ◽  
Biosynthetic Gene ◽  
Biosynthetic Gene Clusters

Transcription factors from the biosynthesis of fungal metabolites were investigated by ectopic expression: pyiR from the pyrichalasin cluster enhanced titres of pyrichalasin H 1; but BC1 from the ACE1 cluster unexpectedly induced hinnulin A 4.

scholarly journals A General Approach to Test for Interaction Among Mixtures of Insecticidal Proteins Which Target Different Orders of Insect Pests

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerson Graser ◽  
Frederick S Walters ◽  
Andrea Burns ◽  
Alaina Sauve ◽  
Alan Raybould
Keyword(s):  
Insect Pests ◽  
Insecticidal Proteins

Legumes: Potential source of entomotoxic proteins- A review

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Sagar ◽  
Heena Dhall
Keyword(s):  
Defense Mechanism ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
World Population ◽  
Gene Pools ◽  
Insecticidal Proteins ◽  
Defense Proteins ◽  
Potential Source ◽  
Considerable Resistance ◽  
Encoding Genes ◽  
Endogenous Defense

To meet the food demand of the ever-expanding world population there is a need for research and development for protecting crops against insect pests and pathogens. The way could be exploring the plant’s own defense mechanism by manipulating the expression of their endogenous defense proteins or introducing an insect control gene derived from another plants. The wild and resistant gene pools are the potential source of beneficial gene that offers considerable resistance to the insect pests. Insecticidal proteins viz., lectins, a-amylase inhibitor, urease, protease inhibitor, arcelins and cyclotides present in the seeds of pulses, especially in wild and resistance germplasms have been suggested to play a major role in insect resistance which are considered as most promising weapons that confer resistance against insects and which will be eco-friendly alternative to synthetic pesticides. Thus, it is very important to characterize these proteins and their encoding genes so that they can be used as viable means of producing pest resistant transgenic crops. This review deals with the biochemical features and mechanism of action of legume insecticidal proteins involved in defense mechanism against insect pests.

Evaluation of Insecticidal Proteins of Microbial and Plant Origin Against Insect Pests of Rice

1999 ◽  
Vol 19 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 223-228
Author(s):  
J. S. Bentur ◽  
N. P. Sarma ◽  
Raj Bhatnagar ◽  
C. V. Sudha ◽  
D. Sivaprasad
Keyword(s):  
Insect Pests ◽  
Plant Origin ◽  
Insecticidal Proteins

scholarly journals Recent progress in biodiversity research on the Xylariales and their secondary metabolism

2020 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-23
Author(s):  
Kevin Becker ◽  
Marc Stadler
Keyword(s):  
Gene Clusters ◽  
Seed Plants ◽  
Biosynthetic Gene Clusters ◽  
Lead Compounds ◽  
The Past ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
New Compounds ◽  
First Time ◽  
High Quality Genome

AbstractThe families Xylariaceae and Hypoxylaceae (Xylariales, Ascomycota) represent one of the most prolific lineages of secondary metabolite producers. Like many other fungal taxa, they exhibit their highest diversity in the tropics. The stromata as well as the mycelial cultures of these fungi (the latter of which are frequently being isolated as endophytes of seed plants) have given rise to the discovery of many unprecedented secondary metabolites. Some of those served as lead compounds for development of pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals. Recently, the endophytic Xylariales have also come in the focus of biological control, since some of their species show strong antagonistic effects against fungal and other pathogens. New compounds, including volatiles as well as nonvolatiles, are steadily being discovered from these ascomycetes, and polythetic taxonomy now allows for elucidation of the life cycle of the endophytes for the first time. Moreover, recently high-quality genome sequences of some strains have become available, which facilitates phylogenomic studies as well as the elucidation of the biosynthetic gene clusters (BGC) as a starting point for synthetic biotechnology approaches. In this review, we summarize recent findings, focusing on the publications of the past 3 years.

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