Implicit and Explicit Prejudice Toward Overweight and Average-Weight Men and Women: Testing Their Correspondence and Relation to Behavioral Intentions

Background: Concerning trends in weight gain from 2000-2009 exist in the Dallas Heart Study (DHS), a probability-based sample of Dallas County residents aged 30-65. However, the impact of significant weight gain (≥ 5% increase in body weight) on cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF) in this contemporary, multi-ethnic population is not known. Methods: We measured weight, LDL-c, blood pressure (SBP and DBP), and fasting glucose (FG) in 2,022 DHS participants (58% female) at study entry in 2000 and in 2009. Using logistic regression stratified by sex and race/ethnicity, we determined the age-adjusted odds of worsening CVRF (any increase in LDL-c, SBP, DBP or FG) for people who gained significant weight compared to those who did not. Results: Among women, 43% (N=500) gained significant weight, compared to 42% of men (N=355). Despite similar average weight gain (9.7±5.8 kg for women vs. 10±5.6 kg for men, p=0.4), women who gained significant weight had almost twice as large an increase in LDL-c (14±34 vs. 8±39 mg/dl, p=0.01) and SBP (12±18 vs. 6±19 mmHg, p<0.001) compared with men who gained significant weight. Increases in DBP (5±10 vs. 4±11 mmHg, p=0.05) and FG (4±29 vs. 2±32 mg/dl, p=0.30) were not significantly different between men and women. Among those with significant weight gain who were not on medications, SBP and LDL-c increases were higher in women compared with men (p<0.05). Differences in the amount of weight gained stratified by race and sex were modest (Table). Black women who gained significant weight were likely to have a worsening of all CVRF, while Hispanic women had the highest likelihood of having an increase in SBP associated with weight gain. In contrast, significant weight gain among men was not associated with worsening CVRF. Conclusions: Significant weight gain was associated with a deleterious impact on CVRF among women but not men. Disparate effects of weight gain between men and women highlight the importance of targeting aggressive weight control interventions toward women to help prevent adverse cardiac outcomes.

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Implicit and explicit prejudice in the 2008 American presidential election

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology ◽

10.1016/j.jesp.2009.11.001 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 46 (2) ◽

pp. 367-374 ◽

Cited By ~ 104

Author(s):

B. Keith Payne ◽

Jon A. Krosnick ◽

Josh Pasek ◽

Yphtach Lelkes ◽

Omair Akhtar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Presidential Election ◽

Explicit Prejudice ◽

Implicit And Explicit

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Implicit and Explicit Components of Prejudice

Review of General Psychology ◽

10.1037/1089-2680.4.1.79 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 79-101 ◽

Cited By ~ 68

Author(s):

Markus Brauer ◽

Wolfgang Wasel ◽

Paula Niedenthal

Keyword(s):

Factor Analysis ◽

Present Article ◽

Factor Solution ◽

Explicit Prejudice ◽

Reported Study ◽

Automatic Activation ◽

Implicit Prejudice ◽

Implicit And Explicit ◽

Study Participants ◽

Explicit Measures

Research on implicit and explicit prejudice has treated implicit prejudice as a unitary construct characterized by automatic access to negative concepts. The present article makes the case that tasks purported to measure implicit prejudice actually assess 2 different processes. Some assess the extent to which prejudice is activated automatically on the perception of a member of the target group. Other implicit tasks assess the extent to which prejudice is automatically applied in judgment. In the reported study, participants completed 4 implicit and 2 explicit measures of prejudice against women. Factor analysis yielded a 3-factor solution. The solution provides support for the distinction between explicit prejudice and 2 types of implicit prejudice corresponding to automatic activation and automatic application of prejudice. Prejudice appears to be a multifaceted construct, different aspects of which are measured by different tasks.

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Perception of Body Shape by Underweight, Average, and Overweight Men and Women

Perceptual and Motor Skills ◽

10.2466/pms.1996.83.2.569 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 83 (2) ◽

pp. 569-570 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

Jack Demarest ◽

Elsa Langer

Keyword(s):

Body Shape ◽

Average Weight ◽

Men And Women ◽

Overweight Women ◽

Opposite Sex ◽

Figure Drawings

Using figure drawings, perception of body shape was evaluated by underweight, average, and overweight men and women. Body-shape dissatisfaction was greatest for 60 overweight women, and about the same in 151 average weight women as it was for 102 overweight men. Average weight men ( n = 107) and underweight women ( n = 31) were fairly satisfied with their current shapes. Both men and women had distorted views of the shape the opposite sex found most attractive. Women guessed that men would prefer a thinner shape than they actually did, and men guessed that women would prefer a larger shape than they actually did. The distortion was larger for men as their own size increased but not for women.

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Combating Bisexual Erasure: The Correspondence of Implicit and Explicit Sexual Identity

10.31234/osf.io/nx53u ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Teri Ann Kirby ◽

Sally Merritt ◽

Sarah Baillie ◽

Lori Wu Malahy ◽

Cheryl Kaiser

Keyword(s):

Sexual Identity ◽

Impression Management ◽

Implicit Association Test ◽

Management Strategies ◽

Bisexual Men ◽

Men And Women ◽

Sexual Identities ◽

And Bisexual ◽

Implicit And Explicit ◽

Insight Into

Both heterosexual and gay/lesbian individuals still question and erase bisexual identities. Skeptics contend that people adopt bisexual identities for strategic motivations, such as avoiding the stigma associated with identifying as gay or for attention-seeking purposes. Across two studies, self-identified gay (N = 168), straight (N = 237), and bisexual (N = 231) participants completed a sexual identity Implicit Association Test, a measure that can provide insight into automatic associations and lessen the influence of impression management strategies. All three groups displayed implicit sexual identities that were consistent with their self-ascribed identities. Gay men and lesbians implicitly identified as more gay and less bisexual than bisexual men and women, who in turn identified as less straight and more bisexual than straight men and women. These findings show that self-reported sexual identities converge with implicit identities and have implications for understanding the psychology of sexual orientation.

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Implicit and Explicit Prejudice Are Related to Explicit Support for Politicians Who are Conservative, but not White or Male, Mostly Because They Promote Inequality

10.31234/osf.io/2qtf8 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Hui Bai

Keyword(s):

Status Quo ◽

The Political ◽

Psychological Function ◽

Race And Gender ◽

Political Consequences ◽

Explicit Evaluation ◽

Explicit Prejudice ◽

The Status ◽

And Gender ◽

Implicit And Explicit

Recent studies show that explicit prejudice is related to explicit support for conservative and opposition for liberal politicians, regardless of their demographics such as race and gender. However, it remains unclear how prejudice is associated with evaluation of candidates on the implicit domain. Furthermore, prior theories assume that these associations exist because of the politicians’ preferences for inequality and status quo, but these assumptions have never been empirically tested. Four pre-registered experiments clarify that politicians’ ideology, not race or gender, determines the association between prejudice and explicit evaluation of politicians, regardless of whether prejudice is measured explicitly or implicitly. These preferences are primarily driven by citizens’ preferences for politicians who support inequality, and to a lesser extent, preferences for those who support the status quo. Together, these findings clarify the political consequences of racism and sexism and further our understanding of the psychological function of prejudice.

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Diversity in ERC populations: applicants, grantees and reviewers

10.5194/egusphere-egu21-12727 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Claudia Jesus-Rydin ◽

Luis Fariña-Busto

Keyword(s):

Research Council ◽

Review Process ◽

Demographic Data ◽

Population Diversity ◽

Funding Agency ◽

Success Rates ◽

Men And Women ◽

Horizon 2020 ◽

Equality Of Opportunities ◽

Implicit And Explicit

The European Research Council (ERC), Europe&#8217;s premiere funding agency for frontier research, views equality of opportunities as an essential priority and a vital mission to ensure credibility in the review process. The ERC monitors closely various demographic data yearly on every call and has taken actions to tackle imbalances and potential implicit and explicit biases.This presentation is focused on demographic data for the three main funding schemes: Starting Grant, Consolidator Grant and Advanced Grant. Attention is directed mainly to gender and geographic distribution. The demographics presented here consider various stakeholders, such as reviewers, applicants and grantees.After more than 10 years of existence, ERC data provides an insight on demographical evolution. In the first framework programme (FP7, 2007-2013), 25% of applicants were women. In the last years (Horizon 2020, 2014-2019), this percentage increased by 4%, with 29% of women applied for ERC grants. In the same periods of time, the share of women as grantees has also increased from 20% to 29%. In the last years, men and women enjoy equal success rates. This presentation also sheds light on the population diversity of ERC reviewers, both panel members and external reviewers.The ERC knows that work to ensure equality of opportunities is never finished. This presentation analyses critically the institutional efforts and considers possible steps to consolidate the accomplished results.

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