Гипофосфатемический рахит у детей — клинические и генетические аспекты, подходы к терапии

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-49
Author(s):  
S. V. Maltsev ◽  
◽  
A. I. Safina ◽  
T. V. Mihajlova ◽  
◽  
...  

Hypophosphatemic rickets (phosphate-diabetes) is a group of diseases associated with a defect in the reabsorption of phosphates in the proximal tubules, manifested by phosphaturia, hypophosphatemia and rickets deformities of the skeleton bones. Phosphate-diabetes has different genetic variants that determine the nature and severity of clinical manifestations. X-linked dominant hypophosphatemic rickets occurs most often (in 50-90% of cases). For the diagnosis, along with clinical characteristics, an important role is assigned to the study of partial renal functions, with the determination of clearance, excreted fraction of calcium and phosphates, as well as other indicators of calcium-phosphorus metabolism. Molecular genetic research helps to determine the form of the disease. Therapy for hypophosphatemic rickets should be differentiated depending on the type of disease. The timely appointment of an adequate pathogenetic therapy helps to slow down the formation of rickety deformities of the skeleton, positive growth dynamics, and an increase in physical activity.

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-72
Author(s):  
Nikolay N. Zavadenko ◽  
Dmitry V. Vlodavets

Hereditary neuromuscular diseases (HNMD) represent a large group of heterogenic morbid conditions, characterized by muscular weakness, muscular atrophies, disturbances of postural control and locomotor functions. Scientific research on HNMD, performed by academician L.O. Badalyan and his followers laid the background for solving many issues, regarding the diagnosis and treatment of these severe, progressive diseases. In many ways, academician L.O. Badalyan and his followers have anticipated the current understanding of pathogenic mechanisms of HNMD, which later were disclosed by means of modern molecular-genetic technologies. HNMD include progressive muscular dystrophies (PMD), spinal muscular atrophies (SMA), hereditary motor and sensory neuropathies, myopathic syndromes. The most prevalent progressive HNMDs are represented by dystrophinopathies (Duchenne PMD and Becker PMD) and limb girdle HNMD. The authors discuss experience and achievements in the studies of HNMDs and PMDs, conducted by academician L.O. Badalyan and his followers, as necessary prerequisites for the creation of modern approaches to genetic diagnostics of the diseases and forming their genetic registries, development of methods of etiopathogenetic therapy. Thanks to the accumulated experience and research there were discovered genes, which determine the HNMD development, pathogenic mechanisms of diseases with heterogenic clinical manifestations were studied. The data were accumulated for the formation of patients registries, determining groups for which a particular drug is being developed. The progress in genetic research has made it possible to identify more than 30 forms of limb-girdle PMD. A newly published classification of limb-girdle PMD is given, illustrating their genetic heterogeneity, the type of inheritance, the genetic locus of the mutation and defective protein are now taken into account. The article lists promising current global trends in the development of approaches to pathogenetic therapy of dystrophinopathies and limb-girdle PMD.


Author(s):  
Olga N. Ignatovich

Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a heterogeneous hereditary disease characterized by low bone density and frequent fractures. There are presented data of molecular genetic study and examination of 45 children with a clinically established diagnosis of types I, III and IV. The aim of investigation. To study the variety of clinical manifestations in OI children with and to compare with the identified genetic mutations in the genes COL1A1 and COL1A2. Materials and methods. The data of molecular genetic research and evaluation of clinical manifestations of 45 children with diagnosis OI of types I, III and IV is presented. Results. In the study, mutations in the genes COL1A1 and COL1A2 were detected in 43 (95.6%). The most of the mutations (74,4%) were found to be localized in the gene COL1A1 (n=32), smaller (25.6%) - in the gene COL1A2 (n=11). Glycine-to-serine substitutions in the Gly-X-Y triplet are the most frequent type of mutation among missense mutations. In children with type I qualitative mutations were found to be less common than in types III and IV (representing clinically severe and moderate, respectively). Conclusion. Majority of OI patients had mutations in the collagen genes. The most frequent mutation was the missense mutation, the most often detected in children with OI type III having a severe course, leading to a qualitative violation of collagen.


2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 5-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Larisa N Abbakumova ◽  
Vadim G Arsentev ◽  
Sergey F Gnusaev ◽  
Irina I Ivanova ◽  
Tamara I Kadurina ◽  
...  

Monogenic forms of inherited disorders of connective tissue and multifactorial connective tissue dysplasia are quite common in the population. Despite the high level of modern molecular techniques, clarification of their nosology of today, still remains a distant prospect. These difficulties are due to a large variety of mutations expressed their phenotypic polymorphism clinical manifestations, the considerable size of the genes encoding the proteins of the connective tissue, a rarity major mutations and low availability of molecular genetic research methods to verify the diagnosis. Clarification of the incidence of connective tissue displasia hindered by the lack of common terminology, standardized diagnostic criteria, as well as the practical inaccessibility of modern molecular genetic techniques to identify this heterogeneous pathology. The first part is devoted to the recommendations of the pediatric aspects of diagnosis of hereditary disorders of connective tissue with agreed international diagnostic criteria, and connective tissue displasia. Details covered principles of tactics and treatment of patients with this pathology. The attention of researchers aimed at studying the problems of the modifying effect of this disease on the nature of the flow of almost all diseases. This proves the feasibility of making additions to the standards of inspection and management of these patients with the mandatory inclusion of a comprehensive treatment of the underlying disease additional treatment and rehabilitation, correcting disorders caused by comorbidities.


2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-121
Author(s):  
R. N. Mustafin ◽  
E. K. Khusnutdinova

Neurofi bromatosis type I (NF1) is a common hereditary tumour syndrome with autosomal dominant type of inheritance. Average worldwide incidence rate of NF1 is 1:3000, equal in men and women. Th e disease develops with a heterozygous mutation in the oncosupressor neurofi bromin-encoding gene NF1. No NF1-associated most common mutations have been found, with over 1400 mutations being described along the gene. No clinical and genetic correlations are observed for NF1, and its symptoms may vary considerably within same inheritance group. Typical NF1 manifestations include pigmented patches and multiple cutaneous or subcutaneous neurofi bromas, oft en disfi guring in degree. Pathogenetic therapy for NF1 is not yet developed, whilst surgical tumourectomy may lead to recurrence and new tumour development in other localities on the body. Molecular genetic research on putative interfaces with epigenetic factors and gene expression patterns may open promising future avenues. Further, establishing a marker NF1 mutation in NF1 patients will allow secondary prevention of the disease. A survey of russian NF1-related literature reveals prevalence of individual clinical case descriptions. In the Russian Federation, studies of NF1-associated mutations in gene NF1 originate from Moscow and Bashkortostan, which sets off advancement of Bashkir medical genetics and urges further developments. In Bashkortostan, 10 NF1-associated mutations were described from 16 patients. Th e reported mutations с.1278G>A (p.Trp426Х), с.1570G>A (p.Glu540Lys), с.1973_1974delTC (р.Leu658ProfsX10), с.3526_3528delAGA (p.Arg1176del), с.3826delC (р.Arg1276GlufsX8), с.4514+5G>A, c.5758_5761delTTGA (p.Leu1920AsnfsX7) in the NF1 gene are new to science. Further research into other genes’ and microRNA expression in patients with various clinical manifestations of NF1 should be aimed at discovering its possible involvement in disease pathogenesis.


Author(s):  
N. A. Osina ◽  
Ya. M. Krasnov ◽  
N. P. Guseva ◽  
E. G. Boolgakova ◽  
I. V. Domanina ◽  
...  

Emergence of various genovariants of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which are characterized by a higher ability to spread and a more severe clinical manifestations compared to the initial variants, require molecular-genetic monitoring of strains circulating in the Russian Federation.The aim of the work was to identify the VOC SARS-CoV-2 genovariants in the territory of the Republics of Bashkortostan, Tatarstan, Udmurtia, and Samara, Penza, Saratov, Ulyanovsk, and Orenburg Regions.Materials and methods. The identification of genovariants and the determination of the type of mutations was carried out by the Sanger fragment sequencing method.Results and discussion. The study examined 298 samples of clinical material obtained from the Centers for Hygiene and Epidemiology in the Republics of Bashkortostan, Tatarstan, Udmurtia, Samara, Penza, Saratov, Ulyanovsk, and Orenburg Regions. In 17 % of cases, the variability of the SARS-CoV-2 virus was observed for one or more markers: in three samples, a new coronavirus of the B. 1.1.7 line (“British”) was detected; in a number of cases, only one mutation was detected in the virus found in samples – deletion Y144 or substitution D138Y, E484K, N501Y, and very rarely two mutations – deletion Y144 and substitution E484K. The presence of the L141-G142-V143 deletion localized in the recurrent deletion region RDR2 of the S-gene was shown in 10 % of the cases. The data obtained indicate the heterogeneity in macroorganism of the population of the new coronavirus with the deletion L141-G142-V143, which leads to a change in the antigenic structure of the virus, which probably allows the virus to evade the immune response.


2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (10) ◽  
pp. 4007
Author(s):  
A. M. Nikolaeva ◽  
N. P. Babushkina ◽  
V. V. Ryabov

The role of molecular genetic factors in cardiovascular disease (CVD) development has been actively studied in recent years. In patients with acute myocardial infarction and heart failure, the genetic component contributes to the determination of inflammation and persistence of inflammatory mediators in the myocardium. The genetic component in combination with traditional CVD risk factors determines the clinical course of the disease, the severity and its outcome. This review summarizes the data on relationship of proand anti-inflammatory cytokines with coronary artery disease and its clinical manifestations.


Author(s):  
Л.А. Юсупова ◽  
З.Ш. Гараева ◽  
Е.И. Юнусова ◽  
Г.И. Мавлютова ◽  
А.Р. Галимова

В статье освещены сведения о кератодермиях – гетерогенной группе состояний, характеризующихся аномальным утолщением кожи ладоней и подошв. Традиционно выделяют приобретенные и наследственные формы. В клинической практике наиболее часто встречается гиперкератоз ладоней и подошв как одно из проявлений псориаза, экземы, дерматомикозов и многих других заболеваний. К развитию гиперкератоза ладоней и подошв могут также привести механические и токсические факторы (в том числе прием лекарственных препаратов), поступление с пищей токсических веществ, приводящих к изменениям слизистой кишечника, современные требования моды и красоты могут способствовать развитию множественного дефицита витаминов. Значительно реже встречаются наследственные формы кератодермий, являющиеся самостоятельными заболеваниями. Раннее начало и семейный анамнез предполагают генетическую природу кератодермии. Отличительными особенностями наследственных форм служат характер наследования, степень поражения эпидермиса, наличие/отсутствие распространения очагов за пределы кожи ладоней и подошв, сопутствующая патология. В основе развития наследственных форм лежат мутации различных генов, кодирующих белки (например, кератин, десмосомы, лорикрин, катепсин С, белки щелевых контактов), которые принимают участие в процессе кератинизации. Наследственные ладонно-подошвенные кератодермии имеют большую генетическую и фенотипическую неоднородность, вследствие чего постановка точного диагноза на основе одних лишь клинических проявлений, когда нет возможности выполнить молекулярно-генетическое исследование, является весьма сложной задачей. Благодаря секвенированию нового поколения был достигнут значительный прогресс в расшифровке генетической основы кератодермий. В данном обзоре рассмотрены патогенетические, клинические, диагностические особенности диффузных форм кератодермий, варианты симптоматической терапии, учитывая торпидность и резистентность патологического процесса. The article covers information about keratodermia, a heterogeneous group of conditions characterized by abnormal thickening of the skin of the palms and soles. Traditionally, acquired and hereditary forms are distinguished. In clinical practice, the most common hyperkeratosis of the palms and soles, as one of the manifestations of psoriasis, eczema, dermatomycosis and many other diseases. Mechanical and toxic factors (including taking medications), intake of toxic substances with food that lead to changes in the intestinal mucosa can also lead to the development of hyperkeratosis of the palms and soles, modern fashion and beauty requirements can contribute to the development of multiple vitamin deficiencies. Much less common are hereditary forms of keratoderma, which are independent diseases. Early onset, the presence of a positive family history suggest a genetic nature. The distinctive features of hereditary forms are the nature of inheritance, the degree of damage to the epidermis, the presence/absence of the spread of foci beyond the skin of the palms and soles, and concomitant pathology. The development of hereditary forms is based on mutations of various genes encoding proteins (for example, keratin, desmosomes, loricrin, cathepsin C, gap junction proteins), which are involved in the process of keratinization. Hereditary palmoplantar keratoderma has a large genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity, as a result of which making an accurate diagnosis based on clinical manifestations alone, when it is not possible to perform molecular genetic research, is a very difficult task. Thanks to the next-generation sequencing, significant progress has been made in deciphering the genetic basis of keratoderms. This review examines the pathogenetic, clinical, and diagnostic features of diffuse forms of keratoderma, and options for symptomatic therapy, taking into account the torpidity and resistance of the pathological process.


Author(s):  
O.V. Pribushenya , E.I. Golovataya , A.A. Lazarevich et all

A case of dichorionic diamniotic twins with discordance of the clinical manifestations of Edwards syndrome in both fetuses is presented. One fetus was diagnosed at 12 weeks when neck hygroma was detected. Selective reduction and amniocentesis were performed and karyotype 47, XY+18 was established. Another fetus underwent diagnostic amniocentesis at 20 weeks in connection with the detection of ultrasound markers of chromosomal anomalies and the karyotype 47,XY+18[34]/46,XY[66] was established. Pregnancy was terminated for medical genetic reasons. At the end of pregnancy, a pathomorphological study of both fetuses was performed. As a result of molecular genetic research at all loci, the same genotype for the samples was established, which confirms the origin of the fetuses from one zygote


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