Iron Production in Northern Benin: Excavations at Kompa Moussékoubou

2015 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline Robion-Brunner ◽  
Anne Haour ◽  
Marie-Pierre Coustures ◽  
Louis Champion ◽  
Didier Béziat
Keyword(s):  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Great Variability ◽  
Iron Production ◽  
Furnace Design ◽  
History Of ◽  
Republic Of Benin ◽  
Rare Opportunity

In the context of the “Crossroads of Empires” project led by Anne Haour, one strand of enquiry aims to understand the history of blacksmith groups and the development of iron production in Dendi country, in the northern Republic of Benin. Numerous remains of iron production have been discovered, showing a great variability in furnace design and waste assemblages. At least three smelting traditions can be distinguished. In this paper, we present the smelting site of Kompa Moussékoubou (10th/11th c. AD) which has been investigated by archaeological and archaeometric methods. Beyond the archaeometallurgical results, the excavation of a 1 x 2 m trench on a settlement mound nearby and survey work, which place the site within its wider context, are also discussed. In particular, we offer a detailed analysis of the ceramics recovered during test pitting and within one of the furnaces itself. This paper thus offers a rare opportunity to combine archaeometallurgical and ceramics data.

To Understand the Informal (on the Book BY V. L. Tambovtsev “Economics of Informal Institutions”)

2015 ◽  
pp. 151-158
Author(s):  
A. Zaostrovtsev
Keyword(s):  
Social Psychology ◽  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Human Behavior ◽  
Interdisciplinary Approach ◽  
Informal Institutions ◽  
Economic Thought ◽  
History Of ◽  
Original Classification

The review considers the first attempt in the history of Russian economic thought to give a detailed analysis of informal institutions (IF). It recognizes that in general it was successful: the reader gets acquainted with the original classification of institutions (including informal ones) and their genesis. According to the reviewer the best achievement of the author is his interdisciplinary approach to the study of problems and, moreover, his bias on the achievements of social psychology because the model of human behavior in the economic mainstream is rather primitive. The book makes evident that namely this model limits the ability of economists to analyze IF. The reviewer also shares the author’s position that in the analysis of the IF genesis the economists should highlight the uncertainty and reject economic determinism. Further discussion of IF is hardly possible without referring to this book.

The Kurds as parties to and victims of conflicts in Iraq

2007 ◽  
Vol 89 (868) ◽  
pp. 823-842 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inga Rogg ◽  
Hans Rimscha
Keyword(s):  
Arab World ◽  
Kurdistan Region ◽  
Peaceful Settlement ◽  
History Of ◽  
Self Rule ◽  
Uncertain Future ◽  
Kurdish Question ◽  
National Reconciliation ◽  
Future Status ◽  
Rare Opportunity

AbstractAfter decades of fighting and suffering, the Kurds in Iraq have achieved far-reaching self-rule. Looking at the history of conflicts and alliances between the Kurds and their counterparts inside Iraq and beyond its borders, the authors find that the region faces an uncertain future because major issues like the future status of Kirkuk remain unsolved. A federal and democratic Iraq offers a rare opportunity for a peaceful settlement of the Kurdish question in Iraq – and for national reconciliation. While certain groups and currents in Iraq and the wider Arab world have to overcome the notion that federalism equals partition, the Kurds can only dispel fears about their drive for independence if they fully reintegrate into Iraq and show greater commitment to democratic reforms in the Kurdistan Region.

The History of the Creation of the VII State Pharmacopoeia of the USSR (Review)

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 128-135
Author(s):  
K. S. Guzev
Keyword(s):  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
The State ◽  
Main Text ◽  
Scien Tists ◽  
History Of ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Objective Necessity

Introduction. The objective necessity of the appearance of this code of laws for the pharmaceu-tical industry is shown. The proofs of the readiness of all branches of pharmacy to develop the text of the Pharmacopoeia, taking into account modern international requirements for scientific and practical activities in the development, manufacture and production of medicines, are presented.Text. The work presents the history of the creation of the VII edition of the State Pharmacopoeia of the USSR. The sequence of steps for the formation of the Pharmacopoeia Commission, the stages of its activities for the preparation of the updated text of the Pharmacopoeia is described, a detailed analysis of the prepared text is given in comparison with the current Pharmacopoeia of the VI edition (1910). Various points of view of experts on the content of the main text are cited, which served as the basis for the new document. The role of domestic scien-tists-pharmacists in the development and publication of the VII edition of the State Pharmacopoeia of the USSR is evaluated.Conclusion. The role of the Pharmacopoeia Commission in the timely development of the text of the new edition of the State Pharmacopoeia is emphasized. The fact of its wide discussion among experts and the novelty of the approach, which gave a powerful impetus to the development of the entire industry, are noted.

scholarly journals A história por trás da foto

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 13
Author(s):  
Luiz Felipe B. de Barros
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Air Transportation ◽  
Porto Alegre ◽  
German Culture ◽  
Commercial Aviation ◽  
History Of ◽  
First World

Este artigo, intitulado “A história por trás da foto”, tem por objetivo resgatar uma passagem singular e esquecida da aviação comercial brasileira, especialmente nas décadas de 1930 e 1940. Utiliza-se o método monográfico e bibliográfico para, a partir da análise detalhada de uma fotografia sem qualquer relevância, descortinar e revelar a forte influência germânica na América do Sul. Mostra-se os reflexos da cultura germânica, principalmente no modal aéreo, bem como as particularidades das relações Brasil-Alemanha-Brasil após a Primeira Guerra Mundial.********************************************************************A story behind the photoAbstract: This article, entitled “The story behind the photo”, aims to examine a unique and forgotten period from Brazilian commercial aviation, principally from the decades of the 1930s and 1940s. The monographic and bibliographic method attempts, from a detailed analysis of the photograph, to discover and reveal the strong Germanic influence in South America. It shows the effects of the German culture, especially on air transportation, as well as the characteristics of the Brazil-Germany-Brazil relationship after the First World War.Keywords: History of Aviation; Photography; Aircraft; Porto Alegre

scholarly journals Three new Cenomanian conifers from El Chango (Chiapas, Mexico) offer a snapshot of the geographic mosaic of the Mesozoic conifer decline

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ixchel Gonzalez-Ramirez ◽  
Sergio RS Cevallos-Ferriz ◽  
Carl Rothfels
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Mixed Forest ◽  
Freshwater Ecosystems ◽  
Total Evidence ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Phylogenetic Position ◽  
Dominant Group ◽  
Geographic Mosaic ◽  
History Of ◽  
Rare Opportunity

Premise of study: El Chango is a recently discovered quarry that contains extremely well preserved fossils. The Cenomanian age of the locality corresponds to a time when the global flora was transitioning from gymnosperm- to angiosperm-dominated, yet conifers predominate in this locality. These fossils thus provide a rare opportunity to understand the replacement of conifers by angiosperms as the dominant group of plants. Methods: We collected material from El Chango in annual expeditions (2010 to 2014). We selected the three most abundant and best preserved conifer morphotypes and conducted a total-evidence (i.e., including molecular and morphological data) phylogenetic analysis of a sample of 72 extant conifer species plus the three fossils. We use these results to inform our taxonomic decisions. Results: We obtained four equally most-parsimonious trees (consistency index = 44.1%, retention index = 78.8%). Despite ambiguous relationships among some extant taxa, the three fossil conifers had the same phylogenetic position in all four most parsimonious trees; we describe these species as new: Sequoiadendron helicalancifolium sp. nov. (Cupressaceae), and Microcachrys rhomboidea sp. nov. and Dacrydium bifoliosus sp. nov (Podocarpaceae). The ecosystem is interpreted as a coastal humid mixed forest. Conclusions: Our findings contribute to the understanding of Cenomanian equatorialregions, and support the hypothesis of a geographically and ecologically structured rise of angiosperms, with conifers remaining dominant in brackish-water and angiosperms becoming dominant in freshwater-ecosystems. These fossils fill in gaps in the evolutionary history of lineages like Microcachrys, which we demonstrate occurred in the Northern hemisphere before becoming restricted to its current range (Tasmania).

scholarly journals Relationship between international law and religion

Globus ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Mammadov ◽  
◽  
Zh. Mammadova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
International Law ◽  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Mutual Influence ◽  
First Century ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
History Of ◽  
Twenty First Century ◽  
History Of International Law

This article is devoted to the problems of mutual influence and interaction of international law and religion. In particular, it examines the development of international law and the sources of religion. In addition, which areas of international law are most developed under the influence of religious provisions. The history of international law knows various theories under which international law has improved. The article provides a detailed analysis of these theories and views, noting the institutions of international law that arose directly under the influence of religion. For example, it is noted that under the influence of Relia, the UN Charter codifies the basic principles of international law, etc. In addition, it shows the challenges of religion to international law and relations in the era of globalization in the twenty-first century, which led even to the undermining of modern international relations and traditional religious concepts caused by the " return of religion” in international relations; secondly, it presents and discusses the research path of religion and international relations. Finally, a brief analysis of the 2 impact of the global revival of religion and the ”return of religion" in international law and international relations has been carried out

scholarly journals Approaches to the review of the Khotyn Uprising in 1919 in soviet and contemporary Ukrainian historiography

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (50) ◽  
pp. 55-63
Author(s):  
Tetyana Dubitska
Keyword(s):  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Transitional Period ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
The Political ◽  
Soviet Power ◽  
National Liberation ◽  
Historical Literature ◽  
Political Orientations ◽  
History Of ◽  
Soviet Historiography

The Khotyn Uprising was an event that became one of the most striking pages in the history of the region in the XX century. Considerable attention was paid to the study of the history of this issue during the Soviet period, but interpretation of the rebellion has changed several times because of the increasing influence of ideology on the research of Soviet scientists. With the proclamation of Ukraine's Independence, it became possible to objectively cover these events, which led to a process of rethinking the scientific works of Soviet researchers. The presence of different approaches in covering this issue necessitates a detailed analysis of the transformations that took place in the interpretation of the Khotyn uprising. The article explores the specific features of the main approaches to the coverage of the Khotyn uprising in Soviet and contemporary Ukrainian scientific historical literature. It is established that in the 20th – 40th of the XX century the Khotyn uprising was reported as a spontaneous peasant rebellion against the Romanian invaders. According to the Representatives of this approach, one of the main causes of the defeat of uprising was the absence of a Bolshevik insurgency organisation. It is revealed that 50th of the XX century became a transitional period between the previous interpretation of the Khotyn uprising and the new coverage of events, as scientists still emphasized that the uprising was peasantry, but began to provide a significance to revolutionary elements among them. Since the 60th of the XX century the situation is changed: ideology has become a decisive element in research of the uprising and, therefore, all events related to the uprising have been covered in according to the ideology. Thus, the Khotyn uprising is reported as prepared by the communist-led committee, had a well-planned commencement and aimed at restoring Soviet power in the Khotyn region. It is established that with the proclamation of Ukraine's Independence in the coverage of the uprising, there are dramatic changes related to the nature and purpose of the uprising, the political orientations of its leaders, etc. In contemporary Ukrainian science, for example, the Bolshevik character of the uprising and the struggle for power of the Soviets is refuted; instead, the emphasis was made on national liberation; it was confirmed the thesis about the orientation of some of the organizers of the uprising to the Ukrainian People's Republic in Kiev. The neutrality of the UPR’s Directory is explained because of the threat of war with Romania. Keywords: Khotyn uprising, Soviet historiography, contemporary Ukrainian historiography.

scholarly journals Carrying their native land and their new home in their hearts Mihailo Pupin and Bishop Nikolai of Zica between their native and adopted country

Balcanica ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 245-259
Author(s):  
Maxim Vasiljevic
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
The United States ◽  
First World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Native Land ◽  
The First World War ◽  
History Of ◽  
First World

The present study gives us an opportunity to look at the Christian heritage that the Serbian immigrants brought to the new land of Americas through the examples of Mihailo Pupin and Nikolai Velimirovic, Bishop of Zica, since these two names are indelibly inscribed in the history of the so-called Serbica Americana. The paper is divided into two sections dealing specifically with their Serbianism and Americanism to show that a distribution of love and loyalty between their native and adopted country functioned in a fruitful way. Based on a detailed analysis of their writings, the author suggests that Serbians and Americans remember Pupin and Velimirovic because they enjoy the benefits of their remarkable contributions. The following aspects of Pupin?s and Nikolai?s lives are examined: their deep concern with the fate of Serbia during and after the First World War; their leading roles among the Serbs in the United States through their assistance in establishing Serbian churches and communities, through their scholarship funds, philanthropic work, etc. Their genuine care for Serbia and Serbs was in no way an obstacle in their adjustment to their adopted country.

scholarly journals Philosophy and society: From the collection to the journal

2013 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 44-60
Author(s):  
Dusan Boskovic
Keyword(s):  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Social Theory ◽  
Former Yugoslavia ◽  
Historical Document ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Short Overview ◽  
History Of

This paper brings a short overview of the history of the Institute for Philosophy and Social Theory, the publisher of the journal Philosophy and Society. The first issue came out in 1987 as a collection of essays, and for the last eight years it has been published annually. In 2005 it became a journal with three issues per year, becoming quarterly since 2011. The article gives a review of all special topics covered in the journal up until the end of 2012. In addition, the article provides a detailed analysis of the journal?s special issue on Antifascism (IV/1993). We argue that this issue is an important historical document in the changing social atmosphere of the former Yugoslavia, with the first signs of its disintegration. The papers were initially presented at a conference held on 2, 3 July, 1991.

scholarly journals Territorial Delimitation between Altai, Omsk and Semipalatinsk Provinces in 1925

2021 ◽  
pp. 371-383
Author(s):  
K. B. Korzhenevsky
Keyword(s):  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Border Line ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of

A detailed analysis of the process of demarcation of the Altai province from the Omsk province of the RSFSR and the Semipalatinsk province of the Kirghiz (since June 1925 — Kazak) ASSR, which were first involved in scientific circulation is carried out on the basis of the archival documents. It is shown that it consisted in an attempt by the Altai authorities to withdraw the territory of the Narrow Steppe from under their jurisdiction and transfer it to the adjacent provinces in the first half of 1925. The history of this border issue, which arose as a result of the inclusion of the Korostelevskaya steppe in the Kyrgyz ASSR, is investigated. The course of discussion of changes in the border line between the authorities of the three provinces and Moscow is described. Various arguments proposed by the parties, options for resolving the problem that have arisen are considered; and also, it is explained why, in the end, the disputed border territory remained part of Siberia. It is noted that the attempts of the leadership of the Altai province to transfer part of the territory of the Uglovsky district with the “Narrow Steppe” tract under the control of the Omsk and Semipalatinsk provinces are noted. It is concluded that the issue of the status of the Narrow Steppe during the nationalterritorial demarcation between Siberia and Kazakhstan was one of the most difficult and went beyond the traditional ways of solving similar problems.

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