scholarly journals An Analytical Study of Algorithmic and Expert Summaries of Legal Cases

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aniket Deroy ◽  
Paheli Bhattacharya ◽  
Kripabandhu Ghosh ◽  
Saptarshi Ghosh
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Study ◽  
Challenging Problem ◽  
Automatic Summarization ◽  
Legal Cases ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Legal Case ◽  
Legal Document

Automatic summarization of legal case documents is an important and challenging problem, where algorithms attempt to generate summaries that match well with expert-generated summaries. This work takes the first step in analyzing expert-generated summaries and algorithmic summaries of legal case documents. We try to uncover how law experts write summaries for a legal document, how various generic as well as domain-specific extractive algorithms generate summaries, and how the expert summaries vary from the algorithmic summaries. We also analyze which important sentences of a legal case document are missed by most algorithms while generating summaries, in terms of the rhetorical roles of the sentences and the positions of the sentences in the legal document.

scholarly journals Improving Legal Case Summarization Using Document-Specific Catchphrases

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arpan Mandal ◽  
Paheli Bhattacharya ◽  
Sekhar Mandal ◽  
Saptarshi Ghosh
Keyword(s):  
Performance Metrics ◽  
Specific Information ◽  
Document Summarization ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Legal Case ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Legal Document

Legal case summarization is an important problem, and several domain-specific summarization algorithms have been applied for this task. These algorithms generally use domain-specific legal dictionaries to estimate the importance of sentences. However, none of the popular summarization algorithms use document-specific catchphrases, which provide a unique amalgamation of domain-specific and document-specific information. In this work, we assess the performance of two legal document summarization algorithms, when two different types of catchphrases are incorporated in the summarization process. Our experiments confirm that both the summarization algorithms show improvement across all performance metrics, with the incorporation of document-specific catchphrases.

THE VALUE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF LEGAL PRECEDENT, ITS FUNCTIONING IN UKRAINE

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nataliia Pylhun ◽  
◽  
Vladyslava Sokhar ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Local Governments ◽  
Constitutional Court ◽  
Public Authorities ◽  
Legal Cases ◽  
Judicial Practice ◽  
Special Procedure ◽  
Legal Case ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
Legal Precedent ◽  
Exclusive Right

The article is devoted to the coverage of one of the current problems of law-making activity of officials and public authorities regarding the value and significance of legal precedent in society. Legal precedent is the main source of law in the Anglo-Saxon legal system, but it is also reflected in the Romano-Germanic legal family. Judicial practice of foreign countries clearly demonstrates the effectiveness and value of judicial precedent in resolving legal cases. The peculiarity of the precedent is that the results of the interpretation of constitutional acts and ordinary laws provided by higher courts are binding on all lower levels of the judiciary. As a result of this approach, a relatively independent type of precedent is formed - the precedent of interpretation, recently the concept of precedent of interpretation is becoming increasingly relevant for Ukraine in connection with the practice of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine. According to the Constitution of Ukraine, the Constitutional Court of Ukraine has the exclusive right to provide an official interpretation of the Constitution and laws of Ukraine. Decisions of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine on official interpretation are binding on all individuals and legal entities, as well as public authorities and local governments in Ukraine. However, the Constitutional Court of Ukraine carries out interpretive activities not only within the framework of a special procedure, but also during decisions on compliance with the Constitution of Ukraine, laws and other legal acts specified by law. The motivating part of these decisions may contain legal interpretative provisions, which disclose the content of the relevant provisions of the Constitution of Ukraine and legal acts, the constitutionality of which has been verified. Judicial precedent has certain advantages in terms of the quality of justice, as it is characterized by special regulation of similar specific life situations, which reduces the level of arbitrariness of officials. However, there is another view of this issue, which denies the effectiveness and reliability of this mechanism, because the court precedent actually denies the individualization of the legal case.

scholarly journals A record based study of frequency and pattern of medico-legal cases reported at a tertiary care hospital in Miraj

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 1348 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanuja R. Brahmankar ◽  
Sachin K. Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Accidents ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Tertiary Care Hospital ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Road Traffic Accidents ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Legal Cases ◽  
Legal Case

Background: Medico-legal case (MLC) can be defined as a case of injury or ailment, etc., in which investigations by the law-enforcing agencies are essential to fix the responsibility regarding the causation of the said injury or ailment. Medico-legal cases are an integral part of medical practice that is frequently encountered by medical officers working in casualty. Hence the present study is carried out to find out the frequency and pattern of medico-legal cases reported at a tertiary care hospital and to highlight the vulnerable gender, age, residence and the cause. Methods: It is a record based cross sectional study in which all the MLC cases registered in MLC record book during a period of 6 months (January 13– June 13) were included. Cases found non medico-legal were excluded. Variables considered were gender, age, residence and cause. Findings were expressed in numbers and percentages. Results: Total cases were 2350, of which 1866 (79.4%) were males and 484 (20.6%) were females. Maximum cases were from the age group of 21-30 years i.e., 828 (35.2%). 1440 (61.27%) were residents of urban area. Most of the medico-legal cases registered were due to assault (27.2%) followed by medical examination of prisoners(25.9%), road traffic accidents (19.7%), fall (6.9%), snake bite (6.6%), poisoning (4.3%), domestic injuries (4.3%), unknown bite (2.2%), unknown found at railway station (1.6%), brought dead (0.6%), burn (0.2%) & others (0.5%). Conclusions: Majority of the victims were males, young adults and urban inhabitants. Most common indication for medico-legal cases was assault followed by medical check-up of prisoners and road traffic accidents. 

Mining and Visualizing the Narration Tree of Hadiths (Prophetic Traditions)

2012 ◽  
pp. 495-510 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aqil Azmi ◽  
Nawaf Al Badia
Keyword(s):  
Success Rate ◽  
Challenging Problem ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Shallow Parsing ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Good Success Rate

Hadiths are narrations originating from the words and deeds of Prophet Muhammad. Each hadith starts with a list of narrators involved in transmitting it. A hadith scholar judges a hadith based on the narration chain along with the individual narrators in the chain. In this chapter, we report on a method that automatically extracts the transmission chains from the hadith text and graphically displays it. Computationally, this is a challenging problem. Foremost each hadith has its own peculiar way of listing narrators; and the text of hadith is in Arabic, a language rich in morphology. Our proposed solution involves parsing and annotating the hadith text and recognizing the narrators’ names. We use shallow parsing along with a domain specific grammar to parse the hadith content. Experiments on sample hadiths show our approach to have a very good success rate.

Aspects of Multilingual News Summarisation

2014 ◽  
pp. 277-294
Author(s):  
Josef Steinberger ◽  
Ralf Steinberger ◽  
Hristo Tanev ◽  
Vanni Zavarella ◽  
Marco Turchi
Keyword(s):  
Machine Translation ◽  
Latent Semantic Analysis ◽  
Automatic System ◽  
Semantic Analysis ◽  
Statistical Machine Translation ◽  
Challenging Problem ◽  
Parallel Corpus ◽  
High Performing ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Multiple Languages

In this chapter, the authors discuss several pertinent aspects of an automatic system that generates summaries in multiple languages for sets of topic-related news articles (multilingual multi-document summarisation), gathered by news aggregation systems. The discussion follows a framework based on Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA) because LSA was shown to be a high-performing method across many different languages. Starting from a sentence-extractive approach, the authors show how domain-specific aspects can be used and how a compression and paraphrasing method can be plugged in. They also discuss the challenging problem of summarisation evaluation in different languages. In particular, the authors describe two approaches: the first uses a parallel corpus and the second statistical machine translation.

scholarly journals RnRTD: Intelligent Approach Based on the Relationship-Driven Neural Network and Restricted Tensor Decomposition for Multiple Accusation Judgment in Legal Cases

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoding Guo ◽  
Hongli Zhang ◽  
Lin Ye ◽  
Shang Li
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Feature Extraction ◽  
Recurrent Neural Network ◽  
Feature Space ◽  
Tensor Decomposition ◽  
Target Feature ◽  
Legal Cases ◽  
Legal Case ◽  
The Relationship

The use of intelligent judgment technology to assist in judgment is an inevitable trend in the development of judgment in contemporary social legal cases. Using big data and artificial intelligence technology to accurately determine multiple accusations involved in legal cases is an urgent problem to be solved in legal judgment. The key to solving these problems lies in two points, namely, (1) characterization of legal cases and (2) classification and prediction of legal case data. Traditional methods of entity characterization rely on feature extraction, which is often based on vocabulary and syntax information. Thus, traditional entity characterization often requires extensive energy and has poor generality, thus introducing a large amount of computation and limitation to subsequent classification algorithms. This study proposes an intelligent judgment approach called RnRTD, which is based on the relationship-driven recurrent neural network (rdRNN) and restricted tensor decomposition (RTD). We represent legal cases as tensors and propose an innovative RTD method. RTD has low dependence on vocabulary and syntax and extracts the feature structure that is most favorable for improving the accuracy of the subsequent classification algorithm. RTD maps the tensors, which represent legal cases, into a specific feature space and transforms the original tensor into a core tensor and its corresponding factor matrices. This study uses rdRNN to continuously update and optimize the constraints in RTD so that rdRNN can have the best legal case classification effect in the target feature space generated by RTD. Simultaneously, rdRNN sets up a new gate and a similar case list to represent the interaction between legal cases. In comparison with traditional feature extraction methods, our proposed RTD method is less expensive and more universal in the characterization of legal cases. Moreover, rdRNN with an RTD layer has a better effect than the recurrent neural network (RNN) only on the classification and prediction of multiple accusations in legal cases. Experiments show that compared with previous approaches, our method achieves higher accuracy in the classification and prediction of multiple accusations in legal cases, and our algorithm is more interpretable.

scholarly journals An analytical study of the Huexotzinco Codex using X-ray fluorescence, fiber optic reflectance spectroscopy, and portable Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tana Elizabeth Villafana ◽  
Mary Elizabeth Haude ◽  
Amanda Satorius
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Study ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Legal Case ◽  
Early Colonial ◽  
Maya Blue ◽  
Production Practices ◽  
Colonial Government ◽  
Hernan Cortes

AbstractThe Huexotzinco Codex is one of the earliest surviving manuscripts from the early colonial period of Mexico. The codex pertains to the legal case of conquistador Hernán Cortés and contains paintings and documents detailing the seizure of Cortés’ personal properties and over-taxation of his Huexotzincan allies by the colonial government in New Spain (present-day Mexico). Eight paintings within the manuscript were subjected to non-invasive analytical techniques revealing the pigment palette and production methodology. The findings of this study show a mixture of pre- and colonial codex production practices as well a unique Maya blue formulation and the identification of a silicate material used as a matrix for an organic yellow dye.

Mining and Visualizing the Narration Tree of Hadiths (Prophetic Traditions)

2012 ◽  
pp. 239-257 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aqil Azmi ◽  
Nawaf AlBadia
Keyword(s):  
Success Rate ◽  
Challenging Problem ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Shallow Parsing ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Good Success Rate

Hadiths are narrations originating from the words and deeds of Prophet Muhammad. Each hadith starts with a list of narrators involved in transmitting it. A hadith scholar judges a hadith based on the narration chain along with the individual narrators in the chain. In this chapter, the authors report on a method that automatically extracts the transmission chains from the hadith text and graphically display it. Computationally, this is a challenging problem. Foremost each hadith has its own peculiar way of listing narrators; and the text of hadith is in Arabic, a language rich in morphology. The proposed solution involves parsing and annotating the hadith text and recognizing the narrators’ names. The authors use shallow parsing along with a domain specific grammar to parse the hadith content. Experiments on sample hadiths show our approach to have a very good success rate.

scholarly journals A question-entailment approach to question answering

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Asma Ben Abacha ◽  
Dina Demner-Fushman
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Question Answering ◽  
Evaluation Process ◽  
Substantial Improvement ◽  
Challenging Problem ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Answer Extraction ◽  
Medical Task

Abstract Background One of the challenges in large-scale information retrieval (IR) is developing fine-grained and domain-specific methods to answer natural language questions. Despite the availability of numerous sources and datasets for answer retrieval, Question Answering (QA) remains a challenging problem due to the difficulty of the question understanding and answer extraction tasks. One of the promising tracks investigated in QA is mapping new questions to formerly answered questions that are “similar”. Results We propose a novel QA approach based on Recognizing Question Entailment (RQE) and we describe the QA system and resources that we built and evaluated on real medical questions. First, we compare logistic regression and deep learning methods for RQE using different kinds of datasets including textual inference, question similarity, and entailment in both the open and clinical domains. Second, we combine IR models with the best RQE method to select entailed questions and rank the retrieved answers. To study the end-to-end QA approach, we built the MedQuAD collection of 47,457 question-answer pairs from trusted medical sources which we introduce and share in the scope of this paper. Following the evaluation process used in TREC 2017 LiveQA, we find that our approach exceeds the best results of the medical task with a 29.8% increase over the best official score. Conclusions The evaluation results support the relevance of question entailment for QA and highlight the effectiveness of combining IR and RQE for future QA efforts. Our findings also show that relying on a restricted set of reliable answer sources can bring a substantial improvement in medical QA.

The Boundary Dispute Between Peru and Ecuador

1977 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 322-330
Author(s):  
Ronald Bruce St John
Keyword(s):  
Legal Cases ◽  
Legal Case ◽  
Legal Justification

In an article in this Journal some years ago, Professor Georg Maier analyzed the legal cases presented by the Republics of Peru and Ecuador during their long boundary dispute and concluded that the Ecuadorian Government had a much stronger de jure title to the disputed territory, while the Peruvian Government’s claim rested primarily on a strong de facto title. Consequently, he argued that the 1942 Rio Protocol which awarded the Peruvian Government the bulk of the territories in question was not an equitable solution to the dispute since such a solution would lie between the extremes of Ecuador’s de jure case and Peru’s de facto case. He further concluded that a more equitable solution should be sought so the dispute would no longer be an impediment to amicable relations between the two countries. The conclusion of this writer is that the Peruvian Government’s de jure case in the dispute was stronger than that of the Ecuadorian Government and that Peru’s legal case was then buttressed by a prolonged occupation and development of much of the disputed area. Furthermore, even if the Rio Protocol was not an equitable solution to the problem, no legal justification exists for demanding the renegotiation of a pact signed and ratified by both the Peruvian and Ecuadorian Governments and then guaranteed by four other American Governments.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document