Interpreting and explaining pagerank through argumentation semantics

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-34
Author(s):  
Emanuele Albini ◽  
Pietro Baroni ◽  
Antonio Rago ◽  
Francesca Toni
Keyword(s):  
Explanatory Power ◽  
Argumentation Framework ◽  
Novel Approach

In this paper we show how re-interpreting PageRank as an argumentation semantics for a bipolar argumentation framework empowers its explainability. After showing that PageRank, naively re-interpreted as an argumentation semantics for support frameworks, fails to satisfy some generally desirable properties, we propose a novel approach able to reconstruct PageRank as a gradual semantics of a suitably defined bipolar argumentation framework, while satisfying these properties. We then show how the theoretical advantages afforded by this approach also enjoy an enhanced explanatory power: we propose several types of argument-based explanations for PageRank, each of which focuses on different aspects of the algorithm and uncovers information useful for the comprehension of its results.

scholarly journals A Novel Approach to Evaluate the Effect of Neighboring Trees and the Orientation of Tree Social Area on Stem Radial Increment of Norway Spruce Trees

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 163
Author(s):  
Jan Světlík ◽  
Jan Krejza ◽  
Pavel Bednář
Keyword(s):  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Tree Growth ◽  
Growth Models ◽  
Explanatory Power ◽  
Radial Increment ◽  
Important Indicator ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Spruce Stands ◽  
Social Area

Tree growth depends on many factors such as microsite conditions, vitality, and variations in climate and genetics. It is generally accepted that higher growth indicates both an economic benefit and better vitality of any tree. Here we use a modified approach of evaluating tree social area to study mutual tree competition based on the orientation and shape of trees social area. The investigation was performed in nine Norway spruce stands in the Czech Republic. The objective of this study performed from 2008 to 2012 was to quantify relative tree radial increments with respect to the lowest and highest competition found in specific sectors of tree social area (AS). Specific groups of trees (tree classes) were evaluated according to their classes (dominant, co-dominant and sub-dominant) and their composition status in ninety-degree sectors of AS using established classifying rules. The results showed that a spatially-available area (AA) is an inappropriate parameter for predicting tree growth, whereas AS provided robust explanatory power to predict relative radial growth. Tree size was observed as an important indicator of relative radial increments. A significantly positive correlation was found for a radial increment of sub-dominant trees with the lowest competition from western directions; whereas a negative correlation was observed when the lowest competition was observed from eastern directions. For dominant trees, there was an evident growth reaction only when more than 50% of the AS was oriented towards one of the cardinal points. Individual differences in the orientation of tree AS may be important parameters with regard to competition and its spatial variability within an area surrounding a particular tree and deserve more detailed attention in tree growth models and practice.

Meaningful Modeling of Section Bus Running Times by Time Varying Mixture Distributions of Fixed Components

2020 ◽  
Vol 2674 (8) ◽  
pp. 626-637
Author(s):  
Beda Büchel ◽  
Francesco Corman
Keyword(s):  
Travel Time ◽  
Explanatory Power ◽  
Time Varying ◽  
Time Data ◽  
Running Time ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Travel Time Data ◽  
Conventional Models ◽  
Bus Travel Time ◽  
Transit Reliability

Understanding the variability of bus travel time is a key issue in the optimization of schedules, transit reliability, route choice analysis, and transit simulation. The statistical modeling of bus travel time data is of increasing importance given the increasing availability of data. In this paper, we introduce a novel approach to modeling the day-to-day variability of urban bus running times on a section level. First, the explanatory power of conventionally used distributions is examined, based on likelihood and effect size. We show that a mixture model is a powerful tool to increase fitting performance, but the applied components need to be justified. To overcome this issue, we propose a novel model consisting of two individual characteristic distributions representing either off-peak or peak hour dynamics. The observed running time distribution at every hour of the day can be described as a combination (mixture) of the two dynamics. The proposed time varying model uses a small set of parameters, which are physically interpretable and capable of accurately describing running time distributions. With our modeling approach, we reduce the complexity of mixture models and increase the explanatory power and fit compared with conventional models.

scholarly journals Value Relevance of Integrated Reporting using a Novel Approach: Comparative Cross Country Evidence of Mandatory and Voluntary Implementers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
FJ Mohaimen
Keyword(s):  
Linear Model ◽  
Value Relevance ◽  
Explanatory Power ◽  
Accounting Information ◽  
Additive Models ◽  
Integrated Reporting ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
Log Linear ◽  
Reporting Environment

<p>This thesis examines the value relevance of accounting information under integrated reporting (IR) in a comparative mandatory and voluntary setting. A meta review is conducted of all published work focusing on integrated reporting since 2011, which provides detailed insight into the gaps in the IR literature. Multiplicative log-linear model is used in measurement, which is a novel technique that mitigates the shortcomings of traditional value relevance models. The findings show that value relevance of summary accounting information increases after the implementation of IR in the mandatory setting. In the voluntary setting, market effect and the existing reporting paradigm effect the value relevance of accounting information under IR. If the market is large and existing reporting requirements are robust voluntary adoption of IR has minimal to no effect. However, in smaller markets with less rigorous reporting environment, adoption of IR does result in increased value relevance of accounting information. Compared to traditional models, the multiplicative model provides estimates that are more stable over time and shows better explanatory power. Overall, the findings of this thesis show that capital providers value the information content of IR under specific circumstances. This thesis contributes to the IR and value relevance literature by providing the first comparative cross-country evidence of the effect of IR in the change in value relevance of reported accounting information. It provides policy relevant input to the standard setters of IR by demonstrating the effect of IR in the decision usefulness of summary accounting information. The thesis further provides robust evidence of the efficacy of using the multiplicative log-linear model in measuring value relevance instead of the traditional linear additive models.</p>

scholarly journals Value Relevance of Integrated Reporting using a Novel Approach: Comparative Cross Country Evidence of Mandatory and Voluntary Implementers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
FJ Mohaimen
Keyword(s):  
Linear Model ◽  
Value Relevance ◽  
Explanatory Power ◽  
Accounting Information ◽  
Additive Models ◽  
Integrated Reporting ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
Log Linear ◽  
Reporting Environment

<p>This thesis examines the value relevance of accounting information under integrated reporting (IR) in a comparative mandatory and voluntary setting. A meta review is conducted of all published work focusing on integrated reporting since 2011, which provides detailed insight into the gaps in the IR literature. Multiplicative log-linear model is used in measurement, which is a novel technique that mitigates the shortcomings of traditional value relevance models. The findings show that value relevance of summary accounting information increases after the implementation of IR in the mandatory setting. In the voluntary setting, market effect and the existing reporting paradigm effect the value relevance of accounting information under IR. If the market is large and existing reporting requirements are robust voluntary adoption of IR has minimal to no effect. However, in smaller markets with less rigorous reporting environment, adoption of IR does result in increased value relevance of accounting information. Compared to traditional models, the multiplicative model provides estimates that are more stable over time and shows better explanatory power. Overall, the findings of this thesis show that capital providers value the information content of IR under specific circumstances. This thesis contributes to the IR and value relevance literature by providing the first comparative cross-country evidence of the effect of IR in the change in value relevance of reported accounting information. It provides policy relevant input to the standard setters of IR by demonstrating the effect of IR in the decision usefulness of summary accounting information. The thesis further provides robust evidence of the efficacy of using the multiplicative log-linear model in measuring value relevance instead of the traditional linear additive models.</p>

scholarly journals A new scaling rule for context-dependent moral judgments.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra Gomis-Pont ◽  
Mari Carmen Navarro-Plaza ◽  
Joaquin Navajas ◽  
Rodrigo Quian Quiroga ◽  
Salvador Sala ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Control Mechanism ◽  
Contextual Information ◽  
Explanatory Power ◽  
Gain Control ◽  
Moral Judgments ◽  
Moral Decision ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
Quantitative Assessments ◽  
Scaling Rule

Moral judgments are typically explained by a combination of either deontological considerations about the nature of actions, or quantitative assessments of the consequences of those actions. These proposals, however, have serious limitations such as being insensitive to personal biases and global circumstances. This study presents an alternative approach based on comparative affective evaluations that modulate responses as more contextual information is presented to the choice set. We show that, when we make a moral decision, we do not simply judge the action and/or its consequences, we judge the protagonist performing the action embedded in a given set of circumstances and we normalize their behavior using the same gain control mechanism that operates in other sensory and motor domains. The explanatory power of this novel approach is broader than that provided by traditional paradigms and can be easily applied to more ecologically relevant scenarios.

scholarly journals Exposure to catastrophe risk and use of reinsurance: an empirical evaluation for the U.S.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandro Drexler ◽  
Richard Rosen
Keyword(s):  
Explanatory Power ◽  
Empirical Evaluation ◽  
Proportional Reinsurance ◽  
Regulatory Capital ◽  
Academic Literature ◽  
Catastrophe Risk ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Risk Protection ◽  
The U.S

Abstract Reinsurance has long been used for tail risk protection. There is ample anecdotal information from practitioners about this dimension of reinsurance. The subject, however, remains largely unexplored in the academic literature given the lack of data about non-proportional reinsurance contracts. We develop a novel approach to measure the use of non-proportional reinsurance and use it to disentangle reinsurance used for catastrophe risk protection from reinsurance used for other motivations, for example regulatory capital relief. Our findings rely on a new measure of catastrophe risk that has strong explanatory power about insurers’ behaviour towards risk beyond what has been captured by existing measures.

Revealing Christ’s Presence in Jesus Films and Dreams: Towards Ontonic Semiotics of Non-representation

Exchange ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-29
Author(s):  
Johannes Merz
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
Explanatory Power ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Missionary Work ◽  
Communication Models ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
The World ◽  
Embodied Practice ◽  
As If

Abstract Jesus films remain popular in missionary work, yet little is known about how they communicate. Working with viewers in Benin, West Africa, I observed that they watch films as an embodied practice that goes beyond the explanatory power of meaning-based communication models. For them, the filmic portrayal of Jesus is not an image or representation; it rather reveals Christ’s presence in a veracious and immediate way. Consequently, people experience the actor as if he were Jesus, who sometimes interacts with them in dreams. I argue that current anthropological theories are inadequate when trying to account for this. By shifting the focus from meaning to presence, and by introducing the notion of the ‘onton,’ I propose the novel approach of ‘ontonic semiotics’ that accounts for how people make sense of, and interact with, the world. This approach highlights the need to give more attention to how Jesus appears to global audiences.

Copper-dependent ATP7B up-regulation drives the resistance of TMEM16A-overexpressing head-and-neck cancer models to platinum toxicity

2019 ◽  
Vol 476 (24) ◽  
pp. 3705-3719 ◽  
Author(s):  
Avani Vyas ◽  
Umamaheswar Duvvuri ◽  
Kirill Kiselyov
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Head And Neck ◽  
Transcriptional Activation ◽  
Platinum Resistance ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Strong Positive Correlation ◽  
Platinum Compounds ◽  
Copper Chelation ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Cancer Models

Platinum-containing drugs such as cisplatin and carboplatin are routinely used for the treatment of many solid tumors including squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN). However, SCCHN resistance to platinum compounds is well documented. The resistance to platinum has been linked to the activity of divalent transporter ATP7B, which pumps platinum from the cytoplasm into lysosomes, decreasing its concentration in the cytoplasm. Several cancer models show increased expression of ATP7B; however, the reason for such an increase is not known. Here we show a strong positive correlation between mRNA levels of TMEM16A and ATP7B in human SCCHN tumors. TMEM16A overexpression and depletion in SCCHN cell lines caused parallel changes in the ATP7B mRNA levels. The ATP7B increase in TMEM16A-overexpressing cells was reversed by suppression of NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2), by the antioxidant N-Acetyl-Cysteine (NAC) and by copper chelation using cuprizone and bathocuproine sulphonate (BCS). Pretreatment with either chelator significantly increased cisplatin's sensitivity, particularly in the context of TMEM16A overexpression. We propose that increased oxidative stress in TMEM16A-overexpressing cells liberates the chelated copper in the cytoplasm, leading to the transcriptional activation of ATP7B expression. This, in turn, decreases the efficacy of platinum compounds by promoting their vesicular sequestration. We think that such a new explanation of the mechanism of SCCHN tumors’ platinum resistance identifies novel approach to treating these tumors.

Collecting Words: A Clinical Example of a Morphology-Focused Orthographic Intervention

2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 544-560 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kimberly A. Murphy ◽  
Emily A. Diehm
Keyword(s):  
Written Language ◽  
Morphological Knowledge ◽  
English Orthography ◽  
Word Level ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Language Pathology ◽  
The One ◽  
Critical Intervention ◽  
Reading And Spelling ◽  
Reading And Spelling Difficulties

Purpose Morphological interventions promote gains in morphological knowledge and in other oral and written language skills (e.g., phonological awareness, vocabulary, reading, and spelling), yet we have a limited understanding of critical intervention features. In this clinical focus article, we describe a relatively novel approach to teaching morphology that considers its role as the key organizing principle of English orthography. We also present a clinical example of such an intervention delivered during a summer camp at a university speech and hearing clinic. Method Graduate speech-language pathology students provided a 6-week morphology-focused orthographic intervention to children in first through fourth grade ( n = 10) who demonstrated word-level reading and spelling difficulties. The intervention focused children's attention on morphological families, teaching how morphology is interrelated with phonology and etymology in English orthography. Results Comparing pre- and posttest scores, children demonstrated improvement in reading and/or spelling abilities, with the largest gains observed in spelling affixes within polymorphemic words. Children and their caregivers reacted positively to the intervention. Therefore, data from the camp offer preliminary support for teaching morphology within the context of written words, and the intervention appears to be a feasible approach for simultaneously increasing morphological knowledge, reading, and spelling. Conclusion Children with word-level reading and spelling difficulties may benefit from a morphology-focused orthographic intervention, such as the one described here. Research on the approach is warranted, and clinicians are encouraged to explore its possible effectiveness in their practice. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.12290687

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