A Novel Computational Proxy for Characterizing Cognitive Reserve in Alzheimer’s Disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 78 (3) ◽  
pp. 1217-1228
Author(s):  
Ying Zhang ◽  
Yajing Hao ◽  
Lang Li ◽  
Kai Xia ◽  
Guorong Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
High Education ◽  
Statistical Model ◽  
Socioeconomic Factors ◽  
Cognitive Reserve ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Education Group ◽  
Low Education ◽  
And Gender

Background: Although the abnormal depositions of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles are the hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), converging evidence shows that the individual’s neurodegeneration trajectory is regulated by the brain’s capability to maintain normal cognition. Objective: The concept of cognitive reserve has been introduced into the field of neuroscience, acting as a moderating factor for explaining the paradoxical relationship between the burden of AD pathology and the clinical outcome. It is of high demand to quantify the degree of conceptual cognitive reserve on an individual basis. Methods: We propose a novel statistical model to quantify an individual’s cognitive reserve against neuropathological burdens, where the predictors include demographic data (such as age and gender), socioeconomic factors (such as education and occupation), cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers, and AD-related polygenetic risk score. We conceptualize cognitive reserve as a joint product of AD pathology and socioeconomic factors where their interaction manifests a significant role in counteracting the progression of AD in our statistical model. Results: We apply our statistical models to re-investigate the moderated neurodegeneration trajectory by considering cognitive reserve, where we have discovered that 1) high education individuals have significantly higher reserve against the neuropathology than the low education group; however, 2) the cognitive decline in the high education group is significantly faster than low education individuals after the level of pathological burden increases beyond the tipping point. Conclusion: We propose a computational proxy of cognitive reserve that can be used in clinical routine to assess the progression of AD.

Diagnostic accuracy of CERAD total score in a Colombian cohort with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease affected by E280A mutation on presenilin-1 gene

2015 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 503-510 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Camilo Aguirre-Acevedo ◽  
Fabian Jaimes-Barragán ◽  
Eliana Henao ◽  
Victoria Tirado ◽  
Claudia Muñoz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
High Education ◽  
Mild Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Diagnostic Accuracy ◽  
Education Level ◽  
Presenilin 1 ◽  
Education Group ◽  
Low Education

ABSTRACTBackground:This study aimed to determine Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease (CERAD) Neuropsychological Assessment Battery total score diagnostic accuracy in the diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia in familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD) with E280A mutation on presenilin-1 gene (PSEN1).Methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted in a cohort of PSEN1 E280A carriers and non-carriers assessed between January 1995 and February 2013. During the first neuropsychological assessment, 76 were having dementia, 46 had MCI, and 1,576 were asymptomatic. CERAD cut-off points were established for MCI and dementia using a Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) analysis, and were further analyzed according to education level in two groups: low education level (eight years or less), and high education level (over eight years).Results:The area under curve–ROC CERAD total score for dementia was 0.994 (95% CI = 0.989–0.999), and that for MCI was 0.862 (95% CI = 0.816–0.908). The dementia diagnosis cut-off point for the low education group was 54, (98.4% sensitivity, 92.6% specificity), and that for the high education group was 67 (100% sensitivity, 94.1% specificity). The MCI diagnosis cut-off point for the low education group was 66 (91.2% sensitivity, 56.4% specificity), and that for the high education group was 72 (91.7% sensitivity, 76.3% specificity).Conclusions:The CERAD total score is a useful screening tool for dementia and MCI in a population at risk of FAD.

scholarly journals Intellectual demand and formal education as: cognitive protection factors in Alzheimer's disease

2010 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 320-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Roberto Wajman ◽  
Paulo Henrique Ferreira F. Bertolucci
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Educational Level ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
Cognitive Reserve ◽  
Functional Evaluation ◽  
Functional Scale ◽  
Low Education ◽  
Lower Education ◽  
Professional Occupation

Abstract To investigate the possible association between educational level and previous professional occupation, and objective cognitive and functional evaluation in a sample of elderly patients with Alzheimer's disease. Methods: Through retrospective analysis of medical files, 174 patients with probable Alzheimer disease were randomly selected, classified and submitted to analysis according to previous professional occupation and years of formal education. Results: Subjects with lower education and less intellectually-demanding occupations performed worse than higher educated subjects in all cognitive subtests and on the functional scale. Conclusions: Results indicate that not only the total years of education, but also professional occupation has an impact on cognition and functioning in accordance with the hypothesis of cognitive reserve. Our findings confirmed this hypothesis, where subjects with higher education/ higher intellectual demand manifested first symptoms later than low education/ low intellectual demand subjects, with the latter group also exhibiting faster disease progression.

Temporal Dynamic Changes of Intrinsic Brain Activity Associated with Cognitive Reserve in Prodromal Alzheimer’s Disease

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Yajie Lin ◽  
Qingze Zeng ◽  
MengJie Hu ◽  
Guoping Peng ◽  
Benyan Luo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Executive Function ◽  
Cognitive Reserve ◽  
Protective Factor ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Interactive Effect ◽  
Amyloid Β ◽  
Education Group ◽  
The Right

Background: Cognitive reserve (CR) is an important protective factor for Alzheimer’s disease (AD), yet its mechanism has not been fully elucidated. Objective: To explore the effect of CR on resting and dynamic brain intrinsic activity in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Methods: 65 amyloid-β PET-negative (Aβ-) normal controls (NC) and 30 amyloid-β PET-positive (Aβ+) MCI patients underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging were included from Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. According to the years of education, the subjects were divided into high education group and low education group. A two-way analysis of variance was employed for the fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (fALFF) and dynamic fALFF (dfALFF) comparisons among the four groups. Moreover, the interaction effect of neuroimaging×pathology on clinical cognitive function was tested with linear regression analysis. Results: The value of fALFF in the left prefrontal lobe was increased in Aβ+ MCI patients compared to Aβ- NC. The significant interactive effect between disease state and education (binary factor) was observed in the right parahippocampal gyrus (PHG) for fALFF, the right PHG and the right inferior parietal lobule for dfALFF. While no significant results between education (continuous factor) and brain activity was found in voxel-by-voxel analysis. For MCI patients, a significant fluorodeoxyglucose hypometabolic convergence index×right PHG dfALFF interaction was found, indicating the maintenance of executive function at higher levels of dfALFF in the right PHG. Conclusion: High CR can alleviate the impairment of hypometabolism on executive function in MCI patients, which is partially achieved by regulating the dynamic brain activity in the right PHG.

scholarly journals Older Adult Demographics Unrelated to Alzheimer's Disease Warning Signs

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 61-61
Author(s):  
Kelly Parker ◽  
Kristi Medalen ◽  
Olivia Simonson ◽  
Yeong Rhee
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Demographic Variables ◽  
Warning Signs ◽  
Living Situation ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Funding Sources ◽  
Race And Education ◽  
And Gender

Abstract Objectives To determine whether demographics such as age, race, and gender are related to Alzheimer's disease (AD) warning signs in adults over the age of 50. Methods Adults aged 50+ were asked to complete a survey including: demographics (age, gender, marital status, living situation, race, and education), health, and AD warning signs experienced in the previous year. Surveys were distributed in person and online via social media and email. SPSS 26 was used to run one-way ANOVA and Pearson's correlations. Results There was no relationship or difference between any of the demographic variables and warning signs of AD experienced over the previous year. There was a difference between groups based on living situation (F = 3.701 [2, 85], P = 0.029), which disappeared when outliers were excluded. Conclusions There is no significant relationship between the number of warning signs of AD experienced by any demographic variables, including age, when outliers are controlled for, contradicting previous studies that listed age, race, and gender as risk factors. Since demographic data are not related to AD symptoms, it is necessary to include cognitive assessment as part of health screenings for older adults before symptoms impact activities of daily living. Funding Sources None.

Examination of race and gender differences in predictors of neuropsychological decline and development of Alzheimer’s disease

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-26
Author(s):  
Ellen E. H. Johnson ◽  
Claire Alexander ◽  
Grace J. Lee ◽  
Kaley Angers ◽  
Diarra Ndiaye ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Gender Differences ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
And Gender

scholarly journals Resting State Alpha Electroencephalographic Rhythms Are Differently Related to Aging in Cognitively Unimpaired Seniors and Patients with Alzheimer’s Disease and Amnesic Mild Cognitive Impairment

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-30
Author(s):  
Claudio Babiloni ◽  
Raffaele Ferri ◽  
Giuseppe Noce ◽  
Roberta Lizio ◽  
Susanna Lopez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Mild Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Resting State ◽  
Diagnostic Biomarkers ◽  
Eyes Closed ◽  
Topographical Effects ◽  
And Gender ◽  
International Archive

Background: In relaxed adults, staying in quiet wakefulness at eyes closed is related to the so-called resting state electroencephalographic (rsEEG) rhythms, showing the highest amplitude in posterior areas at alpha frequencies (8–13 Hz). Objective: Here we tested the hypothesis that age may affect rsEEG alpha (8–12 Hz) rhythms recorded in normal elderly (Nold) seniors and patients with mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer’s disease (ADMCI). Methods: Clinical and rsEEG datasets in 63 ADMCI and 60 Nold individuals (matched for demography, education, and gender) were taken from an international archive. The rsEEG rhythms were investigated at individual delta, theta, and alpha frequency bands, as well as fixed beta (14–30 Hz) and gamma (30–40 Hz) bands. Each group was stratified into three subgroups based on age ranges (i.e., tertiles). Results: As compared to the younger Nold subgroups, the older one showed greater reductions in the rsEEG alpha rhythms with major topographical effects in posterior regions. On the contrary, in relation to the younger ADMCI subgroups, the older one displayed a lesser reduction in those rhythms. Notably, the ADMCI subgroups pointed to similar cerebrospinal fluid AD diagnostic biomarkers, gray and white matter brain lesions revealed by neuroimaging, and clinical and neuropsychological scores. Conclusion: The present results suggest that age may represent a deranging factor for dominant rsEEG alpha rhythms in Nold seniors, while rsEEG alpha rhythms in ADMCI patients may be more affected by the disease variants related to earlier versus later onset of the AD.

scholarly journals Disaggregation of official demographic projections in sub-groups by education level: the neglected “composition effect” in the future path of life expectancy

Genus ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergio Ginebri ◽  
Carlo Lallo
Keyword(s):  
High Education ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Education Level ◽  
Retirement Age ◽  
Composition Effect ◽  
Education Group ◽  
Population Forecasts ◽  
Low Education ◽  
Mortality Differential ◽  
Education Groups

AbstractWe developed an innovative method to break down official population forecasts by educational level. The mortality rates of the high education group and low education group were projected using an iterative procedure, whose starting point was the life tables by education level for Italy, based on the year 2012. We provide a set of different scenarios on the convergence/divergence of the mortality differential between the high and low education groups. In each scenario, the demographic size and the life expectancy of the two sub-groups were projected annually over the period 2018–2065. We compared the life expectancy paths in the whole population and in the sub-groups. We found that in all of our projections, population life expectancy converges to the life expectancy of the high education group. We call this feature of our outcomes the “composition effect”, and we show how highly persistent it is, even in scenarios where the mortality differential between social groups is assumed to decrease over time. In a midway scenario, where the mortality differential is assumed to follow an intermediate path between complete disappearance in year 2065 and stability at the 2012 level, and in all the scenarios with a milder convergence hypothesis, our “composition effect” prevails over the effect of convergence for men and women. For instance, assuming stability in the mortality differential, we estimated a life expectancy increase at age 65 of 2.9 and 2.6 years for men, and 3.2 and 3.1 for women, in the low and high education groups, respectively, over the whole projection period. Over the same period, Italian official projections estimate an increase of 3.7 years in life expectancy at age 65 for the whole population. Our results have relevant implications for retirement and ageing policies, in particular for those European countries that have linked statutory retirement age to variations in population life expectancies. In all the scenarios where the composition effect is not offset by a strong convergence of mortality differentials, we show that the statutory retirement age increases faster than the group-specific life expectancies, and this finding implies that the expected time spent in retirement will shrink for the whole population. This potential future outcome seems to be an unintended consequence of the indexation rule.

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