scholarly journals Sociodemographic, Lifestyle, Physical, and Psychosocial Determinants of Cognitive Reserve

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Jendé L. Zijlmans ◽  
Sander Lamballais ◽  
Meike W. Vernooij ◽  
M. Arfan Ikram ◽  
Annemarie I. Luik
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Cognitive Reserve ◽  
Structural Equation Models ◽  
Cognitive Tests ◽  
Current Smoking ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Psychosocial Determinants

Background: Cognitive reserve aims to explain individual differences in the susceptibility to the functional impact of dementia in the presence of equal amount of neuropathological damage. It is thought to be shaped by a combination of innate individual differences and lifetime exposures. Which determinants are associated with cognitive reserve remains unknown. Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the associations of sociodemographic, lifestyle, physical, and psychosocial determinants with cognitive reserve, and potential sex differences. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 4,309 participants from the Rotterdam Study (mean age 63.9±10.7) between 2006–2016. Participants completed five cognitive tests and a brain MRI-scan. Cognitive reserve was defined as a latent variable that captures variance common across five cognitive tests, while adjusting for demographic and MRI-inferred neuropathological factors. The associations of potential determinants and cognitive reserve, adjusted for relevant confounders, were assessed with structural equation models. Results: Current smoking (adjusted mean difference: –0.31, 95%confidence interval –0.42; –0.19), diabetes mellitus (–0.25, –0.40; –0.10) and depressive symptoms (–0.07/SD, –0.12; –0.03) were associated with a lower cognitive reserve whereas alcohol use (0.07/SD, 0.03; 0.12) was associated with higher cognitive reserve. Only smoking was associated with cognitive reserve in both men and women. Employment, alcohol use, diabetes, history of cancer, COPD, and depressive symptoms were only associated with cognitive reserve in women. Conclusion: Our study found that current smoking, diabetes mellitus, and depressive symptoms were associated with a lower cognitive reserve, whereas more alcohol use was associated with a higher cognitive reserve, but with clear differences between men and women.

scholarly journals Stress-related anhedonia is associated with ventral striatum reactivity to reward and transdiagnostic psychiatric symptomatology

2015 ◽  
Vol 45 (12) ◽  
pp. 2605-2617 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. S. Corral-Frías ◽  
Y. S. Nikolova ◽  
L.J. Michalski ◽  
D. A. A. Baranger ◽  
A. R. Hariri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Ventral Striatum ◽  
Structural Equation Models ◽  
Depression Symptoms ◽  
Problematic Alcohol ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Problematic Alcohol Use ◽  
The Relationship

BackgroundEarly life stress (ELS) is consistently associated with increased risk for subsequent psychopathology. Individual differences in neural response to reward may confer vulnerability to stress-related psychopathology. Using data from the ongoing Duke Neurogenetics Study, the present study examined whether reward-related ventral striatum (VS) reactivity moderates the relationship between retrospectively reported ELS and anhedonic symptomatology. We further assessed whether individual differences in reward-related VS reactivity were associated with other depressive symptoms and problematic alcohol use via stress-related anhedonic symptoms and substance use-associated coping.MethodBlood oxygen level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was collected while participants (n = 906) completed a card-guessing task, which robustly elicits VS reactivity. ELS, anhedonic symptoms, other depressive symptoms, coping behavior, and alcohol use behavior were assessed with self-report questionnaires. Linear regressions were run to examine whether VS reactivity moderated the relationship between ELS and anhedonic symptoms. Structural equation models examined whether this moderation was indirectly associated with other depression symptoms and problematic alcohol use through its association with anhedonia.ResultsAnalyses of data from 820 participants passing quality control procedures revealed that the VS × ELS interaction was associated with anhedonic symptoms (p = 0.011). Moreover, structural equation models indirectly linked this interaction to non-anhedonic depression symptoms and problematic alcohol use through anhedonic symptoms and substance-related coping.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that reduced VS reactivity to reward is associated with increased risk for anhedonia in individuals exposed to ELS. Such stress-related anhedonia is further associated with other depressive symptoms and problematic alcohol use through substance-related coping.

Sex Differences in Time Production Revisited

2012 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Glicksohn ◽  
Yamit Hadad
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Sex Difference ◽  
Absolute Error ◽  
Internal Clock ◽  
Target Duration ◽  
Log P ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Time Production ◽  
T Score

Individual differences in time production should indicate differences in the rate of functioning of an internal clock, assuming the existence of such a clock. And sex differences in time production should reflect a difference in the rate of functioning of that clock between men and women. One way of approaching the data is to compute individual regressions of produced duration (P) on target duration (T), after log transformation, and to derive estimates for the intercept and the slope. One could investigate a sex difference by comparing these estimates for men and women; one could also contrast them by looking at mean log(P). Using such indices, we found a sex difference in time production, female participants having a relatively faster internal clock, making shorter time productions, and having a smaller exponent. The question is whether a sex difference in time production would be found using other methods for analyzing the data: (1) the P/T ratio; (2) an absolute discrepancy (|P-T|) score; and (3) an absolute error (|P-T|/T) score. For the P/T ratio, female participants have a lower mean ratio in comparison to the male participants. In contrast, the |P-T| and |P-T|/T indices seem to be seriously compromised by wide individual differences.

What are the factors related to depressive symptoms among patients suffering diabetes mellitus?

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emre Senol-Durak ◽  
Mithat Durak ◽  
Ozlem Bozo-Irkin ◽  
Ozlem Elagoz Feride ◽  
Fatih Kilicli Mhemet
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Depressive Symptoms

Alcohol use and aggressive behavior among adult men and women

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth Leonard ◽  
B. Quigley ◽  
M. Testa ◽  
R. Houston
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Aggressive Behavior ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Adult Men

What are the factors related to depressive symptoms among patients suffering diabetes mellitus?

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emre Senol-Durak ◽  
Mithat Durak ◽  
Ozlem Bozo-Irkin ◽  
Ozlem Elagoz Feride ◽  
Fatih Kilicli Mhemet
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Depressive Symptoms

Trabecular Bone Score in Thais with or without Type 2 Diabetes

2020 ◽  
Vol 103 (11) ◽  
pp. 1131-1137
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Bone Mineral Density ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Fracture Risk ◽  
Trabecular Bone ◽  
Trabecular Bone Score ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Men And Women

Background: When compared to people without type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), people with T2DM have an increase in fracture risk despite having higher bone mineral density (BMD). Many studies in Caucasians demonstrated that trabecular bone score (TBS) is lower in people with T2DM than those without. The utility of TBS as a fracture risk assessment tool in Asians with T2DM is currently unclear. Objective: To compared lumbar spine (LS) BMD and TBS in Thais with or without T2DM and investigate the correlation between TBS and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and diabetes duration in participants with T2DM. Materials and Methods: The present study was a cross-sectional study that included 97 participants with T2DM (37 men and 60 women) and 342 participants without T2DM (174 men and 168 women). LS-BMD and TBS were obtained. Results: Men and women with T2DM were older and had higher body mass index (BMI). Men with T2DM had significant higher LS-BMD (1.051±0.166 versus 0.972±0.125, p=0.009) and non-significant lower TBS (1.333±0.084 versus 1.365±0.096, p=0.055) than those without. Similarly, women with T2DM had significant higher LS-BMD (0.995±0.155 versus 0.949±0.124, p=0.021) and lower TBS (1.292±0.105 versus 1.382±0.096, p<0.001). After adjusting for age and BMI, T2DM predicted higher BMD in men (p<0.001), but not in women (p=0.143). T2DM was not associated with TBS after adjusting for age and BMI in both genders (p=0.403 and p=0.151 in men and women, respectively). TBS did not correlate with HbA1c in both genders. However, TBS was non-significantly associated with diabetes duration in women (p=0.073), but not in men (p=0.639). Conclusion: T2DM significantly predicted higher LS-BMD only in men and was not independently associated with TBS in both genders. These data highlighted that, in T2DM, there was some variation in the clinical usefulness of BMD and TBS in predicting osteoporotic fractures with regard to clinical characteristic of participants. Keywords: Bone mineral density, Type 2 diabetes mellitus, Trabecular bone score

Diabetes Mellitus Type 2: Prevalence among men and women in the Peruvian Amazon town of Yantalo

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 34-39
Author(s):  
Evelyn Obregón Julca ◽  
◽  
Fernando Gonzales Aste ◽  
Carla Calagua Bedoya ◽  
Claudia Heredia Benavides ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 ◽  
Diabetes Mellitus Type ◽  
Peruvian Amazon ◽  
Men And Women

scholarly journals Trajectories of maternal depressive symptoms and offspring’s risk behavior in early adolescence: data from the 2004 Pelotas birth cohort study

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Beatriz Bozzini ◽  
Jessica Mayumi Maruyama ◽  
Tiago N. Munhoz ◽  
Aluísio J. D. Barros ◽  
Fernando C. Barros ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Maternal Depression ◽  
Risk Behavior ◽  
Birth Cohort ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Birth Cohort Study ◽  
Maternal Depressive Symptoms

Abstract Background This longitudinal study explored the relationship between trajectories of maternal depressive symptoms and offspring’s risk behavior in adolescence contributing to an extremely scarce literature about the impacts of maternal depression trajectories on offspring risk behaviors. Methods We included 3437 11-year-old adolescents from the 2004 Pelotas Birth Cohort Study. Trajectories of maternal depressive symptoms were constructed using Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EDPS) from age 3 months to 11 years. We identified five trajectories of maternal depressive symptoms: “low” “moderate low”, “increasing”, “decreasing”, and “chronic high”. The following adolescent outcomes were identified via self-report questionnaire and analyzed as binary outcome –yes/no: involvement in fights and alcohol use at age 11. We used logistic regression models to examine the effects of trajectories of maternal depressive symptoms on offspring’s risk behavior adjusting for potential confounding variable. Results Alcohol use and/or abuse as well as involvement in fights during adolescence, were not significantly associated with any specific trajectory of maternal depressive symptoms neither in the crude nor in the adjusted analyses. Conclusion Alcohol use and involvement in fights at age 11 were not associated with any specific trajectory of maternal depression.

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