scholarly journals Patentes de medicamentos e a indústria farmacêutica nacional: estudo dos depósitos feitos no Brasil

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 38-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Eduardo Collazo Pontes
Keyword(s):  
Patent Protection ◽  
Search Strategy ◽  
Research Development ◽  
International Patent Classification ◽  
Patent Classification ◽  
International Patent ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industries ◽  
Patent Documents ◽  
The Law

The law of Generics allowed the growth of national industries, But investment in Research, Development and Innovation (P, D & I) remained practically null. Based on this scenario of fragility of the Brazilian industry, a research in database of patent documents, using as methodology, a search strategy, according to the International Patent Classification (IPC) was done. This survey, based on the analysis of the patent documents obtained, allowed us to reach the objective of the study, which is to introduce the situation of the national pharmaceutical industries in relation to investment in innovation. The results indicate the lack of investments in innovation in Brazil, allowing the conclusion that the country is totally dependent on the imports of medicines. This fact positions the multinational industries in a situation of superiority, facilitating the practice of abusive prices, since these take advantage of the patent protection.

scholarly journals Science Inside Law: The Making of a New Patent Class in the International Patent Classification

2012 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 551-594 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyo Yoon Kang
Keyword(s):  
Social Contexts ◽  
Patent Law ◽  
The Novel ◽  
International Patent Classification ◽  
Patent Classification ◽  
Legal Perspective ◽  
International Patent ◽  
Patent Documents ◽  
Patentable Invention ◽  
Legal Understanding

ArgumentRecent studies of patents have argued that the very materiality and techniques of legal media, such as the written patent document, are vital for the legal construction of a patentable invention. Developing the centrality placed on patent documents further, it becomes important to understand how these documents are ordered and mobilized. Patent classification answers the necessity of making the virtual nature of textual claims practicable by linking written inscription to bureaucracy. Here, the epistemological organization of documents overlaps with the grid of patent administration. How are scientific inventions represented in such a process? If we examine the process of creating a new patent category within the International Patent Classification (IPC), it becomes clear that disagreements about the substance of the novel inventive subject matter have been resolved by computer simulations of patent documents in draft classifications. The practical needs of patent examiners were the most important concerns in the making of a new category. Such a lack of epistemological mediation between the scientific and legal identities of an invention depicts a legal understanding that science is already inside patent law. From an internal legal perspective, the self-referential introduction of the new patent category may make practical sense; however it becomes problematic from a technological and scientific standpoint as the remit of the patent classification also affects other social contexts and practices.

scholarly journals Technological Advances to Reduce Apis mellifera Mortality: A Bibliometric Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 8305
Author(s):  
Cristiano Ziegler ◽  
Tiago Sinigaglia ◽  
Mario Eduardo Santos Martins ◽  
Adriano Mendonça Souza
Keyword(s):  
Apis Mellifera ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
International Patent Classification ◽  
Patent Classification ◽  
Honey Production ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
International Patent ◽  
Technology Life Cycle

Bees play a fundamental role in the ecological balance of ecosystems, due to the pollination process they carry out on crops, including the production of honey. However, the mortality of bees is a significant concern; bee mortality can occur for several reasons, such as pesticides, mites, viruses, climate change, pathogens and a reduction in food resources and nests. The honey bee (Apis mellifera) is the most widely used bee for commercial pollination and honey production. Therefore, the main objective is to compare the development of patent families and article publications related to the reduction in A. meliífera mortality. Data on patent families were collected on the Orbit platform, while data on scientific articles were collected on the Scopus database, with a time interval of 1980–2019. Subsequently, the data were analyzed in order to show the main priority countries, main assignees, and main IPC (International Patent Classification) codes, an analysis of the technology life cycle and the correlation between the data of patent families and articles published. The technologies that help to decrease bee mortality showed a technological maturity rate of 27.15% for patent families data and 53.35% for data from articles published in journals. It was noticed that the principal interest regarding the reduction in A. mellifera mortality is focused on universities, mainly in the United States and China.

scholarly journals Applications of Silver Nanoparticles in Dentistry: Advances and Technological Innovation

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 2485
Author(s):  
Clara Couto Fernandez ◽  
Ana Rita Sokolonski ◽  
Maísa Santos Fonseca ◽  
Danijela Stanisic ◽  
Danilo Barral Araújo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Silver Nanoparticles ◽  
Technological Innovation ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Technological Innovations ◽  
International Patent Classification ◽  
Patent Classification ◽  
International Patent ◽  
Promising Area ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Prevention Of Infections

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been successfully applied in several areas due to their significant antimicrobial activity against several microorganisms. In dentistry, AgNP can be applied in disinfection, prophylaxis, and prevention of infections in the oral cavity. In this work, the use of silver nanoparticles in dentistry and associated technological innovations was analyzed. The scientific literature was searched using PubMed and Scopus databases with descriptors related to the use of silver nanoparticles in dentistry, resulting in 90 open-access articles. The search for patents was restricted to the A61K code (International Patent Classification), using the same descriptors, resulting in 206 patents. The results found were ordered by dental specialties and demonstrated the incorporation of AgNPs in different areas of dentistry. In this context, the search for patents reaffirmed the growth of this technology and the dominance of the USA pharmaceutical industry over AgNPs product development. It could be concluded that nanotechnology is a promising area in dentistry with several applications.

Patents as a Competitive Advantage? Analysis of the German Watch Manufacturer Junghans

2021 ◽  
pp. 2150008
Author(s):  
Katharina Stolz
Keyword(s):  
Competitive Advantage ◽  
Research Design ◽  
High Technology ◽  
Business Success ◽  
International Patent Classification ◽  
Luxury Goods ◽  
Patent Classification ◽  
International Patent ◽  
Patent Applications ◽  
Luxury Industry

This paper investigates the relevance of patents as a competitive advantage with regard to the luxury industry. Within the framework of an explorative research design, more than two thousand patents were analyzed, using the international patent classification (IPC) to cluster those patents. The analysis shows that the sole ownership of patents as a resource is not sufficient to achieve business success. In addition, the findings suggest a two-sided relevance of patents within the luxury goods industry as two main groups can be identified: First, traditional manufacturers focusing more on craftmanship, secrecy, and tradition than on novelties and patents. Second, large business groups and high technology businesses dominating the IPC group G04 and emphasizing on the latest technology as well as on patents. Furthermore, the internationalization is also reflected in the patent applications: European patents within category G04 have gained in importance over the last 20 years, while national patents have declined.

Analysis of International Patent Applications for Inventions Like Traditional Herbal Medicines

2022 ◽  
pp. 532-542
Author(s):  
Pankaj Kumar ◽  
Ameeta Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Herbal Medicines ◽  
Patent Office ◽  
International Patent Classification ◽  
Patent Cooperation Treaty ◽  
Patent Classification ◽  
Patent Search ◽  
Classification Code ◽  
International Patent ◽  
Search Tool ◽  
Patent Applications

Numerous applications have been filed for patents based on bio-inventions in the Indian patent office. Although there is not any international patent, there is a system of international patent applications whereby the applicant may designate name of countries where they wish to file application for patents nationally. According to international patent classification, the concern class for such a patent applications is A61K36/00. More particularly, the international class (IC) A61K36/00 relates to medicinal preparations of undetermined constitution containing material from algae, lichens, fungi or plants, or derivatives thereof (e.g., traditional herbal medicines). International applications filings under patent cooperation treaty (PCT) for patent purposes can be accessed at the Patentscope (patent search tool of WIPO). All international patent applications for such TK-based inventions have been accessed online at Patentscope using the classification code A61K36 for this study.

scholarly journals A Study on Trend Analysis of Applicants Based on Patent Classification Systems

Information ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 364 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soohyeon Chae ◽  
Jangwon Gim
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Property Rights ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Classification Systems ◽  
International Patent Classification ◽  
Ripple Effects ◽  
Patent Classification ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
International Patent ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Common

In recent times, with the development of science and technology, new technologies have been rapidly emerging, and innovators are making efforts to acquire intellectual property rights to preserve their competitive advantage as well as to enhance innovative competitiveness. As a result, the number of patents being acquired increases exponentially every year, and the social and economic ripple effects of developed technologies are also increasing. Now, innovators are focusing on evaluating existing technologies to develop more valuable ones. However, existing patent analysis studies mainly focus on discovering core technologies amongst the technologies derived from patents or analyzing trend changes for specific techniques; the analysis of innovators who develop such core technologies is insufficient. In this paper, we propose a model for analyzing the technical inventions of applicants based on patent classification systems such as international patent classification (IPC) and cooperative patent classification (CPC). Through the proposed model, the common invention patterns of applicants are extracted and used to analyze their technical inventions. The proposed model shows that patent classification systems can be used to extract the trends in applicants’ technological inventions and to track changes in their innovative patterns.

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