scholarly journals The beautiful woman in medieval Iberia: rhetoric, cosmetics, and evolution

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Claudio Da Soller
Keyword(s):  
First Century ◽  
Hair Dyes ◽  
Skin Whitening ◽  
Feminine Beauty ◽  
Beautiful Woman ◽  
Medieval Iberia ◽  
Literary Portraits ◽  
Hairless Skin ◽  
Physical Features ◽  
The Ideal

Literary portraits of the beautiful woman in medieval Iberia tend to emphasize several physical features, such as long, blond hair, or light-colored and hairless skin. This study examines the specific features of the beautiful woman in several major works and genres from medieval Iberia. It also traces the rhetorical sources of these portraits to the Classical and medieval Latin traditions, whose influence is evident in other early vernacular literatures of Europe. It then analyzes several medieval cosmetic treatises in Latin and in vernacular languages that attest to medieval women's beautifying practices, such as the use of hair-dyes, depilatories, and skin-whitening creams. The comparison of the literary and cosmetic evidence shows a canonical view of feminine beauty that encompasses different cultural areas in medieval Iberia. This view is also consistent with ancient as well as with twenty-first century conceptions of beauty. The findings suggest that the ideal of feminine beauty in medieval Iberia is not unique, but rather a manifestation of near-universal male preferences shaped by sexual selection in the course of human evolution.

Aerodynamic Analysis for Camber Effect in Vertical Wind Turbine System

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinwook Kim ◽  
Dohyung Lee ◽  
Junhee Han ◽  
Sangwoo Kim
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Simulation ◽  
Wind Turbine ◽  
Vertical Axis ◽  
Aerodynamic Characteristics ◽  
Vertical Axis Wind Turbine ◽  
Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine ◽  
Low Wind Speed ◽  
Wind Turbine System ◽  
Physical Features ◽  
The Ideal

The Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT) has advantages over Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine (HAWT) that it allows less chance to be degraded independent of wind direction and turbine can be operated even at the low wind speed. The objective of this study is to analyze aerodynamics of the VAWT airfoil and investigate the ideal shape of airfoil, more specifically cambers. The analysis of aerodynamic characteristics with various cambers has been performed using numerical simulation with CFD software. As the numerical simulation discloses local physical features around wind turbine, aerodynamic performance such as lift, drag and torque are computed for single airfoil rotation and multiple airfoil rotation cases. Through this study more effective airfoil shape is suggested based vortex-airfoil interaction studies.

scholarly journals AN IMPERIAL APOSTLE? ST PAUL, PROTESTANT CONVERSION, AND SOUTH ASIAN CHRISTIANITY

2017 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-130
Author(s):  
SHINJINI DAS
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
South Asian ◽  
Reference Point ◽  
First Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
British Imperialism ◽  
Intellectual Engagement ◽  
Imperial Ideology ◽  
The One ◽  
The Ideal

AbstractThis article explores the locally specific (re)construction of a biblical figure, the Apostle St Paul, in India, to unravel the entanglement of religion with British imperial ideology on the one hand, and to understand the dynamics of colonial conversion on the other. Over the nineteenth century, evangelical pamphlets and periodicals heralded St Paul as the ideal missionary, who championed conversion to Christianity but within an imperial context: that of the first-century Roman Mediterranean. Through an examination of missionary discourses, along with a study of Indian (Hindu and Islamic) intellectual engagement with Christianity including Bengali convert narratives, this article studies St Paul as a reference point for understanding the contours of ‘vernacular Christianity’ in nineteenth-century India. Drawing upon colonial Christian publications mainly from Bengal, the article focuses on the multiple reconfigurations of Paul: as a crucial mascot of Anglican Protestantism, as a justification of British imperialism, as an ideological resource for anti-imperial sentiments, and as a theological inspiration for Hindu reform and revivalist organization.

Sex, Race, and Culture: Constructing Theological Anthropology for the Twenty-First Century

2019 ◽  
Vol 80 (3) ◽  
pp. 508-529
Author(s):  
Mary Doak
Keyword(s):  
Vatican Ii ◽  
Theological Anthropology ◽  
Human Freedom ◽  
First Century ◽  
Focused Attention ◽  
Twenty First Century ◽  
Race And Culture ◽  
Human Embodiment ◽  
The Ideal

Pre-Vatican II theological anthropology focused attention on the exercise of human freedom as embodied in time and oriented to community. Post-Vatican II theology has deepened this trajectory by reflecting on the specific conditions and experiences of human embodiment, as well as the cultural and historical contexts that ground efforts to realize the ideal of persons-in-community. This article explores the contributions of theological anthropologies that take seriously gender, race, history, and culture in theology, and argues for further contemporary, enculturated, and embodied reflections on sin and grace.

Is Self-Identity Image Advertising Ethical?

2000 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 371-398 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Douglas Bishop
Keyword(s):  
Self Esteem ◽  
The Self ◽  
Self Identity ◽  
Persuasive Advertising ◽  
Self Image ◽  
Beautiful Woman ◽  
Reflection Image ◽  
Social Autonomy ◽  
The Ideal

Abstract:Discussions of the ethics of advertising have been based on a general distinction between informative and persuasive advertising without looking at specific techniques of persuasion. Self-identity image ads persuade by presenting an image of an idealized person-type such as a “beautiful” woman (Chanel) or a sexy teen (Calvin Klein). The product becomes a symbol of the ideal, and target consumers are invited to use the product to project the self-image to themselves and others. This paper argues that image ads are not false or misleading, and that whether or not they advocate false values is a matter for subjective reflection. Image ads can undermine a consumer’s self-esteem by collectively omitting images authentic for that sort of person (such as large women), and by combining impossible images with implied gaze. Image ads generally do not undermine autonomy of choice, internal autonomy, or social autonomy. It is concluded that image advertising is a basically ethical technique, but several recommendations are given on how use of image advertising can avoid specific harms.

scholarly journals Emily’s Maternal Ideal: Pregnancy, Birth, and Resistance at Kingston Penitentiary

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 201-229
Author(s):  
Ted McCoy
Keyword(s):  
First Century ◽  
Prison Reform ◽  
Department Of Justice ◽  
Half Century ◽  
Pregnancy And Childbirth ◽  
Ideal Womanhood ◽  
Women's Prison ◽  
Women's Imprisonment ◽  
The Ideal

The 1850s and 1860s saw the rise of a new women’s prison reform ideology that would shape the next half-century of women’s imprisonment. “Maternalism” was the promotion of femininity as the basis of reform and rehabilitation with accompanying notions of ideal womanhood and appropriate roles for imprisoned women and in the aftermath of a penitentiary sentence. This paper looks at literal motherhood in the penitentiary by examining the experiences of prisoner Emily Boyle. Boyle was pregnant during two separate terms at Kingston Penitentiary. During the first term in 1926, she was paroled so that she could return to Edmonton to give birth. During her second term in 1932, no mercy was extended in consideration of her pregnancy and Boyle began a battle with the Department of Justice over her right to keep her baby within the walls of Kingston Penitentiary. The warden recommended that Boyle be separated from her child and it be sent to the Home for Infants, in spite of the fact that the father was in Edmonton. Boyle resisted this decision, and in fact resisted all penitentiary involvement with her pregnancy and childbirth. She ultimately gave birth in the bathroom of the women’s ward with the assistance of two matrons. When the child was taken away from her, both Boyle and her husband fought the Department of Justice decision on the matter, rallying against the notion that their child was better served by the Children’s Aid Society. The paper examines multiple questions about motherhood and maternalism in the penitentiary’s first century. It argues that maternalism and motherhood were found at cross purposes when balanced with the demands of punishment. Emily Boyle found herself at this intersection, fighting to keep her child in an institution geared towards teaching her to become the ideal mother.

scholarly journals Avatars de Raphaël Hythlodée, ou l'influence de l'Utopie de Thomas More dans le roman portugais contemporain

Moreana ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 55 (Number 209) (1) ◽  
pp. 61-78
Author(s):  
José Eduardo Reis
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Complex Traits ◽  
First Century ◽  
Thomas More ◽  
Western Literature ◽  
Cultural System ◽  
History Of ◽  
Twenty First Century ◽  
Representative Work ◽  
The Ideal

The history of the literary reception of Thomas More's Utopia in Portugal has been a tale of omissions, censorships and deferred translations that highlight a flaw within the Portuguese cultural system. Indeed, it is somewhat ironic that such a representative work of both Western literature and thought, historically associated with the opening of the world's geographical horizons, and which ascribed to a Portuguese sailor, Raphael Hythloday, the discovery of an ideal place, was first translated into Portuguese only in the second half of the twentieth century. However, the first decade of the twenty-first century seems to bode a more auspicious literary fortune for More's Utopia within the Portuguese literary idiom: not only has an edition of More's work finally been translated from the original Latin, but also two novels were published in 2004, A lenda de Martim Regos, by Pedro Canais, and Rafael, by Manuel Alegre. In the context of both books' plots, they rewrite the complex traits of the character of the Portuguese sailor and discoverer of the ideal island. The same reinvention of the character of Raphael had already been attempted, in 1998, by José V. de Pina Martins in his long dialogic Morean narrative, Utopia III. In this essay, I will focus both on the documental sources related to Portuguese culture that are at the root of More's Utopia and on some relevant aspects of the reception of the character of Raphael Hythloday within the aforementioned novels.

Dying Heroically

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Vallely
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
First Century ◽  
Complete Eradication ◽  
Root Cause ◽  
Early Twenty ◽  
Twenty First Century ◽  
The Ideal ◽  
The Way

Within the Jaina tradition, the ideal and most celebrated death is a voluntary, fully conscious fast which aims to “scratch out the body” for the sake of the soul. Called sallekhanā, the fast is understood to be the pinnacle of nonviolence, because it entails the complete eradication of the passions that are the root cause of violence. But above all, sallekhanā is understood by Jains to be heroic; it is the ultimate culmination of a courageous life dedicated to the soul’s emancipation from the cycle of birth and death. The equation of sallekhanā with heroism is an ancient one in the Jain imagination, and continues to govern the way in which the religious death is understood and practiced by Jains in the early twenty-first century. This chapter explores the central role that heroism plays within the ritual fast to death and, more fundamentally, within the Jain tradition.

The Beauty of the Houri

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nerina Rustomji
Keyword(s):  
French Literature ◽  
September 11 ◽  
First Century ◽  
September 11Th ◽  
Multiple Functions ◽  
Gender Parity ◽  
Feminine Beauty ◽  
Digital Material ◽  
Twenty First Century

The fascination with the houri, the pure female of Islamic paradise, began long before September 11, 2001. The Beauty of the Houri demonstrates how the ambiguous reward of the houri, mentioned in the Qurʾan and developed in Islamic theological writings, has gained a distinctive place in English and French literature from the sixteenth to the twenty-first century and in digital material in the twenty-first century. The houri had multiple functions in Islamic texts that ranged from caretaker to pure companion to entertainment. French, English, and American writers used the houri to critique Islam and Muslim societies while also adopting the houri as a model of feminine beauty. Unlike earlier texts that presented different forms of the houri or universalized the houri for all women, writings about the houri after September 11th offer contradictory messages about Islam. In the twenty-first century, the image of the houri symbolizes a reward for violence and the possibility of gender parity. As a cosmic figure that inspires enduring questions about the promise of paradise and the idealized feminine form, the houri has a singular past and potential for future interpretation.

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