scholarly journals E-Court in resolving civil cases - Foreign experiences and recommendations for Vietnam

Author(s):  
Nguyen Thi Hong Nhung ◽  
Huynh Thi Nam Hai ◽  
Luu Minh Sang

Applying digital technology in state management activities is a trend that many countries are actively implementing. Experiences from other foreign countries show that digitizing and technologizing judicial activities is an inevitable trend to simplify administrative procedures, maximize the settlement of disputes to ensure legitimate rights of people, and to maintain social order. Vietnam is therefore not out of that trend. However, the application of information technology to the Court's activities in Vietnam has just been initially organized through a number of activities such as online filing, electronic case management..., but for the online trial, the Vietnamese law still does not have a complete legal framework. In the context of Covid-19 epidemy, the employment of E-court becomes even more necessary than ever. Because of social distancing, many activities, including court trial have been postponed. This can cause many inconveniences to the court (to comply with the law on procedural time), and to the parties (who wants to solve their legal issues as quick as possible, so that they can enjoy well their legal rights and interests). However, this model of court needs many conditions to be developed: investment of Government, qualifications of competent persons, people’s scientific and technical level… It should be noted that technological measures are just a different implementation method of the procedural provisions, but due to being as the procedural law, these implementation steps should be clearly specified in the law, so as not to be considered a violation of the proceedings. Thus, the contents of law need to be legalized such as applicable conditions, procedures on initiating a lawsuit, on giving announcement to parties... In fact and theory, all kind of civil cases can be judged online as long as the requirements of platform and demand of participating parties are met. And the civil procedure law can add regulations about the online method to some of necessary procedural steps as an additional choice to the parties. The article focuses on recommending the building of a E-Court model in Vietnam in civil proceedings, where this model can be effectively applied due to the civil nature of the case, with the research method of analysis, thesis and comparison with other foreign laws, such as Malaysia, Korea, Australia and Canada.

Author(s):  
Aleksandr Dmitriyevich Zolotukhin ◽  
Lyudmila Anatolyevna Volchikhina

In civil proceedings, the legislator defines two conditions that ensure the process of judicial review and resolution of cases: the condition for proper consideration, resolution of civil cases and the condition for timely consideration and civil cases resolution. Proper consideration and resolution of cases involves compliance with the substantive and procedural law requirements. Timely consideration and resolution of cases involves compliance with the court terms of their consideration and resolution. Each of these conditions ensures the right of the persons concerned to judicial protection. Examining these conditions compliance process, we came to the conclusion that the fulfillment by the judge of the condition of compliance with the terms consideration and cases resolution for which he bears disciplinary responsibility, is achieved by his failure to meet the conditions of proper consideration and resolution of cases in terms of compliance with the procedural rules of their consideration and resolution, which entails violations of the right of interested persons to judicial protection. To solve this problem, we propose in civil proceedings to give the court the right to determine the period of consideration of the case at its discretion, based on the criteria of its reasonableness determined by the legislator.


PLENO JURE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-37
Author(s):  
Oyaldi Puhi ◽  
Rustam Hs Akili ◽  
Ibrahim Ahmad ◽  
Roy Marthen Moonti ◽  
Muten Nuna

Hukum acara perdata merupakan hukum perdata formil, yang pada dasarnya berfungsi mempertahankan atau menegakkan hukum perdata materiil melalui pengadilan apabila terjadi pelanggaran terhadap hukum perdata materiil atau terjadi sengketa. Bahkan hukum acara perdata juga mengatur bagaimana tata cara memperoleh hak dan kepastian hukum manakala tidak terjadi sengketa melalui pengajuan “permohonan” ke pengadilan. Artikel ini ingin menjelaskan bagaimana mekanisme beracara di pengadilan perdata terhadap hukum acara perdata, dengan menggunakan metode penulisan secara normatif. Sebagai kesimpulan, artikel ini menjelaskan bahwa didalam beracara hukum acara perdata dapat ditinjau dalam dua aspek yakni dalam arti luas dan dalam arti sempit, dalam arti luas beracara meliputi segala tindakan hukum yang dilakukan, baik di luar maupun di dalam persidangan di pengadilan guna menyelesaikan suatu perkara menurut ketentuan hukum acara perdata. Sedangkan dalam arti sempit, beracara meliputi tindakan beracara di dalam persidang di pengadilan dari sidang pertama sampai dengan hakim menjatuhkan putusannya. Sedangkan untuk prosedur dalam pengajuan Gugatan di Pengadilan merujuk pada Pasal 118 ayat (1) Herizen Indlandsch Reglement (“HIR”)/Pasal 142 RBg. Abstract. Civil procedural law is formal civil law which basically is to defend or enforce material civil law through the court if there is a violation of the law toward material civil law or a dispute. Even the civil procedural law also regulates how to obtain legal rights and certainty, if there is no dispute through filing an "application" to the court. This article aims to explain how the procedure of mechanisms in civil courts toward civil procedural law by using the normative writing method. In conclusion, this article explains that civil procedural law proceedings can be viewed in two aspects, which are broad sense and narrow sense. In the broad sense, it includes all legal actions that are taken both outside and inside the court to resolve the case according to the provisions of civil procedural law. Whereas in a narrow sense, it includes proceeding at trial in court from the first trial until the judge makes his decision. whereas, the procedure for filing a lawsuit in court is referring to Article 118 paragraph (1) Herizen Indlandsch Reglement (“HIR”) / Article 142 RBg.


Author(s):  
Anna Shtefan

Shtefan A. The disposition principle in civil proceedings. The disposition (from the Latin «dispono» — to dispose) in the most general sense in the legal context means the ability to act at own discretion, to independently choose the direction of their behavior within the limits established by law. In different branches of law, the disposition has its own specific features but its basis is always that the subject of the relevant legal relationship is endowed with a certain freedom of choice in the exercise of their rights and independently disposes of them.The dispositive nature of civil proceedings has the following elements:1) civil proceedings in the case are based on the fact that its occurrence is possible only by virtue of the application of the person concerned to the court. The only grounds for initiating proceedings in the case is the submission of the application of the interested person in accordance with the requirements established by lawand in accordance with the procedure established by law;2) the court considers civil cases within the requirements stated in the case which include the requirements stated in the main claim, in a counterclaim, and in a third party claim; 3) consideration of civil cases is carried out solely on the basis of evidence submitted by the parties to the case or required by the court in cases provided by law. The main burden of filling the case with evidence rests with the parties to the case, and the court assists them in obtaining evidence by demanding it only in casesestablished by law;4) the party to the case, as well as the person who has legal capacity and in whose interests the claim is filed, disposes of their rights in relation to the subject matter of the dispute at their own discretion. This rule covers only procedural, not substantive rights, and applies only to rights relating to the subject matter of the dispute. In addition, the possibility of discretion of the party to the case in relation to their procedural rights on the subject matter of the dispute is allowed to the extent provided by procedural law;5) the court engages the relevant body or person that has the right to protect the rights, freedoms, and interests of others if the actions of the legal representative are contrary to the interests of the person he represents. In case of discrepancy between the interests of this person and the actions of his legal representative, the court is authorized to involve a body or person who is legally entitled to protect the rights, freedoms, and interests of others to participate in the case;6) the collecting of evidence in civil cases is not the obligation of the court except in cases established by procedural law. The court should not act in this direction instead of an inactive party to the case; the mandatory authority of the court to collect evidence is due to the direct indication of in which cases and what evidence is collected by the court itself;7) the court has the right to collect evidence relating to the subject matter of the dispute on its own initiative only in cases where it is necessary to protect minors or minors or persons who have been declared incompetent or whose capacity is limited, as well as in other cases provided by procedural law.The disposition as a basis of civil proceedings determines the only possible condition for the process of consideration of the case — the application of the interested person to the court, the limits of consideration of the case — stated by the interested person requirements, the basis of the case — evidence submitted by the parties or demanded by the court. The disposition also means the freedom of the party to dispose of their procedural rights in relation to the subject matter of the dispute, the absence of any obstacles to the implementation of such an order at its discretion. This freedom is not absolute and it has the statutory limits. Such limits are necessary for the effective functioning of the civil procedural form, in particular, the observance of reasonable time limits for civil cases and the prevention of abuse of procedural rights.Key words: disposition, disposition principle, civil proceedings


2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 114-134
Author(s):  
Triwahyu Budi Utomo

Problems constitutional rights of citizens, especially the constitutional right of Master in performing the tasks their profession very interesting to be studied in depth. Many phenomena memprihatin happens to teachers in performing the duties of his profession. \ Legal framework is indispensable for teachers in carrying out the duties of his profession. Konstkitusi rights are the legal rights of the highest level, how 1945 has dimanademen able to give a guarantee of protection for teachers in carrying out the duties of his profession. Constitutional rights contained in the 1945 Constitution before the amendment is 7 chapters that consist of Article 27 paragraph (2), article 28, article 29 (paragraph (2), Article 30 paragraph (1), Article 31 paragraph (1) and Article 32. Meanwhile, after the Second Amendment in 2000, the overall material provisions of the rights of human rights in the 1945 Constitution, which when combined with the various provisions contained in the legislation relating to human rights, can be grouped into four groups containing 37 grains provisions , The teacher is a profession that vulnerable groups receive treatment that could interfere with the task of his profession, thus requiring special treatment for access protection and fulfillment of the constitutional right to avoid the violence and achieve justice with dignity. Constitutional rights for teachers in carrying out professional duties is guaranteed in the Law on Teachers and Lecturers and implied the existence of protection for teachers in implementing professional duties which include: (1) protection of the law; (2) the protection of the profession: and (3) the protection of health and safety.


Yuridika ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 31
Author(s):  
Deny Haspada ◽  
Efa Laela Fakhriah

The proof is the most important stage in settlement of a case in court because it aims to prove that a particular legal event or relationship has been made as a basis for a lawsuit. Through the burden of the proof stage, the judge will get the bases to decide between settling a case. Nevertheless, the burden of proof regulation remains plural. There are even some regulations which regulate not only the material law but also the formal law. Such a situation affects the achievement of order and legal certainty in law enforcement efforts. As is known, the nature of the procedural law is formal law, namely the law concerning the rules of the game in settlement of disputes through the court, and is binding on all parties and cannot be deviated. That is why procedural law has a public nature. For the certainty of law, therefore, the procedural law must be in the codification form of unification nature so that it can generally apply to and binding on all parties. Therefore, it is necessary to reform the civil procedural law that is codified and nationally applicable.


2019 ◽  
pp. 260-275
Author(s):  
Denys KOROL

The concept of small claims, which is the novelty of Ukraine's civil proceedings, is being explored. For comparison, the legislation and doctrine of civil procedural law of France, Italy, Spain, Germany, Poland and Lithuania were analyzed. In particular, the provisions of the CPC of Ukraine were analyzed, which showed that there is no unity in the definition of insignificant cases and cases of insignificant complexity, and the criterion of the size of the claim price is used for their differentiation. The second criterion for determining minor cases is the categorical nature of the case, that is, the law defines an exhaustive list of cases that should be considered in summary proceedings, as well as those that cannot be heard in such proceedings. The study of the relationship between the rates of court fees and the size of the cost of the claim in cases that can be considered in summary proceedings. This gave rise to the conclusions on the grounds for applying the provisions of the legislation on the subsistence minimum, which increases annually, creating the effect of unstable certainty of insignificant cases, in particular, the limit of such cases during 2017–2019 increased from 176 200 UAH to 192 100 UAH, which is 9.02 %. A comparative study of the law and doctrine of EU law and selected European countries has led to the conclusion that, in most other countries and EU law, the criterion of the limitation of the amount of claims, clearly enshrined in the law, is applied. This gave rise to some conclusions about the criteria for defining minor disputes, in particular, the lack of uniform criteria for determining small cases. The cost of a lawsuit that cannot be exceeded is determined by small disputes in the EU, as well as in Germany and Lithuania, in other countries, specific categories of cases should be determined, which should be considered small under the law (Poland). Based on the comparative study, it was proposed to classify small disputes, in which the main criterion is the price of the claim.


2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (10(79)) ◽  
pp. 35-41
Author(s):  
E. Bojko

The article analyzes the views of scientists, provides examples of legislation relating to the court goes beyond the stated requirements in civil process, the relevance and applicability of the procedural action in the implementation of civil proceedings, as well the need to consolidate the concept in the procedural legislation. The cases provided by the law of the court goes beyond the declared requirements on separate categories of civil cases are investigated in the form and method of implementation of procedural action.


Author(s):  
Yu. Prytyka ◽  
I. Izarova

The event of the thirtieth anniversary of Ukraine's independence [1] provides an excellent opportunity to sum up the interim results, analyse the achievements made in building an independent democracy, as well as to understand the miscalculations that can hardly be avoided. Legal science plays a huge role in this, particularly, its part related to the field of administration of justice in civil cases which is ensuring the effective settlement of civil disputes and the administration of civil justice. In view of this, the purpose of the study is to establish the contribution of legal scholars of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv in the development of the doctrine of the science of civil procedural law during the period of independence of Ukraine since 1991. To achieve this goal, scientific methods of analysis of the main legislative acts regulating civil procedural relations were used, the provisions of those studies were singled out and characterized; the latter proposed new approaches to improving the mechanism of exercising the right to a fair trial, ensuring access to justice in civil cases; development and improvement of civil justice in the context of modern international, in particular, European approaches. The results of the study revealed more than forty dissertation researches, which were promoted during the selected period at the University, as well as a number of scientific studies that significantly influenced the development of the national tradition of civil procedure. The conclusions summarize the results of the study and identify areas for further development of research in the field of civil procedural law of Ukraine. In particular, it is noted that today special attention should be paid to the need for proper implementation in Ukraine of the concept of the right of everyone to a fair trial, guaranteed by the European Convention, as well as to increase out-of-court settlement of disputes mediating the right to access and freedoms in the modern world. It is important to understand the global trend of reconciliation of the parties as the most effective settlement of disputes and the spread of various ways that allow the parties to find the most convenient and effective way to protect their rights. Keywords: civil process, Ukraine, access to justice, legal doctrine, Kyiv University, Civil Procedure Code of Ukraine.


2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fawzia Cassim ◽  
Nomulelo Queen Mabeka

Civil procedure enforces the rules and provisions of civil law.  The law of civil procedure involves the issuing, service and filing of documents to initiate court proceedings in the superior courts and lower courts. Indeed, notice of legal proceedings is given to every person to ensure compliance with the audi alteram partem maxim (“hear the other side”). There are various rules and legislation that regulate these court proceedings such as inter alia, the Superior Courts Act, 2013, Uniform Rules of Court, Constitution Seventeenth Amendment Act, 2012 and the Magistrates’ Courts Act of 1944. The rules of court are binding on a court by virtue of their nature.  The purpose of these rules is to facilitate inexpensive and efficient legislation. However, civil procedure does not only depend on statutory provisions and the rules of court.  Common law also plays a role. Superior Courts are said to exercise inherent jurisdiction in that its jurisdiction is derived from common law.  It is noteworthy that whilst our rules of court and statutes are largely based on the English law, Roman-Dutch law also has an impact on our procedural law. The question thus arises, how can our law of civil procedure transform to accommodate elements of Africanisation as we are part and parcel of the African continent/diaspora? In this regard, the article examines the origins of Western-based civil procedure, our formal court systems, the impact of the Constitution on traditional civil procedure, the use of dispute resolution mechanisms in Western legal systems and African culture, an overview of the Traditional Courts Bill of 2012 and the advent of the Traditional Courts Bill of 2017. The article also examines how the contentious Traditional Courts Bills of 2012 and 2017 will transform or complement the law of civil procedure and apply in practice once it is passed into law.


Author(s):  
Ramizah Wan Muhammad ◽  
Khairunnasriah Abdul Salam ◽  
Afridah Abbas ◽  
Nasimah Hussin

Aceh is a special province in Indonesia and different from other Indonesian provinces especially in the context of Shari'ah related laws. Aceh was granted special autonomy and legal right by the Indonesian central government in 2001 to fully apply Islamic law in the province. Generally, Islamic law which is applicable to Muslims in Indonesia is limited to personal laws just as in Malaysia. However, with the passage of time, Islamic law has expanded to include Islamic banking and finance. Besides that, Islamic law in Aceh is also extended to govern criminal matters which are in line with the motto of Aceh Islamic government to apply Islamic law in total or kaffah. Since 1999, the legal administration of Aceh has begun to gradually put in place the institutional framework to ensure that Islamic law is properly administered and implemented. Equally important, such framework is also aimed to ensure that punishments are fairly executed. This paper attempts to analyse the extent of the applicability of Islamic criminal law in Aceh. It is divided into three major parts. The first part discusses the phases in making Aceh an Islamic province and the roles played by Dinas Syariat Islam Aceh as the policy maker in implementing Islamic law as well as educating and training the public about the religion of Islam. The second part gives an overview on the Islamic criminal law and punishment provided in Qanun Aceh No.6/2014 on Hukum Jinayat (hereinafter Qanun Hukum Jinayat or “QHJ”) as well as the criminal procedural law concerning the methods of proof codified in Qanun Aceh No.7/2013 on Hukum Acara Jinayat (hereinafter “QAJ”). The third part of this paper highlights the challenges in the application and implementation of Islamic criminal law in Aceh, and accordingly provides recommendations for the improvement of the provisions in the QHJ and QAJ. Inputs from the interviews with the drafters of QHJ, namely Prof. Dr. Hamid Sarong and Prof. Dr Al Yasa are utilized in preparing this paper. In addition, inputs gathered from nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), namely Indonesian Syarie Lawyers Association (APSI) and Jaringan Masyarakat Sipil Peduli Syariah (JMSPS) are employed. The findings of this research are important in providing an in-depth understanding on the framework of Islamic criminal law in Aceh as well as in recognizing the flaws in its application or practical aspects of the law in Aceh. Keywords: Islamic law, Aceh, Administration, Punishment. Abstrak Aceh merupakan sebuah Wilayah Istimewa di Indonesia dibandingkan dengan wilayah-wilayah lain dari segi pelaksanaan undang-undang Islam. Aceh diberi status Wilayah Istimewa yang berautonomi oleh Pemerintah Pusat Indonesia pada tahun 2001 untuk melaksanakan undang-undang Islam secara menyeluruh. Pemakaian dan pelaksanaan undang-undang Islam di Aceh tidak terhad pada Undang-undang jenayah tetapi telah meliputi bidang perbankan dan kewangan Islam. Sejak tahun 1999, Pentadbiran Undang-undang Aceh telah merangka undang-undang bagi memastikan undang-undang Islam dapat ditadbir dan dilaksanakan dengan baik. Selain itu juga, undang-undang yang dirangka juga turut bertujuan untuk memastikan hukuman yang berasaskan undang-undang Islam dapat dilaksanakan secara adil. Oleh itu, kajian dalam kertas kerja ini dibuat uuntuk menganalisa sejauh mana undang-undang jenayah Islam dilaksanakan di Aceh. Kertas ini terbahagi kepada tiga bahagan utama, yang mana bahagian pertama membincangkan latas belakang awal kewujudan wilayah Islam Aceh dan peranan yang dimainkan oleh Dinas Syariat Islam Aceh sebagai mpembuat dasar dalam pelaksanaan undang-undang Islam, mendidik serta menyediakan latihan kepada masyarakat umum di Aceh mengenai Islam. Bahagian kedua menyediakan gambaran umum tentang undang-undang jenayah dan hukuman dalam Islam sebagaimana termaktub dalam Qanun Aceh No.6/2014 berkenaan Hukum Jinayat (“Qanun Hukum Jinayat” atau “QHJ”) serta undang-undang prosedur jenayah berkenaan cara pembuktiaan jenayah sebagaimana yag termaktub dalam Qanun Aceh No.7/2013 berkenaan Hukum Acara Jinayat (“QAJ”). Bahagian ketiga kertas ini menekankan masalah atau cabaran yang dihadapi daam pelaksanaan undang-undang jenayah Islam di Aceh, serta menyediakan cadangan-cadangan bagi penambahbaikan peruntukan-peruntukan yang ada dalam QHJ dan QAJ. Maklumat hasil dari temuramah dengan Prof. Dr. Hamid Sarong dan Prof. Dr Al Yasa telah digunakan bagi menyiapkan makalah ini. Selain itu, maklumat yang diperolehi daripada organisasi bukan kerajaan iaitu Indonesian Syarie Lawyers Association (APSI) dan Jaringan Masyarakat Sipil Peduli Syariah (JMSPS) turut dimanfaatkan. Dapatan dari kajian ini penting bagi menyediakan kefahaman terhadap kerangka undang-undang jenayah Islam di Aceh serta mengenal pasti masalah dalam aspek peruntukan undang-undang tersebut atau pelaksanaannya di Aceh. Kata Kunci: Undang-undang Islam, Aceh, Pentadbiran, Hukuman.


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