scholarly journals Environmental and Microbial Influences on Corrosion of Selected Types of Petroleum Industry Steel

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 310-319
Author(s):  
Anwuli U. Osadebe ◽  
◽  
Dorcas C. Olorondu ◽  
Gideon C. Okpokwasili ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
River Water ◽  
Brackish Water ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Petroleum Industry ◽  
Qualitative Assessment ◽  
Lateritic Soil ◽  
Strong Impact ◽  
Material Loss ◽  
Iron Bacteria ◽  
Corrosion Rates

This study explored the influence of brackish water sediment, mangrove swamp sediment, clayey/lateritic soil, and river water (freshwater) sediment on the corrosion rates of carbon, mild, and stainless steels and the species of sulphate reducing bacteria (SRB) and iron bacteria associated with the process. The material loss following burial of the steel samples for a 9-month period was assessed. Standard and specialised microbiological techniques were employed in the characterisation of the bacterial species. Qualitative assessment for corrosion was done via optical microscopy and macroscopy. Corrosion was highest on steel buried in brackish water sediment and lowest in that from river water sediment. Carbon steel was the most susceptible to corrosion while stainless steel was the most resistant. Sulphite, sulphide, nitrate and phosphate concentrations had a strong impact on corrosion rates. Thiobacillus, Leptothrix and Gallionella dominated amongst the iron bacteria while Desulfobacter and Desulfovibrio dominated amongst the SRB. There were significant differences in corrosion rates and bacterial abundance from one environment to the other. Iron bacteria showed greater abundance than SRB across the different environments and steel types. Iron bacteria counts, however, did not correlate positively with corrosion rates. The findings suggest that oil industry facilities in brackish water environments are more liable to corrosion than those located in fresh water ecosystems.

Research on Erosion of Metal Materials for High Pressure Pipelines

2012 ◽  
Vol 482-484 ◽  
pp. 1592-1595 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ji Xin Zhang ◽  
Jian Chun Fan ◽  
Yong Jin Xie ◽  
Han Chuan Wu
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Failure Mechanism ◽  
Wear Behavior ◽  
Petroleum Industry ◽  
Erosive Wear ◽  
Solid Particles ◽  
Test Machine ◽  
Material Loss ◽  
Metal Materials ◽  
Multiphase Fluid

Erosion phenomenon is quite common in petroleum industry, as one of the main mechanisms of material degradation, occurs frequently on high-pressure pipelines in hydraulic fracturing operation. With the increasing of operation times, the erosion and corrosion defects on the inner surface of the pipeline, would lead to serious material loss and equipment failure. In this paper a new type of test machine was developed to simulate the erosive wear behavior of metal materials caused by the multiphase fluid such as fracturing fluid, and study the erosion failure mechanism by various metal erosion influencing factors including the velocity of multiphase flow, solid particles of fracturing proppant and impact angles, etc. The erosion-wear experiments on 20CrNiMo steels used in high-pressure pipelines is described in detail. Finally, the microcosmic surface testing was also used to analyze the erosion failure mechanism of metal materials for high pressure pipelines.

o-Phenylenediamine as a reaction-based probe for the fluorescent detection of Ce(IV) ions

2020 ◽  
pp. 174751982092463
Author(s):  
Xiaojing Lai ◽  
Qiuxiang Ye ◽  
Ruixiang Wang ◽  
Peng Wang ◽  
Jin-Biao Liu
Keyword(s):  
River Water ◽  
Fluorescent Probe ◽  
Fluorescence Enhancement ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Oxidative Cyclization ◽  
Fluorescent Detection ◽  
Oxidative Activity ◽  
Lateritic Soil

o-Phenylenediamine as a new fluorescent probe is designed for detecting Ce(IV) ions. The mechanism of detection relies on the oxidative activity of Ce(IV) ions, which can promote the oxidative cyclization of o-Phenylenediamine leading to the formation of fluorescent 2,3-diaminophenazine and giving a more than 150-fold fluorescence enhancement. Furthermore, the o-Phenylenediamine fluorescent probe was effectively used for the detection of Ce(IV) ions in river water, tap water, rainwater, and lateritic soil from Ganzhou.

Revisiting the FPSO São Mateus Accident From a Human Reliability Perspective Using Phoenix HRA Methodology

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marilia A. Ramos ◽  
Alex Almeida ◽  
Marcelo R. Martins
Keyword(s):  
Human Error ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Risk Estimation ◽  
Petroleum Industry ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Qualitative Assessment ◽  
Human Reliability ◽  
Human Reliability Analysis ◽  
Human Errors ◽  
Gas Industry

Abstract Several incidents in the offshore oil and gas industry have human errors among core events in incident sequence. Nonetheless, human error probabilities are frequently neglected by offshore risk estimation. Human Reliability Analysis (HRA) allows human failures to be assessed both qualitatively and quantitatively. In the petroleum industry, HRA is usually applied using generic methods developed for other types of operation. Yet, those may not sufficiently represent the particularities of the oil and gas industry. Phoenix is a model-based HRA method, designed to address limitations of other HRA methods. Its qualitative framework consists of three layers of analysis composed by a Crew Response Tree, a human response model, and a causal model. This paper applies a version of Phoenix, the Phoenix for Petroleum Refining Operations (Phoenix-PRO), to perform a qualitative assessment of human errors in the CDSM explosion. The CDSM was a FPSO designed to produce natural gas and oil to Petrobras in Brazil. On 2015 an explosion occurred leading to nine fatalities. Analyses of this accident have indicated a strong contribution of human errors. In addition to the application of the method, this paper discusses its suitability for offshore operations HRA analyses.

scholarly journals Qualitative Detection and Isolation of Bacteria from Surfaces of Canned Drinks Sold in Ugbor, Benin City

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 20-25
Author(s):  
Ogofure G. Abraham ◽  
Bello-Osagie O. Idowu ◽  
Aduba U. Barbara ◽  
Ighodaro E. Veadams ◽  
Emoghene O. Alexander
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Cereus ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Qualitative Assessment ◽  
Public Health Importance ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Mannitol Salt Agar ◽  
Benin City ◽  
Diffusion Technique ◽  
Qualitative Detection ◽  
Mar Index

AbstractThe qualitative assessment of putative bacterial pathogens on the surfaces of canned drinks sold in Benin metropolis was evaluated in this study. Standard bacteriological culture-based techniques employing the use of selective and differential media (Oxoid) such asBacillus cereusagar, mannitol Salt agar,Pseudomonascetrimide agar, bile esculin agar and MacConkey agar were used for isolation and identification of bacteria from swabbed surfaces of canned drinks. Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion technique was used for antibacterial susceptibility testing. The multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index was deduced from the antibiogram characterization to evaluate the public health importance of the bacterial isolates. Refrigerated samples had 25% contamination while 75% were not contaminated and about 15.39% contamination was observed for non-refrigerated samples (stored in crates or cartons) compared to the counterpart 84.61%. The bacterial species includeStaphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus, Bacillussp. andEnterococcussp. The bacteria were found to be sensitive to ciprofloxacin (92.5%) and gentamicin (90.1%) and least susceptible to cefixime (23.1%) and vancomycin (26.4%). They were found to be multi-resistant because they have an MAR index above the tolerable permissible limit (0.2) for common antibiotics usually used for their eradication. It is important to ensure that the surfaces of canned drinks must be rinsed with water before consumption.

Salt intrusion in an estuarine network, a study with an exploratory model

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huib E. de Swart ◽  
Inge van Tongeren
Keyword(s):  
River Water ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
River Discharge ◽  
Yangtze Estuary ◽  
Strong Impact ◽  
The South ◽  
The Yangtze Estuary ◽  
Salt Intrusion ◽  
The North ◽  
Averaged Model

<p>Many estuarine systems experience increased salt intrusion, which is harmful for ecology and agriculture and may cause problems for fresh water supply to cities. Some causes of salt intrusion are extraction of fresh water in the upper reaches of the estuary and climate change. Besides, anthropogenic measures, like deepening of channels, are known to have a strong impact on the salt balance.</p><p>This contribution focuses on salt intrusion in estuarine networks, which consist of multiple connected channels. The motivation of the study arose from observations in the Yangtze estuary that reveal frequent overspill of salt between its different channels. To understand the underlying physics of such behaviour, an exploratory, width- and tidally averaged model has been developed and analysed. This model describes the competition between export of salt by river flow and import of salt by density-driven flow and horizontal diffusion. Its key new aspect is that it generalises an earlier model MacCready (2004) from a single channel to estuarine networks. The new model calculates the distribution of salt in, and salt exchange between the channels, as well as the distribution of river water over the different channels.  </p><p>Here, results will be presented for a simplified estuarine network consisting of the South Channel, South Passage and North Passage of the Yangtze Estuary. It will be shown that, for the present-day situation, dry season and spring tide, salt intrusion is larger in the South Passage than in the North Passage. As will be explained, this is mainly due to the different geometry of the two channels. Furthermore, it will be shown that there is slightly more river water transport through the South Passage than through the North Passage, except during high river discharge and neap tide. These results agree with field data and results from numerical studies.</p><p>Other results that will be presented are the sensitivity of salinity intrusion length and distribution of river water over the different channels to changes in, respectively, upstream river discharge, tidal currents and human interventions. Specifically, the effects of the creation of a Deepwater Navigation Channel in the North Passage on salt dynamics will be shown and discussed.</p><p>Reference:<br>MacCready, P. 2004. Toward a unified theory of tidally-averaged estuarine salinity structure. Estuaries 27, 561-570.</p>

Effect of Hot Hydrogen Sulfide Environments on Various Metals★,—A Contribution to the Work of NACE Task Group T-5B-2 on Sulfide Corrosion at High Temperatures and Pressures in the Petroleum Industry from Sinclair Research Laboratories, Inc., Harvey, III.*

CORROSION ◽  
1957 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
FRANK J. BRUNS
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Sulfide ◽  
Platinum Catalyst ◽  
Material Selection ◽  
Petroleum Industry ◽  
Carbon Steels ◽  
Sulfide Concentration ◽  
Time Service ◽  
Corrosion Tests ◽  
Corrosion Rates ◽  
Alloy Steels

Abstract Sinclair platinum catalyst reformers and desulfurizers designed on corrosion rate data taken from literature and laboratory tests had low corrosion rates. However, scaling as a result of high temperature sulfide attack caused clogging and pressure drop. Plant and bench scale corrosion tests were made using specimens of various steels and alloys directly in catalyst beds. These tests showed that at hydrogen sulfide concentrations considered low only 18-8 stainless steel exhibited sufficient resistance for long time service. Test apparatus is described, procedure outlined and corrosion rates reported on tests made. Examples of scale formation are shown, constituents analyzed and explanation of scale phenomena offered. Tests resulted in decisions concerning additional equipment and pointed to certain alloys as desirable for service expected. Refinery corrosion tests of alloy steels and aluminum coated carbon steels were made and corrosion rates plotted, indicating that low chromium steels are satisfactory provided the hydrogen sulfide-hydrogen ratio is lower than 100 ppm. Aluminum coated steels proved to have marked resistance to attack with best results achieved with calorized coatings. Conclusions on proper material selection related to hydrogen sulfide concentration are given. 3.2.2

The advanced EctoSys electrolysis as an integral part of a ballast water treatment system

2009 ◽  
Vol 60 (9) ◽  
pp. 2227-2234 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Echardt ◽  
A. Kornmueller
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
River Water ◽  
Hydroxyl Radicals ◽  
Brackish Water ◽  
Ballast Water ◽  
Treatment System ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
Water Treatment System ◽  
Type Approval ◽  
Ballast Water Treatment

A full-scale 500 m3/h ballast water treatment system was tested according to the landbased type approval procedure of the International Maritime Organization (IMO). The system consists of disc filters followed by the advanced EctoSys electrolysis as an integral part for disinfection. The test water quality exceeded by far the minimum requirements for type approval testing. Due to the properties of the special electrodes used together with the striking disinfection effect, the disinfectants assumed to be produced inline by the EctoSys cell in river water were hydroxyl radicals, while in brackish water additionally chlorine and consequently the more stable bromine were formed. In river water, no residual oxidants could be detected in accordance with the assumed production of not responding, highly-reactive and short-living hydroxyl radicals. Accordingly, disinfection byproduct (DBP) formation was very low and close to the limit of quantification in river water. While in brackish water, initial residual oxidant concentrations were maximum 2 mg/L as chlorine and mostly brominated DBP (especially bromoform and bromate) were found. Overall considering this worst case test approach, the DBP concentrations of the treated effluents were below or in the range of the WHO Drinking Water Guideline values and therefore evaluated as acceptable for discharge to the environment. The stringent discharge standard by IMO concerning viable organisms was fully met in river and brackish water, proving the disinfection efficiency of the EctoSys electrolysis against smaller plankton and bacteria.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document