scholarly journals Mysteries of Lake Copais: The Drainage – Massive Bronze Age and Hellenistic Hydraulic Engineering Works

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 67-84
Author(s):  
Therese Ghembaza ◽  
David Windell
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Hydraulic Engineering ◽  
Archaeological Research ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
Middle Helladic

Since the draining of Lake Copais in Boeotia in the late 19th century archaeological research has revealed Bronze Age hydraulic engineering works of such a scale as to be unique in Europe. Starting in the Middle Helladic period with dams, dikes and polders, the massive extension of the scheme in the Late Helladic period, with large canals and massive dikes, achieved the complete drainage of the lake; a feat not achieved again, despite Hellenistic attempts, until the 20th century. In this paper we attempt to draw together research in order to tell the history of Lake Copais through the ages.

scholarly journals History and Recent Advances in Microsurgery

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyokyung Yoo ◽  
Byung Jun Kim
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Operating Microscope ◽  
History Of Surgery ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
History Of ◽  
Instruments And Techniques ◽  
The 1960S

Since the late 19th century, microsurgery has achieved many miracles in history of surgery. With the development of microsurgical instruments and techniques, especially the first operating microscope invented by Carl Zeiss in 1953, the limitations steadily decreased and finally reached a limitless level of today’s supermicrosurgery. The chronological history of microsurgery can be divided into four periods: the beginning period of the late 19th to early 20th century when the essential microsurgical tools and concepts were established; the successful replantation of amputated extremities in the 1960s; the development of various kinds of flap in the 1980s; and the fully-matured period of today. This article reviews the milestones in the history of microsurgery, evaluates the recent advances, as well as microsurgery in Korea.

Guillotine tonsillectomy: a glimpse into its history and current status in the United Kingdom

2002 ◽  
Vol 116 (12) ◽  
pp. 988-991 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Mathews ◽  
J. Lancaster ◽  
I. Sherman ◽  
G. O. Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Reliable Method ◽  
Current Practice ◽  
Postal Questionnaire ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
History Of

Guillotine tonsillectomy was the widely practised technique of tonsillectomy in the late 19th century as it was considered a quick and reliable method of removing tonsils. It fell into disrepute in the early 20th century. This paper reviews the history of the origin of the tonsillotome and traces the various modifications over the last few centuries. The current practice of guillotine tonsillectomy is examined by means of a postal questionnaire surveyof all UK consultants.

scholarly journals Dwanaście kolumn z Gortyny — historia odkrycia

Prawo ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 324 ◽  
pp. 11-23
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Szymańska
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Archaeological Research ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
History Of

The twelve columns of Gortyn — history of the discoveryThe article is devoted to the history of the discovery of the so-called Code of Gortyn, which has attracted the interest of philologists and historians of law. The Code of Gortyn was discovered in the late 19th century by chance, yet the discovery was linked to large-scale archaeological research conducted on the island by the French, Germans and Italians. Its most extensive fragment was found by the Italian scholar Frederico Halbherr, who is consequently regarded as its discoverer, although we should not forget about the contributions of French scholars working independently, about the assistance provided by Ernst Fabricius and about the contributions of local scholars.Die zwölf Säulen aus Gortys — Geschichte der EntdeckungGegenstand des Beitrags ist die Geschichte der Entdeckung des sog. Stadtrechtes von Gortys, das seitdem Gegenstand der Interesse der Philologen und Rechtshistoriker ist. Die Entdeckung der Inschrift am Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts in Gortys war ein reiner Zufall, obwohl sie doch mit den breit angelegten archäologischen Untersuchungen, die auf Kreta durch die Franzosen, Deutschen und Italiener geführt waren, im Zusammenhang stand. Der größte Teil der Inschrift wurde durch den italienischen Wissenschaftler Frederico Halbherr gefunden, so gilt er als ihr Entdecker. Der Beitrag der französischen Wissenschaftler, die unabhängig handelten, sowie die Hilfe seitens Ernst Fabricius und auch der Beitrag des örtlichen wissenschaftlichen Milieus dürfen jedoch dabei nicht vergessen werden.

The Idea of Democracy and the Twilight of the Elite Culture in Modern China

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying-shih Yü
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Communist Party ◽  
Modern China ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Confucian Culture ◽  
Intellectual Elite ◽  
Elite Culture ◽  
History Of ◽  
Main Factors

This essay surveys the history of how the idea of democracy came to China and demonstrates that from the late 19th century to 1919 leading advocates of democracy, both reformers and revolutionaries, came almost invariably from the intellectual elite with a strong background in Confucian culture. The article sees the waning of elite culture in 20th-century China as one of the main factors explaining why China has not made much headway toward democracy. With the marginalization of the intellectuals during the revolution led by the Chinese Communist Party, democracy lost any powerful intellectual elite to champion it. The Tiananmen democracy movement in 1989, however, is seen as proof that hopes for democracy have not completely disappeared.

scholarly journals Philological evidence for phonemic affricates and diachronic debuccalization in Early Terena (Arawak)

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 157-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando O. de Carvalho
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
History Of

Abstract This paper argues that early Terena (‘Guaná’) had a contrast between fricative and affricate consonants that has been lost in modern Terena. Evidence for this claim comes from the examination of late 19th century and early 20th century documents on the language. The existence of the relevant phonemic contrast is revealed not only by an analysis of the transcriptions employed in these early sources but, more importantly, by a demonstration that fricatives and affricates were treated differently in the history of the language. It is proposed that, after the early Terena voiceless fricatives were debuccalized, merging with early Terena h, the affricates started to include fricative realizations in their allophonic range. This scenario is consistent with descriptions of modern Terena that stress the ‘archaic’ character of affricate realizations of /ʃ/.

scholarly journals The Entry Into Jerusalem Archaeological Complex of Tsarevokokshaysk (17th - 19th Centuries)

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (38) ◽  
pp. 117-128
Author(s):  
Daria S. Vysotskaya ◽  
◽  
Pavel S. Danilov ◽  
Alexander V. Sokolov ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Archaeological Research ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Historical Center ◽  
Archaeological Objects

The article presents the historical and archaeological characteristics of the territory adjacent to the Entry into Jerusalem Church of the Tsarevokokshaysk. The substantiation is presented that in this part of the historical center of Yoshkar-Ola there is a complex of interrelated archaeological objects that existed here in the time interval from the first decades of the life of the Tsarev town on Kokshaga River to the beginning of the 20th century. The Entry into Jerusalem archaeological complex consists of a historical necropolis of the 17th – mid-18th century, foundation of the Entry into Jerusalem Church built in 1759, remnants of the Rozhdestvenskaya Sloboda of the second half of the 18th – 19th centuries and structures belonging to the Bogoroditse–Sergievsky Monastery of the late 19th century. The authors use archival sources, which, when compared with the data on archaeological research, give an idea of the historical topography of this part of Tsarevokokshaysk in the 17th – 19th centuries.

Birth of Uyghur National History in Semirech’ye

2016 ◽  
Vol 96 (1) ◽  
pp. 181-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ablet Kamalov
Keyword(s):  
Special Reference ◽  
Ethnic Group ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
National History ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Historical Discourse ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Empire

The article discusses the birth of a national historical discourse in Central Asia at the turn of the 20th century with special reference to the Taranchi Turks of Russian Semirech’ye (Zhetissu) and early example of Uyghur national history written by the Taranchi intellectual Näzärγoja Abdusemätov (d. 1951). The article shows how intellectuals among the Taranchi Turks, an ethnic group who settled in the Semirech’ye oblast of the Russian Empire in late 19th century, became involved in debates on nations and national history organized on the pages of the Tatar newspapers and journals in the Volga region of Russia. Näzärγoja Abdusemätov’s published workIli Taranchi Türklirining tarihi(‘History of the Taranchi Turks of Ili’) receives particular attention as part of an examination of the evolution of the author’s ideas about an Uyghur nation.

Битвазапрошлое:храмсвятогоГеоргия вИзраавэпицентре церковно-политическойборьбыконцаXIXв.

2019 ◽  
pp. 256-281
Author(s):  
E.M. Kopot`
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Foreign Affairs ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Church

The article brings up an obscure episode in the rivalry of the Orthodox and Melkite communities in Syria in the late 19th century. In order to strengthen their superiority over the Orthodox, the Uniates attempted to seize the church of St. George in Izraa, one of the oldest Christian temples in the region. To the Orthodox community it presented a threat coming from a wealthier enemy backed up by the See of Rome and the French embassy. The only ally the Antioch Patriarchate could lean on for support in the fight for its identity was the Russian Empire, a traditional protector of the Orthodox Arabs in the Middle East. The documents from the Foreign Affairs Archive of the Russian Empire, introduced to the scientific usage for the first time, present a unique opportunity to delve into the history of this conflict involving the higher officials of the Ottoman Empire as well as the Russian embassy in ConstantinopleВ статье рассматривается малоизвестный эпизод соперничества православной и Мелкитской общин в Сирии в конце XIX века. Чтобы укрепить свое превосходство над православными, униаты предприняли попытку захватить церковь Святого Георгия в Израа, один из старейших христианских храмов в регионе. Для православной общины он представлял угрозу, исходящую от более богатого врага, поддерживаемого Римским престолом и французским посольством. Единственным союзником, на которого Антиохийский патриархат мог опереться в борьбе за свою идентичность, была Российская Империя, традиционный защитник православных арабов на Ближнем Востоке. Документы из архива иностранных дел Российской Империи, введены в научный оборот впервые, уникальная возможность углубиться в историю этого конфликта с участием высших должностных лиц в Османской империи, а также российского посольства в Константинополе.

scholarly journals Points of convergence between logical empiricism and inductive metaphysics: Hans Reichenbach and Erich Becher in comparison

Synthese ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ansgar Seide
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Vienna Circle ◽  
External World ◽  
Logical Empiricism ◽  
Natural Sciences ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Hans Reichenbach

AbstractIn this paper, I take a closer look at Hans Reichenbach’s relation to metaphysics and work out some interesting parallels between his account and that of the proponents of inductive metaphysics, a tradition that emerged in the mid- and late 19th century and the early 20th century in Germany. It is in particular Hans Reichenbach’s conception of the relation between the natural sciences and metaphysics, as displayed in his treatment of the question of the existence of the external world, that shows some very interesting similarities with inductive metaphysics. By a comparison with the position of the inductive metaphysician Erich Becher and his handling of the problem of realism, I work out the parallels between Reichenbach’s program and inductive metaphysics. I come to the conclusion that while there are certainly some respects in which Reichenbach’s logical empiricism is closer to the positions of the representatives of the Vienna Circle, it turns out that with regard to his views on metaphysics there is a greater affinity with the program of inductive metaphysics.

Use of Timber in Tall Multi-Storey Buildings

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian Smith ◽  
Andrea Frangi
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Structural Engineering ◽  
Technical Information ◽  
Building Performance ◽  
Structural Form ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Primary Material ◽  
Design Concepts ◽  
Storey Building

<p>Since the dawn of civilization, timber has been a primary material for achieving great structural engineering feats. Yet during the late 19th century and most of the 20th century it lost currency as a preferred material for construction of large and tall multi-storey building superstructures. This Structural Engineering Document (SED) addresses a reawakening of interest in timber and timber-based products as primary con-struction materials for relatively tall, multi-storey buildings. Emphasis throughout is on holistically addressing various aspects of performance of complete systems, reflecting that major gaps in knowhow relate to design concepts rather than technical information about timber as a material. Special con-sideration is given to structural form, fire vulnerability, and durability aspects for attaining desired building performance over lifespans that can be centuries long.</p>

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