scholarly journals Investigation of Static and Dynamic Balance in School Basketball Players with a History of Ankle Injury

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 86-97
Author(s):  
Ali Roshandel Hesari ◽  
◽  
Amin Roshandel Hesari ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Disability ◽  
Dynamic Balance ◽  
Ankle Injury ◽  
Ankle Injuries ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Static Balance ◽  
Basketball Players ◽  
Ankle Muscles ◽  
Limb Injuries ◽  
Significant Difference

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the static and dynamic balance in basketball students with an ankle injury history. Methods: Subjects of this study were 36 elementary school basketball male students who participated in this study purposefully and voluntarily. Subjects were divided into two groups of 18 people with an ankle injury and the control group without ankle injury. To measure the static balance from the stork test and the dynamic balance from the star test was used. Descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (Shapiro-Wilk test and independent t-test) were used to analyze the results. Results: There was a significant difference between the static balance of basketball students and the control group (P=0.001), but no significant difference was found between basketball studentschr('39') dynamic balance with ankle injuries and the control group (P=0.0887). Conclusion: Based on research results, it can be concluded that lower limb injuries, especially ankle injuries they can influence postural control and static balance of basketball students and caused some functional disability. Also recommended coaches during the sports era of basketball players to design specific exercises to strengthen ankle muscles and ligaments and use static balance exercises not to witness this type of injury.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Dynamic Neuromuscular Stability Exercises on Balance and Walking Function in the Elderly

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 279-288
Author(s):  
Mohammad Hani Mansori ◽  
◽  
Yousef Moghadas Tabrizi ◽  
Kamal Mohammadkhani ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Balance ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Static Balance ◽  
Daily Routine ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Gait Function

Objectives: Walking and balance control are determining factors in the independence of the elderly because they are the main components of daily physical activity. This study evaluated the effectiveness of Dynamic Neuromuscular Stability (DNS) training on balance and gait function in the elderly. Methods: This study had a pre-test/post-test design. It was a quasi-experimental study performed on 30 older men aged 60-70 years in Qom Province, Iran, in 2021. The elderly was randomly divided into experimental (n=15) and control (n=15) groups. The Experimental Group (EG) participated in three 45-min sessions of dynamic neuromuscular stability training every week for 6 weeks, and the Control Group (CG) continued their normal daily routine. Berg balance scale (dynamic balance), modified stork stand (static balance), and temporal and spatial gait parameters were used to collect information before and after applying the training protocol. The obtained data were analyzed using ANCOVA statistical method and the paired t test. Results: There were significant differences between pre-test and post-test in EG regarding the variables of dynamic balance, static balance (P=0.001), and gait function, but in the CG, no significant difference was observed for these variables (P>0.05). Also, there was a significant difference between the mean scores obtained in the balance and gait tests between the two groups (P<0.05), and EG performed better in the post-test. Discussion: DNS training due to the great variety of movement in different parts of the body and the effect on improving strength, flexibility, range of motion, and physical fitness can also improve balance and gait function in the elderly. According to the present study results, one of the best ways to reduce the costs and physical, psychological, and social problems caused by aging is to use DNS training for the elderly.

scholarly journals Effects of sensorimotor training on pelvic stability and balance in runners

2021 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Letícia Jonas de Freitas ◽  
Sharon Moreira Ignácio ◽  
Thatia Regina Bonfim
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Balance ◽  
Clinical Intervention ◽  
Training Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Static Balance ◽  
Sensorimotor Training ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Single Leg Stance ◽  
Hop Test ◽  
The Right

Abstract Introduction: Running has increased significantly in recent years due to its benefits and practicality. However, like any sport, running poses a risk of injury, leading to the need for clinical intervention and even its practitioners quitting the sport. Therefore, preventive strategies seeking to minimize the occurrence and consequences of such risk factors in these athletes are pivotal. Objective: To investigate the preventive effects of a sensorimotor training protocol on the balance and pelvic stability of runners. Methods: The study sample consisted of fourteen 10-km runners of both genders divided into two groups: the control group (CG) and the sensorimotor training group (SMTG). Both groups were evaluated using the single-leg stance test (static balance), Trendelenburg test (pelvic stability), and hop test (dynamic balance). The SMTG underwent 16 interventions, while the CG did not receive any intervention. Results: The SMTG showed a significant increase in the permanence time of the single-leg stance test (p < 0.05) and a reduction in knee valgus during impulse and landing moments of the single hop test only in the right lower limb (p < 0.05), while the CG showed no significant difference in all tests applied (p > 0.05). Regarding pelvic stability, there was no significant difference in any of the groups. Conclusion: The proposed protocol significantly improved the static balance of the SMTG, but not the pelvic stability.

scholarly journals Influence of Weight Bearing Dorsiflexion (WBDF) on Ankle Injury History Among Semi-professional Recreational Basketball Players

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-51
Author(s):  
Sameera Senanayake ◽  
Tharanga Premakumara ◽  
Piyumika Kodagoda ◽  
Harindu Jayasekara
Keyword(s):  
Demographic Data ◽  
Weight Bearing ◽  
Ankle Injury ◽  
Ankle Injuries ◽  
Basketball Players ◽  
Training Time ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Recreational Basketball ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Leg Dominance

Ankle injuries are one of the most common occurrences in the field of sports. Weight bearing dorsiflexion range can be an effecting factor in ankle injuries. Weight bearing lunge test is used to assess weight bearing dorsiflexion. By using this test as a standard testing protocol, it is possible to minimize development of further sport related ankle injuries.  But this test for basketball players with ankle injuries has not been studied yet. The current study will aim to examine the weight bearing dorsiflexion of basketball players related to their gender, ankle injury history and leg dominance. A quasi-experimental design study was conducted. Thirty-four (34) participants were recruited and initially and two (2) were excluded. 18 participants were male and 14 were female basketball players in Colombo Blues and Kotelawala Defence University basketball teams. The average of age of the sample was 21.8 years. Demographic data, information about training time, injury history of the participants was obtained using an interview administered assessment form. The Weight Bearing Dorsiflexion was measured using digital inclinometer. Findings indicated that the weight bearing dorsiflexion range is smaller than that of males (p>0.05). There was a significant difference in weight bearing dorsiflexion and ankle injury history (p<0.01) among players. Significant differences were seen in influence in leg dominance to weight bearing dorsiflexion (p<0.05). This is the first study that is investigated weight bearing dorsiflexion among basketball players in Sri Lanka. No significant difference was found between gender and weight bearing dorsiflexion. A significant difference was determined between ankle injury history and weight bearing dorsiflexion. Furthermore, a significant difference was found in leg dominance and weight bearing dorsiflexion.

scholarly journals Ankle range of motion and dynamic balance in recreational Sepak Takraw players with and without ankle injury - a comparative study

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 355-360
Author(s):  
Jessica Phan Zhi Xin ◽  
Rajkumar Krishnan Vasanthi ◽  
Vinosh Kumar Purushothaman ◽  
Ali Md. Nadzalan
Keyword(s):  
Range Of Motion ◽  
Dynamic Balance ◽  
Position Statement ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Ankle Injury ◽  
Ankle Injuries ◽  
Balance Test ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Ankle Eversion ◽  
Significant Difference

Background and Study Aim. Sepak Takraw (ST) is considered Malaysia's national sport, and the nature of this sport requires players to be sufficiently acrobatic. Therefore, players were expected to jump and regain their balance, challenging their dynamic balance (DB). Nonetheless, range of motion (ROM) is closely related to balance. Hence, this study aimed to compare recreational ST players' ankle ROM and DB differences with and without ankle injuries. Material and Methods. The cross-sectional study in which 30 participants were assigned purposively according to players with an ankle injury (n=15) and without ankle injury (n=15) based on the position statement of the International Ankle Consortium (IAC). One time ankle Range of Motion and Dynamic balance was measured using a universal goniometer and Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT), respectively, for both groups. Results. Independent T-test was performed to identify the significant differences (p<0.05) of SEBT and ROM between the non-injured leg and injured leg within the injured group to the non-injured group. Ankle eversion and dorsiflexion between the injured and non-injured groups did not show any significant difference with p=0.35 & p=0.53, respectively. As for SEBT, only posteromedial and medial of the injured leg did not show a significant difference p>0.05. All other ankles ROM and the SEBT score demonstrated a statistically significant difference p<0.05. Conclusions. ROM and DB training/rehabilitation should be incorporated to all the injured group ST sports players regardless of which leg is affected to optimize ankle function and the game performance.

scholarly journals Effects of Affected Side One Leg Standing Training with PNF Sprinter and Skater Patterns on the Balance and Gait Function in Hemiplegic Patients

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
pp. 534-540
Author(s):  
Ikhwan Eun ◽  
Seungmin Nam
Keyword(s):  
Functional Performance ◽  
Dynamic Balance ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Static Balance ◽  
Balance Function ◽  
Rehabilitation Hospital ◽  
Affected Side ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Gait Function ◽  
Experimental Group

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of affected side one leg standing training with PNF sprinter and skater patterns, which have a pattern like that of actual gait, on the balance function and gait function of chronic hemiplegic patients due to stroke. 23 inpatients diagnosed with stroke due to hemiplegia at a rehabilitation hospital located in South Korea. The patients were randomly divided into a experimental group and a control group. The experimental group performed PNF Sprinter and Skater Pattern training, and the control group performed balance pad training. Each group was trained for 30 minutes three times a week for six weeks. Static balance was measured using Biorescue, while dynamic balance was measured using the TUG. Gait function was measured using 10MWT, 6MWT. Both groups exhibited statistically significant improvements in static and dynamic balance function after the training (p<.05). The experimental group exhibited statistically significant increases in gait function after training (p<.05). A significant difference was observed between the two groups (p<.05). One leg standing training on the affected side using the PNF sprinter and skater patterns resulted in significant improvement in both balance and functional performance of gait in hemiplegic patients due to chronic stroke.

scholarly journals Examining the effects of active video games and balance training on static balance in 6 years old children6 yaş grubu çocuklarda aktif video oyunları ve denge antrenmanlarının statik dengeye etkisinin incelenmesi

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 2376
Author(s):  
Abdurrahman Demir ◽  
Manolya Akın
Keyword(s):  
Video Games ◽  
Video Game ◽  
Balance Training ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Static Balance ◽  
Nintendo Wii ◽  
Active Video Games ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Active Video Game ◽  
Active Video

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of active video games Nintendo Wii and Wobel Board balance exercises on static balance development in children aged 6 years.          54 children, participated in the research voluntarily on informed consents from according to Helsinki criteria by taking permission from Mersin University Ethics Committe. The study was carried out with 3 groups with similar physical characteristics (mean age = 6,21, mean weight= 21,3, mean height = 116,8). The balance training were applied to a group with a 'wobble board' and another group with a 'nintendo wii game console' from active video games. The pre and post test static balance measurements of all groups were measured using the 'Balance Error Scoring System' and the differences between the groups were examined. For parametric results, 3x2 repetitive measurements were performed with anova analysis, and for non-parametric results kruskall wallis test was applied.         There was no significant difference between the groups participating in active video game and wobble board balance training in the measurements made after the study (p>,05). The difference between the experimental group and the foot and tandem position were found statistically significant. (p <,01). There was no significant difference between the two groups in paired feet values (p>, 05).         Both the wobbel board and the active video game training have been found to improve the static balance in children. It has been seen that there is no meaningful development in the control group. This result shows us that active video games are as effective as balance training in 6 years old children. In this context, active video games can be proposed as an alternative method to improve balance.Extended English summary is in the end of Full Text PDF (TURKISH) file. Özet Bu çalışmanın amacı, 6 yaş çocuklarda aktif video oyunları nintendo wii ve wobble board denge antrenmanlarının statik denge gelişimleri üzerine etkisini incelemektir.        Araştırmaya, 54 çocuk, Mersin Üniversitesi etik kurulundan izin alınarak Helsinki kriterlerine uygun olarak katılmıştır. Çalışma benzer fiziksel özellikte (yaş ort.=6,21, kilo ort.=21,3, boy ort.=116,8) 3 grupla  yürütülmüştür. Denge antrenmanları haftada üç gün 8 hafta ‘wobble board’ denge tahtası ve aktif video oyunları ‘nintendo wii oyun konsolu’ ile uygulanmıştır. Kontrol grubuna ise herhangi bir uygulama yaptırılmamıştır. Tüm grupların statik denge ölçümleri ‘Denge Hata Skoru Sistemi’ kullanılarak ölçülmüştür.Parametrik sonuçlar için, çalışmada 3x2 tekrarlı ölçümler anova analizi yapılmış, non-parametrik sonuçlar için ise kruskall wallis testi uygulanmıştır.       Araştırma sonrasında aktif video oyunu ve wobble board denge antrenmanına katılan gruplar arasında istatistiksel olarak manidar fark bulunmamıştır (p>,05). Deney gruplarının, zeminde ve köpükte tek ayak ve tandem duruşlarda bulunan fark kontrol grubuna göre istatistiksel olarak anlamlı (p<,01) iken, çift ayak değerlerinde, üç grup arasında da anlamlı bir fark bulunmamıştır (p>,05).       Hem wobble board hem de aktif video oyunları nintendo wii denge antrenmanlarının çocuklarda statik dengeyi geliştirdiği bulunmuştur. Kontrol gurubunda ise anlamlı bir gelişimin olmadığı görülmüştür. Bu sonuç bize aktif video oyunlarının 6 yaş grubu çocuklarda denge antrenmanları kadar etkili olduğunu göstermektedir. Bu bağlamda aktif video oyunları dengeyi geliştirmek için alternatif bir yöntem olarak önerilebilir.

scholarly journals The effect of 10-week swimming and bosu exercises on dynamic balance parameter in 8-10 years old boys

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 807-814
Author(s):  
Hilal Kılınç ◽  
Hacı Bayram Temur ◽  
Hacalet Mollaoğulları
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Equilibrium ◽  
Dynamic Balance ◽  
Exercise Group ◽  
English Summary ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Swimming Training ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Package Program ◽  
Post Test

Bu çalışma 8-10 yaş arası erkek çocuklarda yüzme egzersiz ve bosu çalışmalarının dinamik dengeye etkisini incelemek amacıyla yapıldı. Yaşları ortalaması 8,9333±,78492 yıl olan 30 katılımcı veli ve antrenörlerinden gönüllü katılımları ile ilgili aydınlanmış̧ onamları alınarak çalışmaya dahil edildi. Bunların 20' si egzersiz grubu diğer 10'u da kontrol grubudur. Egzersiz grubunun en az 1 yıl yüzme eğitimi almış olmalarına ve haftada 3 gün düzenli olarak yüzme antrenmanı yapıyor olmalarına dikkat edildi. Egzersiz grubu rastgele yöntemle 2 gruba ayrıldı. Birinci gruba yüzme ve bosu çalışmaları, ikinci gruba ise sadece yüzme egzersizleri yaptırıldı. Bu çalışma 10 hafta süreyle uygulandı. Katılımcıların antropometrik ölçümler ile dinamik denge ölçümleri planlanan antrenman programı öncesi ve sonrası olmak üzere iki defa alındı. Çalışma Van Olimpik yüzme havuzunda uygulandı. Verilerin analizinde SPSS 21 paket programı kullanıldı.  Analizler sonucunda yüzme eğitimi alan grubun A (Anterior), PM (Posteromedial) ve PL (Posterolateral) ön test - son test ölçüm  değerleri arasında anlamlı (p<0,01) fark olduğu saptandı. Yine yüzme ve bosu eğitimi alan grubun PM ve PL ön test - son test ölçüm  değerleri arasında anlamlı (p<0,01) fark olduğu belirlendi. Seçilmiş değişkenlerin ön test- son test ölçüm değerleri arasındaki farkların gruplar arasında anlamlı (p<0,05)  bir farklılığın olmadığı görüldü.   ​Extended English summary is in the end of Full Text PDF (TURKISH) file.   Özet This study was carried out to investigate the effect of swimming exercise and bosu studies on dynamic equilibrium in 8-10 years old boys. They were included in the study by taking their enlightened consent about their voluntary participation from 30 participants parents and coaches with an average age of 8,9333 ±, 78492 years. 20 of them were exercise group and 10 of them were control group. The exercise group had at least 1 year of swimming training and swimming training 3 days a week was paid attention to be doing regularly. The exercise group was randomly divided into two groups. The first group had swimming and bosu exercises and the second group had only swimming exercises. This study was performed for 10 weeks. The participants' anthropometric measurements and dynamic balance measurements were taken twice before and after the planned training program. The work was carried out at the Olympic swimming pool in Van. SPSS 21 package program was used to analyze the data. As a result of the analyzes, it was found that there was a significant difference (p<0.01) between the A (Anterior), PM (Poateromedial) and PL (Poaterolateral) pre-test and post-test measurements of the swimming group. It was determined that there was a significant difference (p <0.01) between the PM and PL pretest - posttest measurements of the group receiving swimming and bosu training. There was no significant difference (p <0.05) between the pre-test and post-test values ​​of the selected variables.

scholarly journals The Effect of Pilates Training on the Balance of Elderly

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (16) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristina Zaičenkovienė ◽  
Renata Rakovaitė
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Balance ◽  
Step Test ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Static Balance ◽  
Study Group ◽  
Timed Up And Go ◽  
Physically Active ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Four Square ◽  
And Control

Research background. Falling is one of the most important problems in the elderly’s mobility disorder, which is most often affected by the loss of balance. It is known that Pilates exercises could help to increase the deep muscle strength, improve posture and proprioception, which affects the improvement of the balance. Objective – to evaluate the effects of Pilates exercises on the elderly’s static and dynamic balance. Methodology. The study population consisted of 20 volunteers, men and women, who were divided into Pilates exercises (n = 10, age 65.1 ± 2.6) and control (n = 10, age 68.6 ± 4.9) groups. The study group participated in Pilates classes 2 times per week for six weeks (session duration 60 minutes). The control group did not participate in any physical activity, but they were physically active as usually in their daily life. The main outcome measures were assessed before and after the intervention. The static balance was assessed by measuring posturographic parameters using the force platform, dynamic balance was measured with the Timed up and Go Test (TUG) and the Four Square Step Test (FSST). Results. The results showed signifcant improvement in static balance of the experimental group after the Pilates exercises during standing tests when the feet were apart, eyes opened and closed and when the feet together with eyes opened, and when the foot was in front of the other foot. The results of the control group did not differ during both tests. The results of both groups did not differ in the static balance tests before and after the study, but after the Pilates exercises, the results of the Pilates group signifcantly differed from the control group test results when the feet were in shoulder line with open eyes. The results of the dynamic balance after Pilates exercises signifcantly improved in both tests in the study group. Before the study, there were not statistically signifcant differences in the dynamic balance results between the groups. Conclusions. Six-week Pilates exercises had a positive effect on the elderly’s static and dynamic balance.Keywords: Pilates training, static balance, dynamic balance.

"Flipped" patterns of lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes in serum of elite college basketball players.

1988 ◽  
Vol 34 (11) ◽  
pp. 2351-2354 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z Rotenberg ◽  
R Seip ◽  
L A Wolfe ◽  
D E Bruns
Keyword(s):  
Lactate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Marathon Running ◽  
Black Athletes ◽  
Basketball Players ◽  
College Basketball ◽  
Elite College ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Total Creatine ◽  
Lactate Dehydrogenase Isoenzymes

Abstract We kinetically measured total lactate dehydrogenase (LD, EC 1.1.1.27), total creatine kinase (CK, EC 2.7.3.2), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST, EC 2.6.1.1.) in 16 elite college basketball players, before the competition season and not in close temporal relation to near-maximal exercise, and in 17 healthy non-athlete controls. LD isoenzymes were determined by both electrophoretic and immunoprecipitation methods. CK-MB isoenzyme was measured electrophoretically. We found significantly higher mean LD-1 values and LD-1/LD-2 ratios in the players than the controls: 31.6 (SD 3.7)% vs 25.8 (SD 3.2)% (P less than 0.005) and 1.1 (SD 0.13) vs 0.87 (SD 0.16) (P less than 0.001), respectively. A "flipped" LD pattern (LD-1 greater than LD-2) was found in half the players and in six of the eight black athletes, but in only two of the control group and in none of the black controls. Mean CK activity in serum exceeded normal values in the serum of the athletes and was higher in comparison with the control group [274 (SD 156) vs 103 (SD 82) U/L]. Mean CK was significantly higher in the eight athletes with the flipped LD pattern than in those with LD-1 less than LD-2 [322 (SD 163) vs 180 (SD 98) U/L; P = 0.05], and also in comparison with CK in the two controls with flipped LD pattern. We saw no significant difference in mean CK between the nine players with normal immunochemical LD-1/LD ratios and the seven players with above-normal ratios. CK-MB was not detected in either athletes or controls. None of the players had any clinical or electrocardiographic evidence for myocardial ischemia or infarction. Evidently the flipped LD pattern usually found in patients with acute myocardial infarction and reported in some athletes after extreme exercise such as ultra-marathon running may also be found in athletes who are in their "basal fitness shape" but who are not involved in competitive physical activity.

scholarly journals Epidemiology of Contact and Non-Contact Ankle Injuries in Collegiate Athletes

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 2473011419S0019
Author(s):  
Javier Z. Guzman ◽  
Kevin K. Chen ◽  
Jimmy J. Chan ◽  
Ettore Vulcano
Keyword(s):  
Group Analysis ◽  
Collegiate Athletes ◽  
Ice Hockey ◽  
Ankle Injury ◽  
Ankle Injuries ◽  
Time Loss ◽  
Injury Rates ◽  
Contact Sports ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Ncaa Athletes

Category: Ankle, Sports Introduction/Purpose: Ankle injuries can often have profound implication in the potential careers of National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) athletes. Accordingly, a more thorough characterization of these injuries and insight into injury etiology is warranted. In addition, a more comprehensive understanding will allow proper education of athletes when injuries do occur. Here we review the incidence and effect of ankle injuries on NCAA athletes and their athletic season. Methods: Ankle injuries across 16 collegiate sports played by men and women from 2004-05 to 2013-14 academic years were surveyed from the NCAA Injury Surveillance Program (NCAA-ISP). Ankle injury rates per 10,000 athlete-exposures (IR), operative rate, annual injury rate trends, re-injury rates, in-season status (pre/in/post-season) at time of injury, and time loss distributions were perused. In effort to include both male and female atheletes equally, a sub-group analysis of contact sports played by both genders (C-BG) was performed to determine if there was a significant difference in risk when compared to those athletes that did not play contact sports. These sports included basketball, soccer, lacrosse, and ice hockey. Types of ankle injuries (soft tissues or bony) were also sub-classified and counted. Results: Over the course of 10 years, there were 14,080 ankle injures identified (IR=11.9). There were 8,978 (IR=12.1) injuries in males and 5,102 (IR=11.7) injuries in females. The rate of injuries that occurred in C-BG cohort (IR=14.5) was greater than that of the total group of noncontact participants (IR=7.6). When comparing injury rates between all contact sports(IR=14.1) and all noncontact sports (IR=7.6) the difference was found to be statistically significant(p <0 .0001). In the C-BG group, 1.4% of injuries were operative (N=93). The overall mean time loss for C-BG was 10.9 days when excluding patients who had season ending injuries. Across all atheletes, the top three contact sports with season ending ankle injuries were football, basketball, and lacrosse. Importantly,16.8% of all injuries were classified as re-injuries. Conclusion: Ankle injuries represent a common and broad spectrum of injuries in collegiate athletes. A majority of ankle injuries occurred during the regular season with sprains, strains, contusions, and fractures representing the most common types of injuries. Contact sports tend to have higher rates of ankle injuries than noncontact sports. As the consequence of index ankle injury appears to be higher predisposition to reinjury, a better understanding of the kinds of ankle injuries and their respective causes may help elucidate trends useful in the development of various prevention strategies.

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