scholarly journals The influence of use systems on the productivity of shrubephemeral desert pastures and the preservation of herbage

2022 ◽  
Vol 354 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 76-80
Author(s):  
A. K. Karynbaev ◽  
Yu. A. Yuldashbaev ◽  
Zh. Kuzembayuly
Keyword(s):  
Early Spring ◽  
Summer Season ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Urgent Problem ◽  
Forage Plants ◽  
Optimal Load ◽  
Pasture Grasses ◽  
Grass Stand ◽  
Forage Value ◽  
Pasture Plants

The article is devoted to the urgent problem of developing a scientifically based organization and use of distant pastures in the south of Kazakhstan. It has been found that the composition and diversity of pasture grasses have significant effect on the forage value of the grass stand and ultimately affect the forage capacity of desert pastures. Grazing of farm animals should be carried out with an optimal load on pastures, that is, no more than 70% of the productivity of the pasture mass should be exploited. Due to the better preservation of various types of forage plants and pasture herbage in general with systematic use, the yield of pastures in the summer season was 6.15 c/ha, in other words it was higher by almost 1.0 c/ha of dry forage mass compared to unsystematic grazing (5.20 c/ha). All pasture plants exploited in early spring produced aftermath in 10–15 days and were well preserved from overexploitation and trampling.

scholarly journals Production potential of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic pasture ecosystems

2021 ◽  
Vol 262 ◽  
pp. 03023
Author(s):  
Aida Tamahina ◽  
Urfa Turan Ogly Turabov
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Production Potential ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Alpha And Beta Diversity ◽  
Pasture Digression ◽  
Erosion Processes ◽  
Grass Stand ◽  
Degraded Pasture ◽  
Forage Value ◽  
Soil Deflation

The pasture digression of meadows followed by soil deflation is one of the pressing environmental problems. This problem is typical for mountain pastures that are constantly in economic circulation. The article presents the results of a geobotanical survey of the Zolsky pastures on the territory of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic in 2018-2020. The results of a geobotanical survey show that the pasture phytocenoses are characterized by high floristic diversity due to the heterogeneity of edaphic and orographic factors. The flora of the pastures is represented by postwood moist sedgy-and-tussock-grass, mesophilic woodreed-and-agrostidinic grass, cereal forb, forbs cereal mesophilic and subalpine meadows, low sedgy meadow steppes. The average yield for the pasture period varies from 7.2 to 16.6 centners/ha of dry eaten mass. The consequence of prolonged pasturage and excessive pasture load was a decrease in alpha and beta diversity, the formation of low-productive secondary plant communities of non-food, poisonous and weed grasses, the destruction of sod and soil outcropping. Restoration of degraded pasture ecosystems is possible on the basis of ecological intensification, which provides for the regulation of pasture loads, adherence to grazing terms, phytomelioration using perennial grasses, and short-term isolation of pastures from grazing. This will prevent erosion processes, increase biodiversity, productivity, forage value of grass stand and stability of pasture ecosystems.

scholarly journals Assessment of a daily defecation rate of fallow deer upon a closed population study

2012 ◽  
Vol 60 (6) ◽  
pp. 173-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonín Košnář ◽  
Romana Rajnyšová
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Fallow Deer ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Summer Season ◽  
Accurate Assessment ◽  
Indirect Methods ◽  
Defecation Rate ◽  
Closed Population ◽  
Deer Population ◽  
Precise Knowledge

Many indirect methods of counting even-toed ungulates are based on the principle of accumulating dung in a known area per a unit of time. In order to provide the most accurate assessment of the population size, these methods require the knowledge of daily defecation of the monitored species. The main objective of the study submitted is the assessment of a daily defecation rate of fallow deer based on the monitoring of its closed population. A partial objective is the assessment of the distribution of fallow deer in an enclosed area with a view to biotopes represented. A fallow deer population was studied for the period of three years (2009–2011) in a fenced-in area (8 ha). During this period, dung heaps were counted in forty sites with the total area of 0.8 ha in all seasons of the year. In each season, the sites were cleared, and the dung was counted after a seven-day exposure. This counting was performed twice in each season. Thanks to the precise knowledge of the number of monitored animals, daily defecation rates (DDR) were derived upon the dung found, using a formula for the calculation of population density. Subsequently, the determined DDRs were verified by direct observation. The highest average DDR value calculated from the formula (21.11 ± 0.32 S.E.) was obtained in the summer season. The lowest defecation of fallow deer was established to be in winter (12.34 ± 0.25 S.E.) and early spring (10.61 ± 0.24 S.E.).

Studies on the life-cycle of Asymphylodora tincae Modeer, 1790) Trematoda: Monorchiidae) in a small lake near Amsterdam: Part 2: The relations between Asymphylodora tincae and its definitive host, Tinca tinca

1981 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 239-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Zietse ◽  
Elisabeth Van Den Broek ◽  
Elze E. A. Erwteman-Ooms
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Definitive Host ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Summer Season ◽  
Tinca Tinca ◽  
Mean Intensity ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Infection Experiments

ABSTRACTThe natural infection of tench by Asymphylodora tincae in a lake was studied during one summer season. The incidence of infection was 57%, the mean intensity about 50. The distribution of the digencans along the host's intestine showed a maximum in the second half; this could be modified by the presence of other helminth species. Tench caught in early spring and kept in the laboratory retained their natural infection throughout the summer. Starvation of hosts during two months caused disappearance of the infection. Experiments showed that metaecrcariae, introduced into the intestine of tench, can excyst within one hour. In vitro, cysts in contact with tench bile opened within 15 seconds. Bile of several other cyprinid fisli species caused excystment within 60 seconds. Asymphylodora eggs appeared in tench faeces 7 to 10 days after infection. Progenetic specimens of A. tincae probably disintegrate in the intestine of the tench and their eggs arc passed out with the faeces.

scholarly journals Does Traditional Feeding of Outdoor Guard Dogs Provide a Food Resource for Wild Mammals and Birds?

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 1198
Author(s):  
Róża Andrzejczak ◽  
Łukasz Dylewski ◽  
Leszek Jerzak ◽  
Branislav Peťko ◽  
Łukasz Myczko
Keyword(s):  
Food Resource ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Passer Domesticus ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Camera Traps ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Wild Mammals ◽  
Animal Populations ◽  
Food Conditions ◽  
Access To Food

Access to food is crucial in the life of birds and affects reproduction, survival and, consequently, population size. In the case of bird species inhabiting villages, poorer food conditions now exist, mainly because of changes in the lifestyle of rural residents and a reduction in the number of farm animals traditionally housed in backyards. Recent changes have also affected dog populations in villages, and the majority of them are no longer kept outside as guard dogs, but rather inside houses as pets. We investigated how traditional care of dogs impacted rural birds and other animal populations. The study was carried out at the end of winter and early spring in 29 farmsteads in western Poland. Using camera traps, it was found that the food fed to dogs was also taken by seven species of birds and at least three species of mammals. The most numerous species taking dog food was the house sparrow, Passer domesticus, which is declining in Europe. In the case of this species, females were more likely than males to use food given to dogs, with a clear preference for food prepared in the human kitchen. We conclude that the food provided to domestic pets can be an important component of the diet of wild birds and mammals living close to humans.

scholarly journals Seasonal Variations in Biogas Production from Excreta of Monogastric Farm Animals under Tropical Climate

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anzar Muhammad ◽  
A. Kannan ◽  
Sabin George ◽  
K.S. Anil ◽  
A.P. Usha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Methane Concentration ◽  
Significant Positive Correlation ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Biogas Production ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Concentration ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Summer Season ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Significant Positive Relationship

The present study analysed the changes in the quantity and composition of biogas produced from the excreta of swine, rabbit and poultry during monsoon and summer seasons. The highest volume of biogas production was observed in rabbit excreta (0.0813 ± 0.0007m3), followed by poultry excreta (0.0778 ± 0.0005 m3) and swine excreta (0.0738 ± 0.0004 m3). Methane concentration was higher in biogas produced from rabbit excreta (70.96 ± 0.19) followed by that from poultry excreta (66.87 ± 0.21) and swine excreta (62.41 ± 0.20), whereas carbon dioxide concentration was highest in swine excreta (28.07 ± 0 .32) followed by rabbit excreta (24.54 ± 0.15) and poultry excreta (22.14 ± 0.14). The biogas production was significantly higher (P less than 0.01) in the summer season compared to monsoon in all three substrates. It was observed that daily mean temperature had a significant positive relationship and relative humidity had a negative relationship with the quantity of biogas produced (P less than 0.01). The gas production also had a significant positive correlation with the temperature and pH of the digesta.

Estimating the value of genetic gain in perennial pastures with emphasis on temperate species

2014 ◽  
Vol 65 (11) ◽  
pp. 1230 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. F. Smith ◽  
C. Ludemann ◽  
C. D. Lewis ◽  
B. Malcolm ◽  
R. G. Banks ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Gain ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Forage Plants ◽  
Farm Systems ◽  
Breeding Objectives ◽  
The Many ◽  
Pasture Plants

Relatively little is known about the weightings that breeders consciously or subconsciously place on specific traits when selecting individual plants, or the weightings agronomists and producers use when evaluating the relative merits of alternative cultivars and their potential economic value in farm systems. This is despite the many active programs for breeding improved forage plants, and in contrast to most modern animal-breeding programs where the relative merits of novel genetics are assessed against index-based breeding objectives. There are many reasons why breeding objectives based on profit indices are not used when breeding pasture plants. The nature of pasture as an intermediate input to farm output and profit poses unique difficulties in developing breeding objectives based on profit. In this paper, we review the literature about methods to value genetic gain in perennial grasses. Various methods are canvassed for assessing the value of genetic gain for different pasture species across production systems. In the context of the complexity and cost of estimating the direct economic benefits of superior characteristics of pasture plants in farm systems via bio-economic simulation methods, we outline the use, and usefulness, of discrete choice techniques in the development of weightings for specific traits in forage plant improvement. There is a clear need to estimate the value of new pasture cultivars to producers, and although the differences between individual farms mean that one value or one ‘best’ cultivar is unlikely for any farm, the estimation of potential value of traits and cultivars will allow producers to make choices that are more informed.

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF RANGE FORAGE PLANTS OF THE FESTUCA SCABRELLA ASSOCIATION

1962 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Johnston ◽  
L. M. Bezeau
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Crude Fiber ◽  
Carotene Content ◽  
Forage Plants ◽  
Stages Of Growth ◽  
Low Phosphorus ◽  
Calcium Phosphorus ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Shrubby Species

Samples of the principal range forage plants of the Festuca scabrella association were analysed for crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber, ash, calcium, phosphorus, and carotene. Twenty grasses at five stages of growth and ten herbaceous and shrubby species at three stages of growth were studied.Percentages of crude protein and phosphorus of all species decreased with advancing maturity while crude fiber and calcium increased. Carotene content of the grasses also decreased with advancing maturity but that of forbs and shrubs did not show a regular pattern. Forbs and shrubs were higher in crude protein, phosphorus, and carotene than the grasses at all stages of growth. Seasonal declines in percentages of crude protein and phosphorus were closely paralleled by a decline in the liveweight gains of cows grazing on these ranges throughout a 6-month grazing season. Because ample feed was available it appeared that quality rather than quantity of feed was responsible. The low phosphorus content of winter herbage indicated that a phosphorus supplement should be fed to range cattle during the winter and early spring month.

scholarly journals Diseases and causes of death among alpacas in Sweden: a retrospective study

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. e000239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina Björklund ◽  
Renée Båge ◽  
Jane Morrell ◽  
Kerstin de Verdier ◽  
Lisbeth Nisu Hartzell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Retrospective Study ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Disease Status ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Healthcare Organisation ◽  
Local Practices ◽  
Veterinary Pathology ◽  
Parasitic Gastroenteritis

BackgroundDue to increasing popularity in Sweden during the last decade, alpacas are frequently encountered by practising veterinarians and pathologists. Knowledge regarding their health and diseases under Swedish conditions is, however, limited.ObjectivesTo improve knowledge about the health of alpacas in Sweden by collecting information on diseases and health status.DesignA retrospective study was made of 93 necropsies conducted on alpacas in Sweden during the period 2001–2013.SettingData were obtained from the two major veterinary pathology centres in Sweden. The alpacas were hobby or farm animals and they were submitted by veterinarians in local practices or at a national animal healthcare organisation.ResultsThe digestive system was most frequently affected (29 per cent), with parasitic gastroenteritis (17 per cent) and hepatic disease being especially prevalent (15 per cent fascioliasis and 7 per cent hepatitis). Cardiovascular conditions (9 per cent), systemic diseases (7 per cent) and perinatal deaths were also common, including abortions (10 per cent) and fatal septicaemia (4 per cent). Wasting/emaciation was a frequent finding (26 per cent). Other diagnoses included dermatitis (8 per cent), diseases of the central nervous system (8 per cent), traumatic injuries (7 per cent), neoplasia (5 per cent), pneumonia (5 per cent) and nephritis (3 per cent).ConclusionsThis study identified areas of concern regarding diagnostic and pathological procedures, for which specific measures have been recommended. One particular cause for concern was the number of deaths from emaciation in weanling alpacas during late winter or early spring. For adult alpacas, infectious and non-infectious causes of death were approximately equally frequent. Many of the diseases were considered clinically acute but pathology often showed them to be chronic conditions that had eventually deteriorated and presented as acute cases in the late stages. This study revealed similarities in the health/disease status reported in other European countries and in North America. The results can be used by alpaca keepers and veterinary practitioners to improve management, diagnosis and treatment of alpacas.

The germination and establishment of two annual pasture grasses (Hordeum leporinum Link and Lolium rigidum Gaud.)

1973 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
PS Cocks ◽  
CM Donald
Keyword(s):  
High Temperatures ◽  
Mediterranean Region ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Lolium Rigidum ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Pasture Grasses ◽  
Annual Grasses ◽  
Similar Range ◽  
Hordeum Leporinum ◽  
Pasture Plants

The germination and establishment of Hordeum lepovinum Link and Lolium rigidum Gaud., two Mediterranean annual grasses, were studied under controlled conditions. Results were related to the ecology of these species as pasture plants in southern Australia. Seeds of the two species germinated over a similar range of constant temperatures (8-30�C); Hordeum germinated much more rapidly than Lolium at all temperatures. Lolium has a marked requirement for alternating temperatures for maximum germination, while Hovdeum has a weak or nil requirement. Both species withstood prolonged wetting at high temperatures without germinating or losing all viability. Prior soaking and redrying before germination increased the rate of germination of both species. Light rains which fall before the first germinating autumn rains usually wet the seed only for short periods and this further increases the advantage of Hordeum over Lolium in rate of germination. Hordeum germinated and established much more readily on the soil surface than did Lolium, even though Lolium absorbed water more rapidly. The success of Houdeum was due both to its rapidity of germination, which allowed it to establish before the soil surface dried out, and to its ability to germinate at high moisture tensions. Because of these features Hordeum leporinum has the potential to germinate earlier, more rapidly, and more freely than Lolium rigidum in the autumn of the Mediterranean region of southern Australia.

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