scholarly journals Assessment of a daily defecation rate of fallow deer upon a closed population study

2012 ◽  
Vol 60 (6) ◽  
pp. 173-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonín Košnář ◽  
Romana Rajnyšová
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Fallow Deer ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Summer Season ◽  
Accurate Assessment ◽  
Indirect Methods ◽  
Defecation Rate ◽  
Closed Population ◽  
Deer Population ◽  
Precise Knowledge

Many indirect methods of counting even-toed ungulates are based on the principle of accumulating dung in a known area per a unit of time. In order to provide the most accurate assessment of the population size, these methods require the knowledge of daily defecation of the monitored species. The main objective of the study submitted is the assessment of a daily defecation rate of fallow deer based on the monitoring of its closed population. A partial objective is the assessment of the distribution of fallow deer in an enclosed area with a view to biotopes represented. A fallow deer population was studied for the period of three years (2009–2011) in a fenced-in area (8 ha). During this period, dung heaps were counted in forty sites with the total area of 0.8 ha in all seasons of the year. In each season, the sites were cleared, and the dung was counted after a seven-day exposure. This counting was performed twice in each season. Thanks to the precise knowledge of the number of monitored animals, daily defecation rates (DDR) were derived upon the dung found, using a formula for the calculation of population density. Subsequently, the determined DDRs were verified by direct observation. The highest average DDR value calculated from the formula (21.11 ± 0.32 S.E.) was obtained in the summer season. The lowest defecation of fallow deer was established to be in winter (12.34 ± 0.25 S.E.) and early spring (10.61 ± 0.24 S.E.).

Model gospodarowania populacją jelenia europejskiego Cervus elaphus L. w Wolińskim Parku Narodowym i na Wyspie Wolin

2018 ◽  
Vol XI ◽  
pp. 81-90
Author(s):  
Adam Mohr ◽  
Antoni Przybylski ◽  
Małgorzata Zimnicka – Pluskota ◽  
Damian Spieczyński
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
Cervus Elaphus ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Red Deer ◽  
Actual State ◽  
Model Population ◽  
Deer Population ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Age And Sex

The paper presents the current methods of management and environmental conditions of the functioning of red deer population on the Wolin Island. The inventory carried out in 2014 using the drive census method revealed the prevalence of stags in the population (0.86 hinds/1stag) and the population density of 225 individuals/1,000 hectares of the forest, whereas harvest conducted in this season showed merely 22 individuals/1,000 hectares. In the analysed seasons before the inventory, harvest was also low (about 10% of the probable actual state) and despite harvesting mainly hinds, it did not curb the population growth. In the years 2006 – 2014, the yearly harvest in the largest hunting district fluctuated within the range of 14.5 to 60.5, x̅=27.0 individuals/1,000 hectares (n=9), while in the remaining four smaller population management units, the average yearly harvest amounted to only 0.2 to 9.8 individuals/1,000 hectares (n=9). The realized rate of population growth determined by the method of summer deer observation in 2015 amounted to 42.2% of the hinds number. Applying the simulation of the model population meeting the parameters indicated in the inventory, the researchers calculated and proposed the optimal indicators of harvesting individual age and sex groups. The proposed model of hunting monitoring and management assumes optimization of environmental conditions, structure and size of the actual population within the next 10 years.

Influence of white-tailed deer population density on vegetation standing crop in a semiarid environment

2015 ◽  
Vol 79 (3) ◽  
pp. 413-424 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brandi L. Crider ◽  
Timothy E. Fulbright ◽  
David G. Hewitt ◽  
Charles A. Deyoung ◽  
Eric D. Grahmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Standing Crop ◽  
Semiarid Environment ◽  
Deer Population

scholarly journals Population Density, Size Structure, and Reproductive Cycle of the Comestible Sea Urchin Sphaerechinus granularis (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) in the Pagasitikos Gulf (Aegean Sea)

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1506
Author(s):  
Dimitrios Vafidis ◽  
Chryssanthi Antoniadou ◽  
Vassiliki Ioannidi
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Reproductive Cycle ◽  
Size Structure ◽  
Aegean Sea ◽  
Paracentrotus Lividus ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Edible Species ◽  
Sheltered Site ◽  
Baseline Knowledge ◽  
Shell Fragments

Sphaerechinus granularis is a common grazer that lives in various sublittoral habitats, displaying typical covering behavior; i.e., putts shell-fragments, pebbles, and algae on its test. It is an edible species of increasing commercial importance due to the depletion of the common urchin’s, Paracentrotus lividus, stocks. Its biology, however, is not adequately studied over its distributional range. The present study examines population density, size structure, and reproductive biology of S. granularis in the Aegean Sea. Samplings were made with SCUBA-diving (8–10 m) and included: (i) visual census along transects to estimate density, and (ii) random collection of specimens at monthly intervals to assess biometry and gametogenesis. Population density had moderate values that almost doubled when inputted to Distance software. S. granularis had larger dimensions in the sheltered site; size-structures were unimodal (65–70 mm and 70–75 mm, in exposed and sheltered site, respectively). An annual reproductive cycle was evident, according to GSI and gonads’ histology, with a clear spawning peak in early spring. This pattern conforms to previous reports from the Atlantic, but precedes those from the Mediterranean (reproduction in summer). The provided baseline knowledge on the biology of S. granularis is important for the viable management of its developing fishery.

Rediscovering the Rural as a Tourist Destination in Pandemic Times

2021 ◽  
pp. 684-702
Author(s):  
Susana Silva ◽  
Paulo Carvalho
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Lower Risk ◽  
Sustainable Tourism ◽  
Summer Season ◽  
Rural Tourism ◽  
Support Tool ◽  
Rural Environments ◽  
Tourism Sector ◽  
Global Tourism

The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted the global tourism sector in an unprecedented manner. After the relaxation of lockdown measures, there was an expectation about the chosen tourist environments and how rural tourism would be positioned. This chapter starts from a theoretical framework on rural tourism in Portugal and analyses how this segment has been impacted by COVID-19 from a quantitative perspective and the choices of summer season environments by Portuguese tourists through a questionnaire survey applied to almost 700 Portuguese tourists. The results show that demand increased and that rural environments strengthened their position relative to pre-COVID-19 planning. This was mainly motivated by the notion of safety conveyed thanks to low population density which leads to the perception that rural areas offer a lower risk of transmission. This information provides a relevant support tool for rural territories, since they now have an opportunity to be creative, to re-invent themselves, and to promote a more sustainable tourism.

scholarly journals Fallow Deer (Dama dama) as a Reservoir of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli (STEC)

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 881
Author(s):  
Anna Szczerba-Turek ◽  
Bernard Kordas
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Foodborne Pathogens ◽  
Shiga Toxin ◽  
Fallow Deer ◽  
Dama Dama ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Deer Population ◽  
Polymerase Chain

Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia (E.) coli (STEC) are responsible for the outbreaks of serious diseases in humans. Only a few reports on fallow deer as a reservoir of foodborne pathogens have been published to date. The purpose of this study was to determine the occurrence of STEC strains in the fallow deer population in Poland. In all, 94 fallow deer swabs were tested. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed to detect the virulence profile of stx1, stx2 and eae or aggR genes, to identify the subtypes of stx1 and stx2 genes and to perform O and H serotyping. STEC and attaching and effacing (AE)-STEC were identified in 13 isolates (13.83%). The most hazardous virulence profile was detected in three strains, namely stx2d serotype O103:HNM, eae/stx1a serotype O26:HNM and eae/stx1a serotype O157:H7. The predominant stx gene was stx2, which was identified in 76.92% of isolates. E. coli O157 was detected in 4/94 (4.26%). Other E. coli serogroups, O26, O103, O111 and O145, were identified in 14/94 fallow deer (14.89%). The present findings suggest that fallow deer are carriers of STEC/AE-STEC that are potentially pathogenic to humans.

Studies on the life-cycle of Asymphylodora tincae Modeer, 1790) Trematoda: Monorchiidae) in a small lake near Amsterdam: Part 2: The relations between Asymphylodora tincae and its definitive host, Tinca tinca

1981 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 239-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Zietse ◽  
Elisabeth Van Den Broek ◽  
Elze E. A. Erwteman-Ooms
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Definitive Host ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Summer Season ◽  
Tinca Tinca ◽  
Mean Intensity ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Infection Experiments

ABSTRACTThe natural infection of tench by Asymphylodora tincae in a lake was studied during one summer season. The incidence of infection was 57%, the mean intensity about 50. The distribution of the digencans along the host's intestine showed a maximum in the second half; this could be modified by the presence of other helminth species. Tench caught in early spring and kept in the laboratory retained their natural infection throughout the summer. Starvation of hosts during two months caused disappearance of the infection. Experiments showed that metaecrcariae, introduced into the intestine of tench, can excyst within one hour. In vitro, cysts in contact with tench bile opened within 15 seconds. Bile of several other cyprinid fisli species caused excystment within 60 seconds. Asymphylodora eggs appeared in tench faeces 7 to 10 days after infection. Progenetic specimens of A. tincae probably disintegrate in the intestine of the tench and their eggs arc passed out with the faeces.

Time-budget variations in relation to density-dependent social interactions in female and yearling male fallow deer during the rut

1997 ◽  
Vol 75 (6) ◽  
pp. 971-977 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christophe Pélabon ◽  
Petr E. Komers
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Time Budget ◽  
Resource Depletion ◽  
Fallow Deer ◽  
Operational Sex Ratio ◽  
Time Budgets ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Density Dependent ◽  
Male Density

We investigated time-budget variations among female and yearling (socially immature 1.5-year-old) male fallow deer (Dama dama) during the rutting season in six captive populations in central Sweden. The effects of population density, male density, and operational sex ratio on time budgets were analyzed. Although no differences were apparent before the rut, populations differed in the time budgets of females and yearling males during the rut. During this period, the time spent by females in feeding and resting activities of yearling males decreased with increasing population density, whereas feeding and resting activities of yearling males decreased with increasing male density. Behaviour of adult males during the rut and interactions of adult males with other animals appeared to be the principal factors affecting the time budgets of both females and yearling males. Our results show that density-dependent effects may occur through social interactions alone, regardless of the effects on resource depletion. The decrease in the proportion of time spent in restoring (lying and grazing) behaviours represents an energy cost for both females and young males. Given the timing of the rut just before the winter, this cost may negatively effect the condition of individuals.

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