CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF RANGE FORAGE PLANTS OF THE FESTUCA SCABRELLA ASSOCIATION

1962 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Johnston ◽  
L. M. Bezeau
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Crude Fiber ◽  
Carotene Content ◽  
Forage Plants ◽  
Stages Of Growth ◽  
Low Phosphorus ◽  
Calcium Phosphorus ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Shrubby Species

Samples of the principal range forage plants of the Festuca scabrella association were analysed for crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber, ash, calcium, phosphorus, and carotene. Twenty grasses at five stages of growth and ten herbaceous and shrubby species at three stages of growth were studied.Percentages of crude protein and phosphorus of all species decreased with advancing maturity while crude fiber and calcium increased. Carotene content of the grasses also decreased with advancing maturity but that of forbs and shrubs did not show a regular pattern. Forbs and shrubs were higher in crude protein, phosphorus, and carotene than the grasses at all stages of growth. Seasonal declines in percentages of crude protein and phosphorus were closely paralleled by a decline in the liveweight gains of cows grazing on these ranges throughout a 6-month grazing season. Because ample feed was available it appeared that quality rather than quantity of feed was responsible. The low phosphorus content of winter herbage indicated that a phosphorus supplement should be fed to range cattle during the winter and early spring month.

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND IN VITRO DIGESTIBILITY OF RANGE FORAGE PLANTS OF THE STIPA-BOUTELOUA PRAIRIE

1967 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Smoliak ◽  
L. M. Bezeau
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Calcium Content ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Native Grasses ◽  
Stages Of Growth ◽  
Artemisia Species ◽  
Shrubby Species

Five native grasses and one sedge of the Stipa-Bouteloua prairie, three introduced grasses collected at five stages of growth, and four shrubby species collected at three stages of growth were analyzed for proximate chemical constituents.The amounts of phosphorus and digestible and crude protein of all species decreased with maturity, while the cellulose increased. Introduced grasses generally contained more crude protein than native grasses. Shrubby species were higher in crude protein and phosphorus than native grasses. No consistent trend was observed in relative total ash and calcium content at progressive stages of development. The estimated nutritive value index was high for all grasses and low for two Artemisia species. The seasonal declines in crude protein and phosphorus suggest that protein and phosphorus supplements are desirable for range cattle during the fall, winter, and early spring.

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF DIPLOID AUTOTETRAPLOID BARLEY VARIETIES

1963 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. W. Sosulski ◽  
E. N. Larter
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Mineral Content ◽  
Crude Fiber ◽  
Stages Of Growth ◽  
Nitrogen Free Extract ◽  
Calcium Phosphorus ◽  
Feeding Value ◽  
Diastatic Activity

Although the forages from six autotetraploid barley varieties harvested at the 5-leaf and mature stages of growth contained slightly more crude protein, their feeding value appeared inferior to diploid barley forages because of a lower dry matter and mineral content. Autotetraploid seeds exceeded the diploids by about one-third in percentage of crude protein, crude fiber, potassium, calcium, phosphorus and magnesium but were lower in moisture and nitrogen-free extract. A greater proportion of hulls was a contributing factor in the higher crude fiber and ash content of the autotetraploids. On the basis of their chemical composition, the autotetraploid seeds would make excellent livestock feeds.Prediction tests indicated that, in spite of the large seed and exceptionally high diastatic activity in the autotetraploids, their yield of barley extract would be too low for malting purposes.

APPLICATION OF PEARSON SQUARE IN MAKING A MULTICOMPONENT GRAIN MIX AND A PROGRAM ON ITS BASIS

2021 ◽  
pp. 8-12
Author(s):  
Д.А. БЛАГОВ ◽  
И.В. МИРОНОВА ◽  
С.В. МИТРОФАНОВ ◽  
Н.С. ПАНФЕРОВ ◽  
В.С. ТЕТЕРИН
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Market Price ◽  
Crude Fiber ◽  
Carotene Content ◽  
Calcium Phosphorus ◽  
Digestible Protein ◽  
Sunflower Cake ◽  
Trade Names ◽  
Program Interface

Рассмотрено применение метода квадрата Пирсона при составлении многокомпонентной зерносмеси для кормления сельскохозяйственных животных и птицы. В основе его лежат расчеты по содержанию энергетических кормовых единиц и переваримого протеина. Была рассчитана рецептура 6-компонентной зерновой смеси с содержанием 4 ЭКЕ и 550 г переваримого протеина. В ее состав входили жмых подсолнечный, ячмень, овес, рожь, кукуруза, отруби ржаные. Особенность проводимых расчетов для многокомпонентной смеси заключается в применении нескольких квадратов Пирсона. При этом выбирается один вид корма, который имеет более высокую протеиновую питательность, чем остальные. Проведенные вычисления показали, что при заданной питательности зерносмеси необходим ввод компонентов в следующем количестве: жмых подсолнечный — 810 г, ячмень — 570 г, овес — 590 г, рожь — 570 г, кукуруза — 330 г, отруби ржаные — 1150 г. Метод квадрата Пирсона предусматривает отклонение от заданной нормы в пределах ±5,0%. В наших исследованиях отклонение по переваримому протеину составляло 1,1%, а содержание ЭКЕ было в норме. Рассмотренный метод стал основой для разработки алгоритма программы по расчету многокомпонентной зерносмеси. Интерфейс программы состоит из 5 кнопок для выполнения расчетов необходимого количества компонентов для будущей кормовой смеси. Имеются база данных, справка по использованию разработки. Программа рассчитывает не только ЭКЕ и переваримый протеин полученной смеси, но и содержание лизина, сырой клетчатки, кальция, фосфора, каротина. Для удобства проводимых расчетов в программе использована база данных кормов на 43 наименования с указанной питательностью и рыночной ценой. In the present paper consideration is given to the application of Pearson square in making a multicomponent grain mix for feeding farming livestock and poultry. This method is based on calculations of two nutritiousness parameters: content of energetic feed units and digestible protein. The calculation was carried out on the example of the formula of the 6-component grain mix containing 4 EFU and 550 g of digestible protein. The feed mix consisted of sunflower cake, barley, oat, rye, corn, rye middlings. A distinction of the calculations carried out for a multicomponent grain mix lies in using more than one Pearson square. In doing so, we choose that kind of feed which is characterized by higher protein nutritiousness compared to the others. The calculations showed, that to ensure the required nutritiousness of the grain mix, the components must be added in the following quantities: sunflower cake – 810 g, barley — 570 g, oat — 590 g, rye — 570 g, corn — 330 g, rye middlings — 1150 g. The Pearson square method allows divergence from the standard for no more than ± 5.0%. According to our studies, the divergence in digestible protein content is 1.1%, and EGU content is normal. The examined method was used as the foundation for developing an algorithm for a program calculating a multicomponent feed mix. The program interface comprises 5 buttons for carrying out calculations of the quantity of the components, necessary for the feed mix to be prepared. The program also includes a database and user guidelines. An advantage of this program lies in its ability to carry out calculation of lysine, crude fiber, calcium, phosphorus and carotene content in addition to the calculation of EFU and digestible protein in the mix. Besides that, to facilitate the calculations the program comprises a feed database that includes 43 trade names and information on feed nutritiousness and market price.

Testing regression models for pig feeding systems

1970 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 379-392 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. Dent ◽  
P. R. English ◽  
J. R. Raeburn
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Optimum Combination ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
High Lysine ◽  
Stages Of Growth ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Groundnut Meal ◽  
Diet Type ◽  
Feeding Systems

SUMMARYRegression equations have been tested relating average daily gains in pigs to average daily intake of crude protein, lysine, and TDN for each of three growth stages. The tests were based on output contour curves representing 1 lb, 1·4 lb and 1·75 lb live-weight gain per day in the three stages. On each contour, while crude protein intake was held constant, points were selected to represent the economically optimum combination of lysine and TDN intakes, a ‘high energy-low lysine’ combination and a ‘low energy-high lysine’ combination. For the latter two points, least cost mixes of feed ingredients were computed. Four feed mixes were computed at the economically optimum combination of lysine and TDN intakes. Comparisons were made between the performance of pigs given the six different mixes to assess the validity both of the slope of the output contour and its position and to examine the influence on growth performance of the ingredient specification of diets formulated to the same nutrient levels.Using the six diets formulated on each contour, 12 feeding systems were developed all of which theoretically would take the pig from 50 to 200 lb in the same number of days. Six of these systems maintained the same diet type for each period; the others involved a change of diet type at least once during the three stages of growth. Diets formulated to meet the economically optimum combination of nutrients based largely on maize and groundnut meal stimulated inferior daily gains compared with alternative formulations. Both diets with a larger percentage of their lysine supplied from synthetic sources (the economically optimum combination based on maize and groundnut meal, and a low energy-high lysine combination) led to inferior daily gains. Pig performance was generally poorer than expectation, particularly from 50 to 150 lb live weight.No differences could be attributed to differing ingredient composition in equi-nutrient diets. Similarly, no significant differences in growth rate were found between those systems which maintained a constant diet type throughout the three stages of growth. Pigs on systems which involved a change in diet type from one stage of growth to another grew in general slower than those pigs which had a fixed-diet type throughout.Pigs on both diet combinations with a high percentage of weatings (a high cost formulation and a low energy-high lysine combination) had the best carcass results.

scholarly journals Protein fractions of intercropped pea and oat for ruminant nutrition

2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 243-249
Author(s):  
Jordan Markovic ◽  
Milomer Blagojevic ◽  
Ivica Kostic ◽  
Tanja Vasic ◽  
Snezana Andjelkovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Flowering Stage ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Stages Of Growth ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
High Level ◽  
Forage Management

The quantification of the main crude protein (CP) fractions during the growing period of pea and oat mixtures may be used to optimize the forage management. The determination of protein fraction could improve balancing rations for ruminants. The first factor (A) is ratio of germinated seed in mixtures. The pea and oat were tested at two different mixture rates: A1 ? 50% pea + 50% oat and A2 ? 75% pea + 25% oat. The second factor (B) is a cutting time in three stages of growth: B1 ? a cutting of biomass at the start of flowering pea (10% of flowering), B2 ? a cutting of biomass at forming the first pods on 2/3 plants of pea, and B3 ? cutting of biomass at forming green seeds in 2/3 pods. Stage of growth and pea-oat ratio in mixtures are significantly related to the change in the quality and chemical composition of biomass. The highest level of crude protein was obtained in pea at flowering stage (184.85 g kg-1 dry matter (DM)). The high level of easily soluble protein and non-protein nitrogen compounds (over 50%) represent specific characteristics of the mixture. Unavailable fraction PC increased with plant maturation from 75.65 to 95.05 g kg-1 of CP.

The Potency of Bifidobacterium spp. as an Alternative to Antibiotic Growth Promoters on Feed Conversion Ratio, Feed Efficiency, and Nutrient Intake in Laying Hens

2021 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 281-290
Author(s):  
Andreas Berny Yulianto ◽  
Anam Al Arif ◽  
Widya Paramita Lokapirnasari
Keyword(s):  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Protein Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Laying Hens ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Feed Conversion Ratio ◽  
Crude Fiber ◽  
Fiber Intake ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Growth Promoters

This article describes a new idea about using Bifidobacteriumsp isolates as an alternative to antibiotic growth promoters, based on the ability of Bifidobacteriumsp isolates, which have the potential as a probiotic in laying hens. This study aims to prove that Bifobacteriumsp could improve production performance, including feed conversion ratio, feed efficiency, and nutrient intake (feed intake, crude protein intake, crude fiber intake, lipid intake, and organic matter). A total of 150 laying hens at 25 weeks of age were divided into three groups (P0: control, P1: 0.1% antibiotic growth promoters, P1: 0.05% Bifidobacterium spp. probiotic) and fed on a basal diet containing 2750 kcal/kg metabolizable energy and 18% crude protein for four weeks. The different supplementation to the basal diets showed significant differences (p<0.05) on feed conversion ratio, feed efficiency, feed intake, crude protein intake, crude fiber intake, lipid intake, and organic matter intake among the treatments. However, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, crude protein intake, crude fiber intake, lipid intake, and organic matter intake were lowest in the group fed with 0.5% of Bifidobacterium spp. The highest feed efficiency was obtained from the groups fed with 0.5% of Bifidobacterium spp, compared with the control and supplemented antibiotics growth promoters group. 0.5% of Bifidobacterium spp. supplementation to the diet of laying hens is beneficial for increasing feed efficiency and improving feed conversion ratio. The practical and theoretical significance of the results is that Bifidobacterium spp. can be used to improve production performance in laying hens.

scholarly journals PENGARUH MULTI NUTRIENT SAUCE (MNS) DENGAN DOSIS YANG BERBEDA DALAM RANSUM TERHADAP KECERNAAN PROTEIN KASAR DAN SERAT KASAR PADA DOMBA

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-20
Author(s):  
M Alvin Rifqi Fadilla, Erwanto, Muhtarudin, dan Agung Kusuma Wijaya
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Protein Digestibility ◽  
Crude Fiber ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Department Faculty ◽  
Difference Test

The purpose of this research was to determine the effect of addition of Multinutrient Sauce (MNS) in the ration on digestibility of crude protein and crude fiber in sheep.  This research was conducted in May—July 2019 at the People's Farm of Kebagusan Village, Gedong Tataan District, Pesawaran Regency.  The digestibility analysis of crude protein and crude fiber was carried out at the Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Animal Husbandry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Lampung.  This study used a randomized block design (RBD) based on sheep body weight with six groups and three treatments, namely R0 (ration without MNS); R1 (R0 + MNS 5%); and R2 (R0 + MNS 10%).  The data obtained were analyzed using ANOVA at a 5% significance level or 1% significance, and continued with further test using Least Significant Difference Test (LSD) if there is significant results.  The results showed that the addition of 10% MNS in the ration had a significant effect (P<0.05) on increasing the digestibility of crude protein and crude fiber in sheep.   Keywords: multi nutrient sauce (MNS), digestibility of crude protein, digestibility of crude fiber, sheep.

scholarly journals Penggunaan Daun Ubi Kayu (Manihot esculenta) dengan Pengolahan Berbeda terhadap Blood Urea Nitrogen Kambing Peranakan Etawa Jantan

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 23-29
Author(s):  
Okni Winda Artanti ◽  
◽  
Silvia Andriani
Keyword(s):  
Blood Urea Nitrogen ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Protein Digestibility ◽  
Crude Fiber ◽  
Fiber Intake ◽  
Trial Duration ◽  
Urea Nitrogen ◽  
Cassava Leaves ◽  
Range Test

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of fresh, dried or silage cassava leaf to the blood urea nitrogen (BUN) of male Etawa Crossbreed (EC) goats. Twelve EC goats (grouping based on body weight with a weight range K1: 19-20 kg; K2: 20-21 kg; K3: 21-22 kg; K4: 22 kg) were allocated in housed individually throughout 90-day trial duration (14 days for animal's adaptation to the experimental diets and 7 days of faeces collection). Experimental design was randomized complete block design consisted of 3 treatments and 4 replications: concentrate + fresh cassava leaf (P0); concentrate + dried cassava leaf (P1); and concentrate + silage cassava leaf (P2). Concentrat was given at level of 50% (3% BW) and forage was given ad libitum respectively for each treatments. Variables observed were crude fiber intake, crude fiber digestibility, crude protein digestibility and blood urea nitrogen (BUN). Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA), if there were significant effect of treatments were continued using duncan multiple range test. The results of this experiment showed that the processing of cassava leaves increased on crude fiber intake, crude fiber and crude protein digestibibility, but did not effect on blood urea nitrogen (BUN). In conclusion, processing of cassava leaves improved the consumption, digestibility but did not effect on blood urea nitrogen (BUN) of EC goats. Keywords: Blood Urea Nitrogen, Cassava Leaf, Male Etawa Crossbreed Goat

scholarly journals Dependence of the buffer capacity on the chemical composition of dry matter of alfalfa

2021 ◽  
Vol 901 (1) ◽  
pp. 012044
Author(s):  
G V Stepanova ◽  
M V Volovik
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Mineral Composition ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Buffer Capacity ◽  
Crude Fiber ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Flowering Phase ◽  
High Forage ◽  
Main Influence

Annotation It is shown that the buffer capacity of dry matter of alfalfa of the first cut in the flowering phase is 5.66-5.94 mol / liter. With an increase in the content of crude protein and crude ash by 1%, it increases by 0.14-0.40 and 0.49-0.86 mol / liter, respectively, with an increase in the content of soluble carbohydrates by 1%, it decreases by 1.44 mol / liter … The dry matter of the second cut alfalfa has a high forage quality. The content of crude protein from the stemming-beginning of budding phase to the flowering phase is in the range of 23.44-20.20%, crude ash 9.24-8.10%, while the content of crude fiber is reduced to 22.92-29.01%, dry matter - up to 20.84-26.00%. The buffer capacity of dry matter reaches 9.69-7.23 mol / liter. The main influence on the buffer capacity is exerted by the mineral composition of the dry matter. An increase in the content of crude ash by 1% increases the buffer capacity of dry matter by 0.55 ± 0.16 - 1.36 ± 0.14 mol / l, an increase in the content of crude protein by 1% increases the buffer capacity by 0.15 ± 0.06 - 0.39 ± 0.14 mol / liter.

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