scholarly journals CARVED STONES of the XV Century FROM the VILLAGES. KUBACHI WITH NAMES MADE THEM MASTERS

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 117-131
Author(s):  
Misrihan M. Mammaev
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Applied Art ◽  
Stone Cutting ◽  
Talented Artist ◽  
The Village ◽  
Outstanding Work ◽  
The Middle Ages

The article describes the monuments of stone-cutting art of the XV century-six architectural details and one gravestone monument of highly artistic decoration of villages. Kubachi, on which are carved the names of the craftsmen who made them. Discusses the features of the decorative trim of carved stones. It is noted that not all master stone – cutters, who worked in the middle ages, tried to immortalize themselves, putting on their works inscriptions with their names. Only a few of them left their names on the work they performed. Therefore, a great number of carved stones, architectural details and tombstones from the village of Kubachi, as well as tombstones from neighbouring settlements – Calamarata, Ashty, Damage and other remain nameless. The tomb of the XV century described in the article, decorated at a high artistic level with calligraphically executed decorative Arabic inscription in the style of "blooming kufi" on the background of elegant floral ornament, is considered as an outstanding work of stone-cutting art, created in the middle ages in the villages. Kubachi. It is the only one among the gravestones studied by researchers to the present time, which presents the name of the master of stone – Carver, calligrapher and ornamentalist Jarak – a talented artist of decorative and applied art.

scholarly journals Production and primary processing of grain in the Ung, Bereg, Ugocha and Maramoros counties in the Middle Ages

2021 ◽  
pp. 70-78
Author(s):  
Rikhard Mihovk
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Family Farming ◽  
Primary Processing ◽  
The Family ◽  
Hungarian State ◽  
The Village ◽  
The Middle Ages

The present research deals with the medieval grain production and the primary processing of it in Ung, Bereg, Ugocsa and Maramures counties. In the Middle Ages, the primary foodstuff was bread, which could be made from a variety of grains. In today's Transcarpathia, bread was made primarily using wheat and rye, which were crucial parts of the everyday eating. After the founding of the Hungarian state, the branch of the food production underwent a transformation, namely the animal-husbandry was slowly replaced by tillage. With the continuous development of the village system, indoor and outdoor farming were also spreading. Grain was grown on arable land away from the house, which has been a high priority. In order to understand the system based on family farming, principally the number of family members must be calculated, and then the average number of settlements follows from the obtained data, which gives the amount of land required per families and settlements to produce grain for bread. The bread was baked in a two-week cycle, when the family gained 30 kg. The growing crops for bread is the first stage of the process, which is followed by milling, i.e. the second stage. Grinding took place in mills, of which several varieties are separated. In the case of our region, watermills were widespread, of which there are also several types. We separate a stream mill and a floating mill from water mills. In the case of our region, both varieties have been identified. The mills did not work all year round, they could only work at the proper water level. Therefore, neither in winter cold nor in summer the mill could not work, so the grinding of flour needed for bread took place mainly in spring and autumn. Mills were one of the most complex technological machines of the time, the operation and maintenance of which required a specialist with relevant knowledge. Mills can be used for grinding grain, as well as for sawing and grinding wood. By examining the available resources, tens of mills were localized in the four counties, which also sheds light on the technological development of the age.

scholarly journals The Village of Suzdal Opolye and Changes in the System Resettlement in the Second Half of the 14th – 15th Centuries

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (36) ◽  
pp. 148-163
Author(s):  
Sergey V. Shpolyanskiy ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Land Ownership ◽  
General Picture ◽  
Settlement Systems ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
Small Plot ◽  
The Village ◽  
The Middle Ages

The article substantiates the localization of the medieval village of Yasenye in the Suzdal Opolye, mentioned in sources under 1417, which was previously identified with the village of Torki of the Suzdal Spaso-Evfimiev Monastery. Yasenye existed on the watershed, near the spring of the same name in the second half of the 12th – first half of the 15th centuries. The reason for the disappearance of the village and another large settlement synchronized to it, is the expansion of monastic possessions in the microregion. This is confirmed by documents of the 16th–17th centuries, which record the continuation of disputes over the land near the spring, which is claimed by the monastery and the peasants of the surrounding villages. A small plot of the history of Opolye is well combined with the general picture of the decrease in the number of villages in the region in the 15th century, obtained as a result of the work of the Suzdal expedition (leader N. A. Makarov). This allows us to consider the development of monastic land ownership as a significant factor in the transformation of settlement systems in Opolye at the end of the Middle Ages.

scholarly journals Muslim Tombstones of Kamak (Turkestan Region) as a Historical and Archaeological Source

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (38) ◽  
pp. 167-178
Author(s):  
Dosbol S. Baigunakov ◽  
◽  
Gulmira E. Sabdenova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Moral Foundations ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
History Of ◽  
Stone Cutting ◽  
The Republic ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Village

In 2013, an archaeological and ethnographic expedition of the Scientific Research Institute of Culture LLP explored the southern regions of Kazakhstan. The main priority was given to field research on the issues of archaeology, ethnography, culture and art of nomads. In the village of Karnak, Turkestan Region, unique tombstones were discovered, which are an integral component of the moral foundations of Muslim culture. Karnak necropolis is located in the northern part of the village of the same name and covers more than 3 hectares of area, the main part of which is occupied by modern memorial complexes of the 20th century. The researchers' interest was aroused by a part of the Karnak cemetery, where monuments of funerary and cult architecture of the late Middle Ages and modern times were located. The novelty of this study is associated with an attempt to clarify a number of provisions in the study of the funeral and cult architecture of South Kazakhstan. Many people believe that traditional burial and cult architecture has survived only in the western regions of the republic. Nevertheless, the Karnak memorial complex studied for the first time and the materials contained in it prove that an attempt to reconstruct the history of the tombstones, identify its origins, the factors that caused the formation of various attributes are still far from being solved. The study of burial and cult architecture in the context of Muslim archaeology makes it possible to solve a number of issues in the humanities dedicated to the memorial complex and folk craft, including the stone-cutting art of the southern regions of Kazakhstan.

The Heretic Saint: Guglielma of Bohemia, Milan, and Brunate

2005 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-38
Author(s):  
Barbara Newman
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Mountain Climbers ◽  
A Site ◽  
The Village ◽  
The City ◽  
The Middle Ages

High above Lake Como in Lombardy, overlooking the cathedral city of Como and the southwestern branch of the lake, looms the tiny village of Brunate. It is a picturesque spot, beloved of mountain climbers, which enjoyed a brief heyday as a tourist mecca in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. An efficient if ear-popping funicular railway, inaugurated in 1894, now scales the steep cliff in a brisk seven minutes. But in the Middle Ages, when most of our story is set, Brunate was as remote and inaccessible a site as one could hope to find. A hagiographer around 1600 described it as an “ignoble village on that mountain whose vast ridge towers above the city to the east.… The mountain is arduous and laborious to climb.” In 1578 the village had a mere 156 inhabitants, and as late as 1900 its year-round population was barely over 500.

Solidarity In The Medieval Village? The Evidence Of Personal Pledging At Elton, Huntingdonshire

1977 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Pimsler
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Harmonious Society ◽  
Major Question ◽  
Emotional Bonds ◽  
Living Together ◽  
Economic Reality ◽  
Peasant Community ◽  
The Village ◽  
The Middle Ages

The cooperative communal side of peasant life in the Middle Ages has been discussed widely, most often in the context of open field agriculture as being the basis of village solidarity. Although such writings state, or imply, the important truth that economic reality necessitated a degree of cooperation among peasants, they tend to offer little or no evidence to justify the romantic notion that the medieval village possessed a spiritual cohesiveness, that it represented a harmonious society with close emotional bonds between neighbors.For example, one scholar suggests the romantic view of community life in the Middle Ages when he states:Left to his own resources, the villein in his isolation found solace only in the bosom of his family, in the village community, and in his participation in the ceremonies and beliefs of a Christian life, which were brought within his reach in the thousands of parishes which had been created in the West.Another writer presents a similar perspective in a discussion of the pre-industrial village:… living together in one township, isolated, spatially, from others of comparable size, of very much the same structure inevitably means a communal sense and communal activity ….One wonders about the meaning of the terms “solace” and “communal sense,” and also about the evidence which supports the above positions. The nature of the ties within the medieval peasant community represents a major question which should not be answered with the kinds of a priori assumptions quoted above.

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