La rappresentazione sociale di (dis)obbedienza nei giovani militari italiani

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-29
Author(s):  
Maura Pozzi ◽  
Carlo Pistoni ◽  
Daniela Marzana ◽  
Lorenza Arpini ◽  
Sabina Moro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sono State ◽  
Self Report

Il presente studio indaga il contenuto e la struttura della rappresentazione sociale (RS) di (dis)obbedienza, al fine di comprendere la relazione con l'autorità in un gruppo di allievi delle Forze Armate Militari. Per il raggiungimento di questo obiettivo è stato utilizzato un questionario self-report, in versione online.Le analisi sono state condotte su un campione di 389 soggetti. I risultati mostrano come i concetti di (dis)obbedienza siano considerati come diametralmente opposti: l'obbedienza risulta avere una connotazione prevalentemente positiva, connessa a termini quali "rispetto", "lealtà", "fiducia" e, di contro, la disobbedienza risulta avere un'accezione per lo più negativa, connessa a termini quali "irrispettosa", "negativa" e "sbagliata". Questi risultati avvalorano l'ipotesi che il contesto specifico abbia una forte influenza nel determinare le rappresentazioni sociali sul tema in oggetto.

L'adozione e le sue rappresentazioni nel contesto sociale

2020 ◽  
pp. 635-650
Author(s):  
Giulia Lopez ◽  
Giulia Marabelli ◽  
Rosa Rosnati ◽  
Raffaella Iafrate
Keyword(s):  
Sono State ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Sono Stati

Le rappresentazioni dell'adozione ad oggi sono state scarsamente indagate. L'approfondimento di questo tema è rilevante in quanto potrebbe fornire utili indicazioni per l'attuazione di progetti di sensibilizzazione sulle tematiche dell'adozione. Esplorare quindi come l'adozione sia vista e percepita dalla popolazione adulta risulta un passo importante nell'ottica di promuovere una cultura dell'accoglienza nei confronti dei minori adottati e delle loro famiglie. A tal fine sono stati coinvolti 265 soggetti, ai quali è stato somministrato un questionario self-report contenente lo strumento del differenziale semantico che ha permesso di indagare la componente "atteggiamento" della rappresentazione relativamente all'adozione. In particolare, sono state indagate le emozioni relati-ve all'adozione e si è effettuato un confronto tra la rappresentazione di genitore e di genitore adottivo e quella di figlio e di figlio adottivo. I risultati mostrano un atteggiamento positivo che si esprime nella tendenza dei partecipanti ad associare al termine adozione emozioni positive. È risultata inoltre una significativa discrepanza tra l'immagine di "figlio" e di "figlio adottivo", più negativa per il secondo, mentre è emersa una visione tendenzialmente positiva dei genitori adottivi, visti come più concilianti e aperti al sociale rispetto ai genitori naturali. I risultati sono discussi in termini operativi.

Ottimismo, soddisfazione e felicitŕ in un gruppo di bambini palestinesi: uno studio pilota

2012 ◽  
pp. 119-132
Author(s):  
Guido Veronese ◽  
Mahmud Said ◽  
Marco Tombolani ◽  
Marco Castiglioni
Keyword(s):  
Sono State ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Subjective Happiness ◽  
Life Orientation Test ◽  
Life Orientation ◽  
Subjective Happiness Scale ◽  
Sono Stati ◽  
Orientation Test

Il presente lavoro ha l'obiettivo di esplorare ottimismo, felicitŕ percepita e soddisfazione della vita in un gruppo di bambini palestinesi residenti in Cisgiordaniěa in aree urbane, rurali, nel campo profughi e in Israele. Sono stati somministrati a un campione di convenienza di bambini (N = 226) in etŕ scolare (8-12 anni) tre strumenti self report: Youth life Orientation Test (YLOT), Subjective Happiness Scale (SHS) and Faces Scale (FS). I punteggi sono stati sottoposti ad analisi della varianza (ANOVA) e delle correlazioni (r di Pearson). Sono state esplorate differenze nel genere e nell'etŕ. I risultati mostrano che ottimismo, soddisfazione della vita e felicitŕ percepita caratterizzano in generale i bambini palestinesi; i bambini del campo profughi ottengono i punteggi piů alti. Sono state rilevate alcune differenze di genere. In conclusione la qualitŕ della vita dei bambini palestinesi sembra soddisfacente sia per quanto riguarda l'ottimismo, che per la soddisfazione e la felicitŕ percepita. Tali fattori si ipotizza possano rinforzare la resilienza e un aggiustamento positivo al trauma nei bambini. Vengono discusse alcune implicazioni cliniche, oltre che sviluppi futuri e limiti della ricerca.

Processi cognitivi complessi e aggressività

2020 ◽  
pp. 713-746
Author(s):  
Tindara Caprì ◽  
Rosa Angela Fabio
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Sono State ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Sono Stati

Gli studi presenti in letteratura hanno mostrato l'esistenza di fattori cognitivi, emotivi e genetici che influenzano l'aggressività. Mentre molte ricerche focaliz-zano la loro attenzione sui processi cognitivi sociali, lo scopo del presente studio è quello di indagare la relazione tra processi cognitivi complessi e aggressività. Abbiamo esaminato tale relazione in 236 bambini delle scuole elementari. L'obiettivo principale di questa ricerca è indagare se nei bambini che attuano comportamenti aggressivi, esistono differenze non solo negli aspetti socio-cognitivi (Fase 1 della ricerca), come rilevato dagli studi presentati, ma anche nei processi cognitivi complessi che ne sono alla base, come il pensiero critico ed il problem solving (Fase 2 della ricerca). Sono stati confrontati due gruppi: soggetti aggressivi e di controllo. Abbiamo ipotizzato che i bambini con comportamento aggressivo mostrino capacità di pensiero critico e di problem solving inferiori ri-spetto al gruppo di controllo. I partecipanti erano inizialmente 121 maschi e 115 femmine, di età compresa tra 10 e 11 anni. La ricerca è stata articolata in due fasi distinte. Nella prima sono state somministrate tre scale di self report e una scala di nomina dei pari per valutare rispettivamente: il comportamento aggres-sivo, l'autoefficacia e il disimpegno morale; inoltre due scale sono state sommi-nistrate agli insegnanti per valutare i comportamenti aggressivi, disattentivi e ipe-rattivi dei bambini. Nella seconda fase, 31 bambini sono stati selezionati dal campione iniziale e suddivisi in due gruppi (aggressivo vs controllo). Il pensiero critico e le capacità di problem solving sono stati testati da cinque strumenti. I risultati mostrano un'interessante relazione tra comportamenti aggressivi e le di-mensioni analizzate e rivelano differenze significative tra bambini con compor-tamento aggressivo e gruppo di controllo solo nel pensiero critico, e non nelle ca-pacità di problem solving. I risulati sono stati discussi alla luce della teoria dell'elaborazione delle informazioni sociali, secondo cui le abilità sociali e cogni-tive giocano un ruolo chiave nell'influenzare il comportamento aggressivo.

Classical social reward signatures in infants with later ASD

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teodora Gliga ◽  
Mayada Elsabbagh
Keyword(s):  
Early Development ◽  
Social Motivation ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Social Reward ◽  
Socially Motivated

Abstract Autistic individuals can be socially motivated. We disagree with the idea that self-report is sufficient to understand their social drive. Instead, we underscore evidence for typical non-verbal signatures of social reward during the early development of autistic individuals. Instead of focusing on whether or not social motivation is typical, research should investigate the factors that modulate social drives.

The Relationship Between Hearing Loss Self-Management and Hearing Aid Benefit and Satisfaction

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 274-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Convery ◽  
Gitte Keidser ◽  
Louise Hickson ◽  
Carly Meyer
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Hearing Loss ◽  
Hearing Aids ◽  
Clinical Decision Making ◽  
Hearing Aid ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Self Management ◽  
Hearing Aid Benefit ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose Hearing loss self-management refers to the knowledge and skills people use to manage the effects of hearing loss on all aspects of their daily lives. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between self-reported hearing loss self-management and hearing aid benefit and satisfaction. Method Thirty-seven adults with hearing loss, all of whom were current users of bilateral hearing aids, participated in this observational study. The participants completed self-report inventories probing their hearing loss self-management and hearing aid benefit and satisfaction. Correlation analysis was used to investigate the relationship between individual domains of hearing loss self-management and hearing aid benefit and satisfaction. Results Participants who reported better self-management of the effects of their hearing loss on their emotional well-being and social participation were more likely to report less aided listening difficulty in noisy and reverberant environments and greater satisfaction with the effect of their hearing aids on their self-image. Participants who reported better self-management in the areas of adhering to treatment, participating in shared decision making, accessing services and resources, attending appointments, and monitoring for changes in their hearing and functional status were more likely to report greater satisfaction with the sound quality and performance of their hearing aids. Conclusion Study findings highlight the potential for using information about a patient's hearing loss self-management in different domains as part of clinical decision making and management planning.

Use of a Mild-Gain Hearing Aid by Middle-Age Normal-Hearing Adults Who Do and Do Not Self-Report Trouble Hearing in Background Noise

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 419-428
Author(s):  
Jasleen Singh ◽  
Karen A. Doherty
Keyword(s):  
Hearing Aids ◽  
Background Noise ◽  
Middle Age ◽  
Hearing Aid ◽  
Normal Hearing ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Hearing Aid Use ◽  
Hearing Handicap ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Hearing Problems

Purpose The aim of the study was to assess how the use of a mild-gain hearing aid can affect hearing handicap, motivation, and attitudes toward hearing aids for middle-age, normal-hearing adults who do and do not self-report trouble hearing in background noise. Method A total of 20 participants (45–60 years of age) with clinically normal-hearing thresholds (< 25 dB HL) were enrolled in this study. Ten self-reported difficulty hearing in background noise, and 10 did not self-report difficulty hearing in background noise. All participants were fit with mild-gain hearing aids, bilaterally, and were asked to wear them for 2 weeks. Hearing handicap, attitudes toward hearing aids and hearing loss, and motivation to address hearing problems were evaluated before and after participants wore the hearing aids. Participants were also asked if they would consider purchasing a hearing aid before and after 2 weeks of hearing aid use. Results After wearing the hearing aids for 2 weeks, hearing handicap scores decreased for the participants who self-reported difficulty hearing in background noise. No changes in hearing handicap scores were observed for the participants who did not self-report trouble hearing in background noise. The participants who self-reported difficulty hearing in background noise also reported greater personal distress from their hearing problems, were more motivated to address their hearing problems, and had higher levels of hearing handicap compared to the participants who did not self-report trouble hearing in background noise. Only 20% (2/10) of the participants who self-reported trouble hearing in background noise reported that they would consider purchasing a hearing aid after 2 weeks of hearing aid use. Conclusions The use of mild-gain hearing aids has the potential to reduce hearing handicap for normal-hearing, middle-age adults who self-report difficulty hearing in background noise. However, this may not be the most appropriate treatment option for their current hearing problems given that only 20% of these participants would consider purchasing a hearing aid after wearing hearing aids for 2 weeks.

Determining Emotional Tone and Verbal Behavior in Patients With Tinnitus and Hyperacusis: An Exploratory Mixed-Methods Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 660-672
Author(s):  
Suzanne H. Kimball ◽  
Toby Hamilton ◽  
Erin Benear ◽  
Jonathan Baldwin
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Methods ◽  
Verbal Behavior ◽  
Coping Strategies ◽  
Mixed Methods Study ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Anxiety And Depression ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Emotional Tone ◽  
Explanatory Mixed Methods ◽  
Quantitative Results

Purpose The purpose of this study was to evaluate the emotional tone and verbal behavior of social media users who self-identified as having tinnitus and/or hyperacusis that caused self-described negative consequences on daily life or health. Research Design and Method An explanatory mixed-methods design was utilized. Two hundred “initial” and 200 “reply” Facebook posts were collected from members of a tinnitus group and a hyperacusis group. Data were analyzed via the LIWC 2015 software program and compared to typical bloggers. As this was an explanatory mixed-methods study, we used qualitative thematic analyses to explain, interpret, and illustrate the quantitative results. Results Overall, quantitative results indicated lower overall emotional tone for all categories (tinnitus and hyperacusis, initial and reply), which was mostly influenced by higher negative emotion. Higher levels of authenticity or truth were found in the hyperacusis sample but not in the tinnitus sample. Lower levels of clout (social standing) were indicated in all groups, and a lower level of analytical thinking style (concepts and complex categories rather than narratives) was found in the hyperacusis sample. Additional analysis of the language indicated higher levels of sadness and anxiety in all groups and lower levels of anger, particularly for initial replies. These data support prior findings indicating higher levels of anxiety and depression in this patient population based on the actual words in blog posts and not from self-report questionnaires. Qualitative results identified 3 major themes from both the tinnitus and hyperacusis texts: suffering, negative emotional tone, and coping strategies. Conclusions Results from this study suggest support for the predominant clinical view that patients with tinnitus and hyperacusis have higher levels of anxiety and depression than the general population. The extent of the suffering described and patterns of coping strategies suggest clinical practice patterns and the need for research in implementing improved practice plans.

A Survey of Speech-Language Pathologists' Approaches to Assessing Social Communication Disorders in Children

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Kristen Izaryk ◽  
Robin Edge ◽  
Dawn Lechwar
Keyword(s):  
Best Practices ◽  
Communication Disorders ◽  
Assessment Tools ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Speech Language Pathologists ◽  
Teacher Report ◽  
Formal Assessment ◽  
Language Sampling ◽  
Specific Assessment ◽  
Social Communication Disorders

Purpose The purpose of this article is to explore and describe the approaches and specific assessment tools that speech-language pathologists are currently using to assess social communication disorders (SCDs) in children, in relation to current best practices. Method Ninety-four speech-language pathologists completed an online survey asking them to identify which of the following approaches they use to assess children with SCD: parent/teacher report, naturalistic observation, formal assessment, language sample analysis, interviews, semistructured tasks, and peer/self-report. Participants were also asked to identify specific assessment tools they use within each approach. Results Participants most commonly assess SCDs by combining interviews, naturalistic observation, language sampling, parent/teacher report, and formal assessment. Semistructured tasks and peer/self-report tools were less frequently utilized. Several established parent/teacher report and formal assessment tools were commonly identified for assessing SCDs. Most participants use an informal approach for interviews, language sampling, and naturalistic observations in their SCD assessment process. Conclusions Generally, participants follow best practices for assessing SCDs by combining several different approaches. Some considerations for future assessment are identified, including the use of established protocols in the place of informal approaches in order to make the assessment of SCDs more systematic. Future directions for research are discussed.

Prevalence of Self-Reported Depression Symptoms and Perceived Anxiety Among Community-Dwelling U.S. Adults Reporting Tinnitus

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 959-970
Author(s):  
Kelly M. Reavis ◽  
James A. Henry ◽  
Lynn M. Marshall ◽  
Kathleen F. Carlson
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Depression Symptoms ◽  
Community Based Interventions ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Health Distress ◽  
Validated Questionnaire ◽  
Mental Health Distress

Purpose The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between tinnitus and self-reported mental health distress, namely, depression symptoms and perceived anxiety, in adults who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examinations Survey between 2009 and 2012. A secondary aim was to determine if a history of serving in the military modified the associations between tinnitus and mental health distress. Method This was a cross-sectional study design of a national data set that included 5,550 U.S. community-dwelling adults ages 20 years and older, 12.7% of whom were military Veterans. Bivariable and multivariable logistic regression was used to estimate the association between tinnitus and mental health distress. All measures were based on self-report. Tinnitus and perceived anxiety were each assessed using a single question. Depression symptoms were assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire, a validated questionnaire. Multivariable regression models were adjusted for key demographic and health factors, including self-reported hearing ability. Results Prevalence of tinnitus was 15%. Compared to adults without tinnitus, adults with tinnitus had a 1.8-fold increase in depression symptoms and a 1.5-fold increase in perceived anxiety after adjusting for potential confounders. Military Veteran status did not modify these observed associations. Conclusions Findings revealed an association between tinnitus and both depression symptoms and perceived anxiety, independent of potential confounders, among both Veterans and non-Veterans. These results suggest, on a population level, that individuals with tinnitus have a greater burden of perceived mental health distress and may benefit from interdisciplinary health care, self-help, and community-based interventions. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.12568475

Cultural Awareness of Students in Communication Sciences and Disorders: A Mixed-Methods Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 1231-1242
Author(s):  
Celeste Domsch ◽  
Lori Stiritz ◽  
Jay Huff
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Study Abroad ◽  
Cultural Awareness ◽  
Qualitative Data ◽  
The United States ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Global Awareness ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Study ◽  
Short Term Study

Purpose This study used a mixed-methods design to assess changes in students' cultural awareness during and following a short-term study abroad. Method Thirty-six undergraduate and graduate students participated in a 2-week study abroad to England during the summers of 2016 and 2017. Quantitative data were collected using standardized self-report measures administered prior to departure and after returning to the United States and were analyzed using paired-samples t tests. Qualitative data were collected in the form of daily journal reflections during the trip and interviews after returning to the United States and analyzed using phenomenological methods. Results No statistically significant changes were evident on any standardized self-report measures once corrections for multiple t tests were applied. In addition, a ceiling effect was found on one measure. On the qualitative measures, themes from student transcripts included increased global awareness and a sense of personal growth. Conclusions Measuring cultural awareness poses many challenges. One is that social desirability bias may influence responses. A second is that current measures of cultural competence may exhibit ceiling or floor effects. Analysis of qualitative data may be more useful in examining effects of participation in a short-term study abroad, which appears to result in decreased ethnocentrism and increased global awareness in communication sciences and disorders students. Future work may wish to consider the long-term effects of participation in a study abroad for emerging professionals in the field.

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