Effect of Sodium Hydroxide/Urea/Deionised Water Solution Ratio on the Solubility of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches Extracted Biocellulose

Biocellulose extracted from oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) is attracting increased research interest in versatile applications as an alternative material to synthetic cellulose. Normally, biocellulose needs to undergo dissolution prior its applications. Among all explored solvents to dissolve biocellulose, aqueous sodium hydroxide (NaOH)/urea solution is gaining increased attention. OPEFB biocellulose solubility in NaOH/urea/deionised (DI) water solution has not been fully studied by researchers. This study aimed to investigate the solubility of OPEFB biocellulose in NaOH/urea/DI water solution by manipulating the NaOH/urea/DI water solution ratio and weight percentage of OPEFB biocellulose. Results indicated that increasing the NaOH/urea/DI water solution ratio increased the solubility of OPEFB biocellulose. Further increased NaOH/urea/DI water solution ratio resulted in decreased solubility. Meanwhile, increased OPEFB biocellulose weight percentage decreased the solubility of OPEFB biocellulose in NaOH/urea/DI water solution. The highest solubility of 70.89%±1.85% was exhibited by 7% NaOH/12% urea/81% DI water (w/w) solution and 1 w/v% OPEFB biocellulose. This study on OPEFB biocellulose solubility in NaOH/urea/DI water solution can promote cost-effective and wide utilisation of the abundantly available OPEFB for the synthesis of cellulose fibres, films, and hydrogels in the textile, packaging, and biomedical industries.

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The effects of various treatments on the surfaces of the cercariae and schistosomula ofSchistosoma mansoni

Parasitology ◽

10.1017/s0031182000071444 ◽

1971 ◽

Vol 62 (2) ◽

pp. 199-207 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

J. R. Kusel

Keyword(s):

Sodium Hydroxide ◽

Medical Research Council ◽

Sodium Hydroxide Solution ◽

Divalent Cations ◽

Critical Concentration ◽

Aqueous Sodium Hydroxide ◽

Urea Solution ◽

Monovalent Cations ◽

Ionic Detergents ◽

Visible Effect

In order to learn more about the nature of the chemical bonds stabilizing the surface membranes of the cercariae and schistosomula ofSchistosoma mansoni, these organisms were treated with a variety of reagents. The cercarial surface was dissolved by 8 M urea alone (pH 9·0) but was protected from such dissolution if a certain critical concentration of cation or anion was included in the 8 M urea solution. Divalent cations were more effective than monovalent cations in this protective effect. The 8 M urea was also unable to dissolve the cercarial surface at any pH below 5·8. The cercarial surface was very rapidly dissolved by sodium hydroxide solutions at pH 11·4 and above. The divalent cation calcium, if included in the sodium hydroxide solution, slowed down the rate of surface solution by sodium hydroxide. The schistosomular surface was stable to 8 M urea at pH 9·0 but was readily dissolved in 8 M urea at pH 10·7 and 11·7. The schistosomular surface was stable in aqueous sodium hydroxide solutions at pH 12·0. Anionic detergents were very effective in dissolving the cercarial surface at concentrations above 0·001%. Cationic and non-ionic detergents were ineffective at 0·01% or below. A saturated solution of digitonin if diluted 1:100 caused destruction of the cercarial surface. At higher concentrations it caused expansion and stabilization of this surface.It is suggested that in both the cercarial and the schistosomular surface, bonds between carboxyl (—COO′) and amino (—NH3+) groups are very important in maintaining structure. The origin of the —NH3+ group is possibly from —NH2lysyl group in cercariae, and a guanido group in schistosomula. The suggestion that cations are incorporated into the cercarial surface and stabilize it during and after penetration has been tested by treating schistosomula with EDTA. The EDTA had no visible effect on the surface, nor did it labilize the surface to other reagents.I should like to thank very warmly Dr S. A. Ibrahim, in whose Department this work was carried out. My grateful thanks are given to the Medical Research Council (U.K.) for a grant. I should also like to thank Mr J. R. Lauder, Mr Ahmed Gandour and Mr Saleh for their help during the work. I am very grateful to Dr J. A. Clegg and Dr S. R. Smithers for helpful discussions.

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BIODEGRADABILITY OF BIOPLASTIC IN NATURAL ENVIRONMENT

Jurnal Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Alam dan Lingkungan (Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Management) ◽

10.29244/jpsl.9.2.258-263 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 258-263

Author(s):

Anggun Rahman Rahman ◽

Khaswar Syamsu Syamsu ◽

Isroi Isroi Isroi

Keyword(s):

Sodium Hydroxide ◽

Natural Environment ◽

Oil Palm ◽

Co2 Production ◽

Empty Fruit Bunch ◽

Biodegradation Rate ◽

Empty Fruit Bunches ◽

Top Soil ◽

Biodegradation Process ◽

Biodegradation Test

Biodegradation of the bioplastic composite based on cellulose from oil palm empty fruit bunches was investigated in this study. Microbes consortium from landfill soil collected from top soil were used as the inoculums for the biodegradation process. Biodegradation test of the bioplastic from oil palm empty fruit bunch samples compared with oxodegradation and conventional plastic samples were conducted in the glass jar. The biodegradation rate was evaluated from CO2 generated from the biodegradation process and absorbed by 0.1 N sodium hydroxide solutions. The generated CO2 was titrated with 0.1 N HCl and using phenolphthalein (PP) followed by methyl oranges indicator. The results showed that the highest CO2 production on landfill soil indicating the highest rate of biodegradation was found on bioplastic from oil palm empty fruit bunch followed by oxodegradable plastic and conventional plastic. The rate of biodegradation for bioplastic from oil palm empty fruit bunch, oxodegradable plastic and conventional plastic were 0.067mg CO2/day, 0.052 mg CO2/day and 0 mg CO2/day, respectively.

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MAKING PAPER FROM MIXTURE OF OIL PALM FRONDS (OPF) AND OIL PALM EMPTY FRUIT BUNCHES (OPEFB)

Konversi ◽

10.20527/k.v9i2.9079 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Nanna Nanna ◽

Syahrul Rhamadhani ◽

Siti Aminah ◽

Aji Larasati Putri Riadi ◽

Novy Pralisa Putri

Keyword(s):

Sodium Hydroxide ◽

Oil Palm ◽

Sodium Hydroxide Solution ◽

Paper Pulp ◽

Solvent Concentration ◽

Empty Fruit Bunches ◽

Oil Palm Fronds ◽

Folding Endurance ◽

Palm Fronds ◽

Tear Resistance

The oil palm industry produces solid waste such as oil palm fronds (OPF) and empty fruit bunches (OPEFB), but the utilization of the OPEFB waste is still limited to composting. Even the palm fronds are only left on the farm without being processed. While both types of waste contain a lot of cellulose and can be processed into more economic value. In addition to compost, the two types of waste can be used as pulp and paper. Hence, in this study, the two wastes are processed into the paper with a variety of concentrations of solvents and mixtures. The aim is to determine the effect of solvent concentration in the process of making paper pulp and the effect of the comparison of the mixture of paper pulp with the characteristics of the paper produced. Each material is processed into pulp by the soda process using sodium hydroxide as a solvent. While the solvent concentration used is 20%, 30%, and 40% for materials from OPEFB, while the material from OPF is only mixed with 20% sodium hydroxide solution. Then the pulp, OPEFB pulp with various variations of solvent, mixed pulp with the ratio of OPF pulp and OPEFB pulp of 1: 3; 1: 1; and 3: 1 processed into paper. The resulting paper was analyzed to study folding strength, tear strength, and paper thickness. The results of the study prove that the folding endurance and tear resistance of the paper have smaller in the greater concentration of the solvent. By contrast, the thickness of the paper is greater. Besides, more the mass of OPEFB in the pulp mixture, then the folding endurance and tear resistance of the paper have less, while the thickness is decreasing.

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Thermal Decomposition Kinetics of Torrefied Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Briquettes

Chemistry & Chemical Technology ◽

10.23939/chcht10.03.325 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 325-328 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Bemgba Nyakuma ◽

◽

Arshad Ahmad ◽

Anwar Johari ◽

Tuan Abdullah ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Thermal Decomposition ◽

Oil Palm ◽

Decomposition Kinetics ◽

Thermal Decomposition Kinetics ◽

Kinetic Properties ◽

Tg Analysis ◽

Empty Fruit Bunches ◽

Thermal Lag ◽

Profile Characteristics ◽

Kinetics Of

The study is aimed at investigating the thermal behavior and decomposition kinetics of torrefied oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) briquettes using a thermogravimetric (TG) analysis and the Coats-Redfern model. The results revealed that thermal decomposition kinetics of OPEFB and torrefied OPEFB briquettes is significantly influenced by the severity of torrefaction temperature. Furthermore, the temperature profile characteristics; Tonset, Tpeak, and Tend increased consistently due to the thermal lag observed during TG analysis. In addition, the torrefied OPEFB briquettes were observed to possess superior thermal and kinetic properties over the untorrefied OPEFB briquettes. It can be inferred that torrefaction improves the fuel properties of pelletized OPEFB for potential utilization in bioenergy conversion systems.

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APPLICATION OF OIL PALM EMPTY FRUIT BUNCH FIBERS IN STRENGTH IMPROVEMENT AS A FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE

Jurnal Penelitian Kelapa Sawit ◽

10.22302/iopri.jur.jpks.v25i3.33 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 25 (3) ◽

pp. 161-170

Author(s):

Henny Lydiasari ◽

Ari Yusman Manalu ◽

Rahmi Karolina

Keyword(s):

Tensile Strength ◽

Compressive Strength ◽

Crack Length ◽

Oil Palm ◽

Fiber Reinforced Concrete ◽

Structural Concrete ◽

Empty Fruit Bunches ◽

Construction Products ◽

By Products ◽

Strength Improvement

The potency of oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) fibers as one of the by-products of processing oil palm is increasing significantly so that proper management is needed in reducing environmental impact. One of the utilization of OPEFB fibers is as a substitution material in construction which usually the material is derived from non-renewable mining materials so that the number is increasingly limited. Therefore, it is necessary to study to know the performance of OPEFB fiber in making construction products especially concrete. In this case, the experiment was conducted using experimental method with variation of fiber addition by 0%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, and 30%. Each specimen was tested by weight, slump value, compressive strength, tensile strength, elasticity and crack length. As the results, the variation of fibers addition by 10%, decrease of slump value is 7%, concrete weight is 3% and crack length is 8% while increase of the compressive strength is 2.7% and the modulus of elasticity is 33.3% but its tensile strength decreased insignificantly by 0.05% . Furthermore, the addition of fibers above 10% to 30% decreased compressive strength is still below 10% and tensile strength below 2% while the weight of concrete, slump value and crack length decreased. Therefore, the addition of 10% can replace the performance of concrete without fiber but the addition of above 10% can still be used on non-structural concrete.

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Flammability, Tensile, and Morphological Properties of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches Fiber/Pet Yarn-Reinforced Epoxy Fire Retardant Hybrid Polymer Composites

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym13081282 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (8) ◽

pp. 1282

Author(s):

M.J. Suriani ◽

Fathin Sakinah Mohd Radzi ◽

R.A. Ilyas ◽

Michal Petrů ◽

S.M. Sapuan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Tensile Properties ◽

Oil Palm ◽

Natural Fiber ◽

Fire Retardant ◽

Epoxy Composites ◽

Morphological Properties ◽

Hybrid Polymer ◽

Fiber Volume ◽

Fiber Loading ◽

Empty Fruit Bunches

Oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) fiber is a natural fiber that possesses many advantages, such as biodegradability, eco-friendly, and renewable nature. The effect of the OPEFB fiber loading reinforced fire retardant epoxy composites on flammability and tensile properties of the polymer biocomposites were investigated. The tests were carried out with four parameters, which were specimen A (constant), specimen B (20% of fiber), specimen C (35% of fiber), and specimen D (50% of fiber). The PET yarn and magnesium hydroxide were used as the reinforcement material and fire retardant agent, respectively. The results were obtained from several tests, which were the horizontal burning test, tensile test, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The result for the burning test showed that specimen B exhibited better flammability properties, which had the lowest average burning rate (11.47 mm/min). From the tensile strength, specimen A revealed the highest value of 10.79 N/mm2. For the SEM morphological test, increasing defects on the surface ruptured were observed that resulted in decreased tensile properties of the composites. It can be summarized that the flammability and tensile properties of OPEFB fiber reinforced fire retardant epoxy composites were reduced when the fiber volume contents were increased at the optimal loading of 20%, with the values of 11.47 mm/min and 4.29 KPa, respectively.

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