scholarly journals Correlations Among Grain Mold Severity, Seed Weight, and Germination Rate of Sorghum Association Panel Lines Inoculated With Alternaria alternata, Fusarium thapsinum, and Curvularia lunata

2021 ◽  
pp. 7-25
Author(s):  
Louis K. Prom ◽  
Ezekiel Ahn ◽  
Thomas Isakeit ◽  
Clint Magill
Keyword(s):  
Alternaria Alternata ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Rank Correlation ◽  
Individual Treatment ◽  
Curvularia Lunata ◽  
Association Panel ◽  
Grain Mold ◽  
Fusarium Thapsinum

The sorghum association panel was evaluated for grain mold severity, seed weight, and germination rate. The 377 accessions were inoculated with Alternaria alternata alone, a mixture of A. alternata, Fusarium thapsinum, and Curvularia lunata, and untreated water-sprayed control during 2010, 2013-2015 growing seasons at the Texas AgriLife Research Farm, Burleson County, Texas. Each accession was evaluated at least twice. Across accessions, Spearman’s rank correlation was performed for non-parametric correlation analysis for grain mold severity, seed weight, and germination rate. There were significant negative correlations between grain mold severity with seed weight and germination rate for the individual treatment and when combined. A significant positive correlation between seed weight and germination rate was observed. The results indicated that higher grain mold severity reduces both sorghum seed weight and germination rate whether deliberately inoculated with fungal pathogens or naturally infected. It can be argued that correlations from this study were more robust due to a large number of accessions from all major sorghum races used and may represent the true association among the three parameters for this pathosystem. Thus, the use of grain mold-resistant lines, resulting in sound seeds and higher germination rates is recommended.

scholarly journals Sorghum Seed Fungal Community and Their Association with Grain Mold Severity, Seed Weight, and Germination Rate

2020 ◽  
pp. 14-19
Author(s):  
Louis K. Prom ◽  
Thomas Isakeit ◽  
Hugo Cuevas ◽  
Saradha R. Erattaimuthu ◽  
Roxanne Jacobsen
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Community ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
South Texas ◽  
Curvularia Lunata ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Grain Mold ◽  
Percent Germination ◽  
Alternaria Species

Grain mold, considered the most important disease of sorghum, is associated with several fungal genera. The disease reduces both yield and quality. In this study, over 300 sorghum seed samples collected from Texas, Florida, and Georgia were evaluated for grain mold severity, seed weight, germination rate, and seed fungal community. Grain mold severity of the seed samples, except for those collected from Cameron, Texas, were rated 3 or higher, indicating that these sorghum lines were moderately susceptible under naturally-infected field conditions during the 2016 and 2017 growing seasons. Seed weight across surveyed locations ranged from 1.1 g to 4.0g for samples collected in Texas during the same period. Percent germination rates for samples collected in Texas ranged from 59.6% to 86.7%. Sorghum samples collected from Florida and Georgia exhibited moderately susceptible response to grain mold infection. Mean seed weight was 1.9 g for samples collected from Florida, while in Georgia, mean seed weight was 2.3 g. Germination rate was low for samples collected from Florida and Georgia. Mycological analysis of sorghum seed samples collected from farmers’ fields in Central and South Texas during the 2016 and 2017 growing seasons showed Alternaria species as the most frequently isolated fungal genus, accounting for 40% and 42 % in 2016 and 2017, followed by Fusarium incarnatum, F. acuminatum, F. equiseti, & F. semitectum Complex. In Florida and Georgia, Fusarium incarnatum, F. acuminatum, F. equiseti, & F. semitectum Complex was the most frequently recovered fungal species, accounting for 77% and 72% of the total. genera/species isolated from seed samples. Other fungal species, including Curvularia lunata, Bipolaris sp., Colletotrichum sublineola, F. verticillioides, Penicillium sp., Aspergillus flavus, F. thapsinum, F. oxysporum, F. sporotrichioides, F. graminearum, F. proliferatum, and Aspergillus niger were also isolated from sorghum seeds in various frequencies. In conclusion, the presence of large number of fungal genera associated with grain deterioration and their effect on other traits, makes management of this disease complex challenging. To identify grain mold resistant sources in a region, using the most dominant species in that region to screen the sorghum germplasm is recommended.

Screening Sorghum Accessions for Resistance against Anthracnose and Grain Mold through Inoculating with Pathogens

2020 ◽  
pp. 73-83
Author(s):  
Louis K. Prom ◽  
Hugo Cuevas ◽  
Thomas Isakeit ◽  
Clint Magill
Keyword(s):  
Seed Weight ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Grain Mold ◽  
Percent Germination ◽  
Mold Resistance

Aims: The aim of this study was to identify resistant accessions against pathogens, causing anthracnose and grain mold. Study Design: Study was laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Data for anthracnose rating, grain mold severity, seed weight, and percent germination rate were analyzed using the command PROC GLM. Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out at the Texas AgriLife Research Farm, Burleson County, Texas, in 2010, 2014, and 2015 growing seasons. Methodology: Forty-seven accessions were planted in 6 m rows 0.31 m spacing. Plants were inoculated by placing Colletotrichum sublineola colonized grain in the plant whorls 30 days after planting. Disease evaluation was initiated 30 days post-inoculation and thereafter on a weekly basis for three consecutive weeks. Grain mold experiment: Three treatments were used: 1) plants sprayed with A. alternata alone, 2) a mixture of A. alternata, F. thapsinum and C. lunata, 3) control plants sprayed with sterilized water and exposed to natural infection. At 50% bloom, three panicles per line within replication were inoculated for each treatment. Results: Eleven accessions, including PI641874, PI656070, PI656115, and PI534167 were consistently resistant when challenged with the anthracnose pathogen, C. sublineola. Accessions PI534047 and PI574455, exhibited resistance to moderately resistance grain mold response when challenged with the treatments. Seed weight, germination rate, and mycoflora analysis which are factors in determining grain mold resistance also were measured. Across the accessions, mean seed weight ranged from1.4 g to 4.3 g per 100 kernel and germination rate ranged from 26 to 87%.  Conclusion: The resistant accessions identified in this study can be used in breeding programs to develop anthracnose and grain mold resistance lines.

Crossreactivity Between Curvularia lunata and Alternaria alternata

2006 ◽  
Vol 18 (06) ◽  
pp. 224-229
Author(s):  
Naveen Arora ◽  
Bhanu Singh ◽  
Ratna Gupta ◽  
Susheela Sridhara ◽  
Raphael Panzani
Keyword(s):  
Alternaria Alternata ◽  
Curvularia Lunata

Mating-type genes control sexual reproduction, conidial germination and virulence in Cochliobolus lunatus

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kexin Liu ◽  
Jiaqi Jia ◽  
Nan Chen ◽  
Dandan Fu ◽  
Jiaying Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mating Type ◽  
Pathogenic Fungus ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Single Copy ◽  
Conidial Germination ◽  
Curvularia Lunata ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Cochliobolus Lunatus ◽  
Mat Genes

Cochliobolus lunatus (anamorph: Curvularia lunata) is a major pathogenic fungus that causes the Curvularia leaf spot of maize. ClMAT1-1-1 and ClMAT1-2-1, the C. lunatus orthologs of Cochliobolus heterostrophus ChMAT1-1-1 and ChMAT1-2-1, were investigated in the present study to uncover their functions in C. lunatus. Southern blot analysis showed that these mating-type MAT genes exist in the C. lunatus genome as a single copy. ClMAT1-1-1 and ClMAT1-2-1 were knocked out and complemented to generate ΔClmat1-1-1 and ΔClmat1-2-1, ΔClmat1-1-1-C and ΔClmat1-2-1-C, respectively. The mutant strains had defective sexual development and failed to produce pseudothecia. There were no significant differences in growth rate or conidia production between the mutant and wild-type strains. However, the aerial mycelia and mycelial dry weight of ΔClmat1-1-1 and ΔClmat1-2-1 were lower than that of wild type, suggesting that MAT genes affect asexual development. ClMAT genes were involved in the responses to cell wall integrity and osmotic adaptation. ΔClmat1-2-1 had a lower conidial germination rate than the wild-type strain CX-3. The virulence of ΔClmat1-2-1 and ΔClmat1-1-1 was also reduced compared to the wild type. Complementary strains could restore all the phenotypes.

Mycoflora associated with diseased rice grains in Bangladesh and their pathogenic potentiality

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 932-940
Author(s):  
Pranami Chowdhury ◽  
Shamim Shamsi ◽  
Hasna Hena Begum ◽  
Md Abul Bashar
Keyword(s):  
Alternaria Alternata ◽  
Fusarium Moniliforme ◽  
Trichoderma Viride ◽  
Curvularia Lunata ◽  
Rice Grain ◽  
Aspergillus Clavatus ◽  
Cultivated Rice ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
Rice Samples ◽  
Penicillium Spp

Fifty six spotted rice grain samples of four commercially cultivated rice varieties namely BRRI 28, 29, Kalijira and Pajam were collected from 14 different districts of Bangladesh. Forty rice samples (Hybrid 2,3,4, BR7,11,12,14,16,22,23,25,26and BRRI28 to BRRI 55) were also collected from Bangladesh Rice Research Institute at Joydevpur. Twenty-fivespecies of fungi belonging to 15 genera were associated with these rice varieties. The isolated fungi were Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus clavatus, A. flavus, A. fumigatus, A.niger, A. ochraceus, A.oryzae, A. terreus, Chaetomium globosum, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Curvularia lunata, C. lunata var. aeria, Drechslera oryzae, Fusarium moniliforme, F. oxysporum, F. solani, Microdochium oryzae, Nigrospora oryzae, Penicillium spp., Pestalotiopsis guepinii, Sarocladium oryzae and Trichoderma viride. Amongst these fungi nine i.e. Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler, Aspergillus flavus Link, Curvularia lunata (Wakker) Boedijn, Drechsler aoryzae Breda de Haan (Subramanian and Jain), Fusarium moniliforme Sheldon, F. solani (Mart.) Sacc., Microdochium oryzae (Hashloka and Yokogi) Sam. and Hal., Pestalotiopsis guepinii (Desm.) Stay. and Sarocladium oryzae (Sawada) W. Gams and D. Hawks were found to be pathogenic to rice seeds. The most predominant fungus was D. oryzae which was followed by A. flavus and the least incidence was observed in case of F. solani and P. guepinni. Bioresearch Commu. 7(1): 932-940, 2021 (January)

Aptitudes germinatives comparées de graines de Rumex acetosella issues de populations correspondant à des stades distincts d'une succession postculturale

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (7) ◽  
pp. 1381-1390 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Escarré ◽  
C. Houssard
Keyword(s):  
Seed Weight ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
The Other ◽  
Mother Plant ◽  
Old Fields ◽  
Rumex Acetosella ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Flowering Rate ◽  
Mother Plants

Germination of Rumex acetosella L. was studied under a variety of experimental conditions to determine whether populations from old fields of different ages (fallow for 6 months to 15 years) differed in seed weight and germination rate and in plant biomass and flowering rate of the resulting plants. Fresh seeds collected from these natural populations showed differences in germination that varied with the date of harvest and the number of years since the field was last cultivated: seeds of the youngest population harvested in July germinated the best and were lighter than those of the other populations. Different fertilizer levels applied during the growth of the mother plants from seeds collected in the original old fields affected the mean weight and the germination rate of the resulting seeds, regardless of the density of cultivation of the mother plant. However, the effect of different fertilizer levels on mean seed weight varied with the origin of each population. Heavy seeds (mean weight > 0.6 mg) of mother plants from the populations of fields abandoned over 2 years ago germinated better than light seeds (mean weight < 0.6 mg). There was no significant difference between heavy and light seeds in terms of percent germination for seeds from mother plants that came from the "youngest" field. These differences in germination rate observed in field-collected seeds were also found in light seeds of the offspring generation: light seeds of the mother plant from the population belonging to the more recently abandoned old field germinated the best. Plants grown from heavy seeds that came from the other populations of older fields had more biomass than those resulting from light seeds. This difference has not been observed between individuals resulting from light and heavy seeds of the youngest population. On the other hand, these individuals had a higher flowering rate than those resulting from the older populations. These results are interpreted in relation to the successional status of the populations: high flowering and early germination rates are suitable characteristics for establishment of plants on bare ground or after a disturbance, whereas heavy seeds with more reserves ensure germination and enough biomass of the resulting plants in density-dependent conditions.

scholarly journals Prevalence and Pathogenic Potentiality of Fungi Associated With Leaf Spot of Basella Alba and B. Rubra

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-189
Author(s):  
Nusrat Jahan Shova ◽  
Shamim Shamsi ◽  
MA Bashar
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Alternaria Alternata ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Curvularia Lunata ◽  
Basella Alba ◽  
Penicillium Sp ◽  
Colletotrichum Dematium ◽  
Major Species ◽  
Fusarium Semitectum ◽  
First Time

Two major species of Indian spinach, namely Basella alba L. and B. rubra L. were selected to find out associated mycoflora and their pathogenic potentiality. Ten fungi viz., Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus flavus, A. fumigatus, A. niger, Colletotrichum dematium, C. lindemuthianum, Curvularia lunata, Drechslera sacchari, Fusarium semitectum and Penicillium sp. were found to be associated with the selected leaves of Basella spp. Among the isolated fungi C. lindemuthianum, D. sacchari and F. semitectum were found to be pathogenic to Basella spp. Association of C. lindemuthianum and D. sacchari with Basella spp. are recorded first time from Bangladesh. Dhaka Univ. J. Biol. Sci. 29(2): 183-189, 2020 (July)

Effect of seed weight on height growth of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco var. menziesii) seedlings in a nursery

1985 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 1109-1115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank C. Sorensen ◽  
Robert K. Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Seed Size ◽  
Seed Weight ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Plant Size ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Genetic Makeup ◽  
Practical Implications ◽  
Filled Seeds

Different mean seed weights were produced within each of 10 young Douglas-fir trees by leaving some developing cones unbagged and enclosing others in Kraft paper bags for two different durations. On the average, 10 days in the bag increased filled-seed weight by about 1%. Unbagged cones and cones from the 117-day bagging duration were wind pollinated. Seeds from these cones were, therefore, of comparable genetic makeup and were used in further nursery growth tests. To eliminate the effect of germination rate or time, samples of filled seeds from each treatment on each parent tree were sown as germinant seedlings on one date. Cotyledon number was counted and 1st-year epicotyl lengths and 2nd-year total heights were measured on all seedlings. Seedling volumes were estimated by assuming diameters were proportional to heights. On the average, bagging cones for 117 days increased seed weight by 10.7%, 1st-year epicotyl length by 9.1%, and 2-year total height by 4.0%. All differences were statistically significant. Results were compared with other reports of the relations between seed weight and growth and reasons for inconsistencies were discussed. Size differences were projected to later ages with a growth model and practical implications of long-term seed effects on plant size, of increasing seed size through cultural techniques, and of grading seed lots by size were considered.

scholarly journals OCCURRENCE AND DISTRIBUTION OF VEGETABLES SEED-BORNE MYCOFLORA IN PUNJAB PAKISTAN

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 265
Author(s):  
Bilal Ahmed ◽  
Babar Khan ◽  
Muhammad U. Ghazanfar ◽  
Nasir A. Rajput ◽  
Abdul Jabbar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seed Treatment ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Agar Plate ◽  
Curvularia Lunata ◽  
Rhizopus Nigricans ◽  
Vegetable Seed ◽  
Potential Pathogen ◽  
Low Incidence ◽  
Blotter Paper ◽  
Suitable Technique

Vegetables seeds are carrier of mycoflora inciting bulk of diseases, responsible for quality and yield losses. Majority of microbes are saprophyte and few are potential pathogen for the crop. In this research seed mycoflora were isolated by using standard blotter paper and agar plate technique. Major vegetables of summer and winter seeds were collected from regional local markets of Punjab province. Among these 15 fungal genera and 18 different species were identified. According to results highest incidence of fungal pathogens were Aspergillus niger, A. flavus, Penicillium camemberti and Bipolaris spp. and low incidence of Stemphylium spp., Cladosporim spp., F. semitectum, Curvularia lunata, Rhizopus nigricans, Paecilomyces lilacinus, Fusarium oxysporum, Drechslera australiensis, Ascochyta spp., A. fumigatus, Rhizoctonia spp., Alternaria alternata and Chaetomium globosum. The agar plate method was found to be the most suitable technique for detection seed-borne fungi in vegetable seed. The results of this study could be helpful for management of seed borne fungal pathogens of different vegetables. Our findings may also helpful for seed treatment before sowing with appropriate fungicides to overcome the losses caused by seed borne fungi.

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