Waste to power

TAPPI Journal ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 55-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
MILOUD OUADI ◽  
JOHN BRAMMER ◽  
ANDREAS HORNUNG ◽  
MARTIN KAY
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Paper Industry ◽  
Electrical Power ◽  
Thermal Conversion ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Paper Mills ◽  
Paper Making ◽  
Energy Needs ◽  
World Demand ◽  
The Cost

There has been a growing trend towards the use of biomass as a primary energy source, which now contributes over 54% of the European pulp and paper industry energy needs [1]. The remaining part comes from natural gas, which to a large extent serves as the major source of energy for numerous recovered fiber paper mills located in regions with limited available forest resources. The cost of producing electricity to drive paper machinery and generate heat for steam is increasing as world demand for fossil fuels increases. Additionally, recovered fiber paper mills are also significant producers of fibrous sludge and reject waste material that can contain high amounts of useful energy. Currently, a majority of these waste fractions is disposed of by landspreading, incineration, or landfill. Paper mills must also pay a gate fee to process their waste streams in this way and the result of this is a further increase in operating costs. This work has developed methods to utilize the waste fractions produced at recovered fiber paper mills for the onsite production of combined heat and power (CHP) using advanced thermal conversion methods (pyrolysis and gasification) that are well suited to relatively small scales of throughput. The electrical power created would either be used onsite to power the paper making process or alternatively exported to the national grid, and the surplus heat created could also be used onsite or exported to a local customer. The focus of this paper is to give a general overview of the project progress so far and will present the experimental results of the most successful thermal conversion trials carried out by this work to date.

Enzyme-assisted pulp refining: an energy saving approach

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amit Kumar ◽  
Chhotu Ram ◽  
Adebabay Tazeb
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Paper Industry ◽  
Electrical Power ◽  
Manufacturing Cost ◽  
Paper Properties ◽  
Paper Making ◽  
Paper Manufacturing ◽  
Cost Of Energy ◽  
Refining Time ◽  
Electrical Power Consumption

AbstractEnergy conservation has become an essential step in pulp and paper industry due to diminishing fossil reserves and high cost of energy. Refining is a mechanical treatment of pulp that modifies the structure of the fibres in order to achieve desired paper-making properties. However, it consumes considerable amount of energy. The electrical power consumption has a direct impact on paper manufacturing cost. Therefore, there is a requirement to minimize the energy cost. Enzyme-assisted refining is the environment friendly option that reduces the energy consumption for papermaking. Enzyme-assisted refining is defined as mechanical refining after pretreatment of pulp with enzymes such as cellulases and hemicellulases. It not only reduces the energy consumption but also improves the quality of finished paper. Enzymes improve the beatability of pulp at same refining degree (°SR) and desired paper properties can be achieved at decreased refining time. The selection of suitable enzyme, optimization of enzyme dose and appropriate reaction time are the key factors for energy reduction and pulp quality improvement during enzyme-assisted refining.

Energy efficient aeration of wastewaters from the pulp and paper industry

2010 ◽  
Vol 62 (10) ◽  
pp. 2364-2371 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Sandberg
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Transfer ◽  
Biological Treatment ◽  
Bubble Column ◽  
Paper Industry ◽  
Electrical Power ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Pulp Mill ◽  
Pulp And Paper Industry ◽  
Pulp And Paper ◽  
Paper Mills

More than 50% of the electrical power needed to treat pulp and paper industry effluents is used for aeration in biological treatment stages. A large share of the oxygen that passes through the wastewater is not consumed and will be found in the off-gas. Energy can be saved by aerating under conditions where the oxygen transfer is most efficient, for example at low concentrations of dissolved oxygen Consider the sludge as an energy source; electricity can be saved by avoiding sludge reduction through prolonged aeration. High oxygen transfer efficiency can be retained by using the oxygen consumption of biosolids. Quantified savings in the form of needed volumes of air while still achieving sufficient COD reduction are presented. The tests have been made in a bubble column with pulp mill process water and sludge from a biological treatment plant. These were supplemented with case studies at three pulp and paper mills.

Hydrogen Use in an Urban District: Environmental Impacts in a Possible Scenario Based on Coal

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Gambini ◽  
Michela Vellini
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Production ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emission ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Urban District ◽  
Energy Needs ◽  
Hypothetical Scenario ◽  
Italian City ◽  
Primary Energy Supply

Hydrogen technology is becoming ever more relevant because hydrogen use can help containing greenhouse gas emission if CO2 capture and storage techniques are implemented in the hydrogen production technology (when hydrogen is produced from fossil fuels). For this reason this work aims at carrying out a comparative analysis of possible energy scenarios in urban districts: a medium-small Italian city is taken into consideration, and its energy consumptions, both for domestic and industrial use, are evaluated. The current situation, in which conventional technologies meet the energy needs, is compared to a hypothetical scenario where clean energy vectors, namely hydrogen and electricity, are utilized together with traditional primary energy supply. Hydrogen production by means of coal decarbonization is investigated, as well as hydrogen use in advanced energy systems for transport and for electric and thermal energy generation.

Fossil Fuels

Energy ◽  
2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Goldemberg
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Productive Activity ◽  
Energy Needs ◽  
The World ◽  
By Products

What are the fossil fuels? Fossil fuels—coal, petroleum, natural gas, and their by-products— account for approximately 85% of the world′s primary energy needs today. Use of these fuels drives industrialized economies and has become an integral part of every aspect of productive activity and...

Determination of life cycle GHG emission factor for paper products of Vietnam

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 586-594
Author(s):  
Yen Ta Thi ◽  
Tuyet Nguyen Thi Anh
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Emission Factor ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Paper Industry ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Ghg Emission ◽  
Recycled Paper ◽  
Paper Mills ◽  
Environmental Burdens

AbstractThe paper industry is an essential but energy-intensive economic sector. This study aims to propose an appropriate inventory method to first determine the GHG emission factor in the life cycle of paper products of Vietnam. The approach overcomes the limitations of the ISO 14067 method by including the environmental burdens from the paper mill’s processes. In 2018, the amount of GHG emitted from cradle to gate when producing a ton of carton box, writing paper, and tissue products ({\text{EF}}_{{\text{CO}}_{\text{2eq}}}) was 1,366 kg CO2eq, 1,224 kg CO2eq, and 751 kg CO2eq, respectively. High energy intensity is identified as the main reason that causes high life cycle analysis (LCA) GHG emission factors and virgin paper-based products often emit higher LCA GHG amounts than recycled paper-based products. To reduce the emission, the Vietnamese paper mills should increase the use of recycled paper and replace fossil fuels with environmentally friendly energy resources.

Nanoscience and Nanotechnology in Solar Cells

2013 ◽  
Vol 136 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaufui V. Wong ◽  
Nicholas Perilla ◽  
Andrew Paddon
Keyword(s):  
Data Storage ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Crystalline Silicon ◽  
Current Trend ◽  
Photovoltaic Cells ◽  
Photoelectric Effect ◽  
Nanoscience And Nanotechnology ◽  
Energy Needs ◽  
The World ◽  
The Cost

Energy is a big challenge in the coming years. The global population is increasing. Not only are there more people in the world, but the human drive to increase living standards have increased individual energy demands. Growing energy needs were typically met by finding new sources of fossil fuels. People have fortunately begun to realize the adverse environmental impact of burning fossil fuels and that this practice cannot be maintained indefinitely, leading to renewed interest in photovoltaic technologies. The discovery of the photoelectric effect brought hope to the objective of helping to fill the world energy needs with an already continuously delivered source. The discovery of the photoelectric effect was the birth of the idea, but it was the development of the crystalline silicon cell that marked the beginning of the industry. The cost and inefficiency of these solar panels have prevented them from becoming an economically competitive form of everyday power generation. Cost was reduced with the introduction of amorphous silicon thin-film cells despite slightly lower efficiencies. Their lower manufacturing costs have allowed solar energy to be included in more applications; the costs have not been reduced enough to compete with current grid rates. The current trend in research suggests that the application of nanotechnology may be the awaited break needed to break this cost barrier. Nanotechnology promises to reduce cost because they require less controlled conditions, which will greatly reduce the cost per cell, and the initial cost of a new cell type. Nanoscience and nanotechnology are being researched and developed to help solve problems that have prevented the use of other promising technologies, and improving efficiencies of those technologies that have been developed. The addition of nanoparticles to the matrix is a possible way to improve electron transport, and nanotubes could be used in conjunction with nanoparticles. The science of interactions and addition of nanoparticles and their function in solar photovoltaic cells is known, but still developing. Nanoscience has produced proof-of-concept photovoltaic cells made of small perfect crystals, rather than large, perfect silicon crystals that are more expensive to produce. Nanowhiskers are being experimented as new antireflective coating. Sensitizing dyes are being used to increase the range and location of the wavelengths that can be absorbed to be more favorable to sunlight, allowing the use of materials that lack this key characteristic. Quantum dots could be an improvement to these dyes, as the smaller particles will have the added benefit of having multiple electrons created per photon without impeding electron transfer. Recent research has also shown a method to transform optical radiation into electrical current that could lead to self-powering molecular circuits and efficient data storage. The many possible applications of nanotechnology make photovoltaic cells a promising pursuit.

A Rags to Riches Story

2021 ◽  
pp. 15-45
Author(s):  
Michael G. Hillard
Keyword(s):  
New England ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Paper Industry ◽  
Paper Mills ◽  
Paper Production ◽  
Paper Making ◽  
Southern New England ◽  
Special Place ◽  
Nineteenth And Twentieth Centuries

This chapter explores why Maine became a paper industry hub or came to be known as the Detroit of paper. It describes American paper mills that were located close to cities in southern New England and the Atlantic, making Maine a remote outpost. It also recounts Maine's preeminence in paper production by 1900, when new economic tectonics would erode its special place in the making of paper. The chapter identifies forces that accounted for the rise of Maine as a leading paper making state. It highlights raw materials, technology, geography, and markets as the four dramatis personae that called forth a massive increase in paper production over the nineteenth and twentieth centuries and steered much of the increase to new mills in Maine.

scholarly journals The Generation of Pollution-Free Electrical Power From Solar Energy

1972 ◽  
Vol 94 (2) ◽  
pp. 78-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. R. Cherry
Keyword(s):  
Solar Energy ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Electrical Power ◽  
Terrestrial Plants ◽  
Solar Arrays ◽  
Social Ecological ◽  
Productive Land ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Power Shortages

Projections of the U. S. electrical power demands over the next 30 years indicate that the U. S. could be in grave danger from power shortages, undesirable effluence, and thermal pollution. A pollution free method of converting solar energy directly into electrical power using photovoltaics on the ground shows that sunlight falling on about 1 percent of the land area of the 48 states could provide the total electrical power requirements of the U. S. in the year 1990. By utilizing and further developing some NASA technology, a new source of electrical power will become available. Such a development is attractive from conservation, social, ecological, economic, and political standpoints. While the cost of producing solar arrays by today’s methods prohibits their use for large scale terrestrial plants, the paper suggests how the cost may become acceptable, especially as conventional fuels become scarcer and more expensive. Some of the desirable reasons for developing methods to convert solar energy to electrical power are: to conserve our fossil fuels for more sophisticated uses than just burning, to reduce atmospheric pollution by 20 percent, to convert low productive land areas into high productive land areas, to make the U. S. less dependent upon foreign sources of energy, and to learn to utilize our most abundant inexhaustable natural resource.

scholarly journals Second Generation Bioethanol Production: On the Use of Pulp and Paper Industry Wastes as Feedstock

Fermentation ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rita Branco ◽  
Luísa Serafim ◽  
Ana Xavier
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Paper Industry ◽  
Pulp And Paper Industry ◽  
Pulp And Paper ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Bioethanol Production ◽  
Paper Mills ◽  
Second Generation Bioethanol ◽  
High Level

Due to the health and environment impacts of fossil fuels utilization, biofuels have been investigated as a potential alternative renewable source of energy. Bioethanol is currently the most produced biofuel, mainly of first generation, resulting in food-fuel competition. Second generation bioethanol is produced from lignocellulosic biomass, but a costly and difficult pretreatment is required. The pulp and paper industry has the biggest income of biomass for non-food-chain production, and, simultaneously generates a high amount of residues. According to the circular economy model, these residues, rich in monosaccharides, or even in polysaccharides besides lignin, can be utilized as a proper feedstock for second generation bioethanol production. Biorefineries can be integrated in the existing pulp and paper industrial plants by exploiting the high level of technology and also the infrastructures and logistics that are required to fractionate and handle woody biomass. This would contribute to the diversification of products and the increase of profitability of pulp and paper industry with additional environmental benefits. This work reviews the literature supporting the feasibility of producing ethanol from Kraft pulp, spent sulfite liquor, and pulp and paper sludge, presenting and discussing the practical attempt of biorefineries implementation in pulp and paper mills for bioethanol production.

scholarly journals Mini-Review Teknologi Carbon Capture and Utilization (CCU) Berbasis Kombinasi Proses Kimia dan Bioproses

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anisa Azzahra Isya ◽  
Kezia Rhesa Arman ◽  
Joko Wintoko
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Capture ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Stable Form ◽  
Absorption Process ◽  
Chemical Absorption ◽  
Carbon Capture And Utilization ◽  
Energy Needs ◽  
The Cost

<p>Currently, energy needs still rely on fossil fuels. On the other hand, CO<sub>2</sub> emissions resulting from burning fossil fuels continue to increase and contribute as a greenhouse gas in the atmosphere. Global warming is a threat to the future of life. One of the countermeasures is by developing Carbon, Capture, and Utilization (CCU) technology based on a chemical absorption process to capture CO<sub>2</sub> gas from combustion. The captured CO<sub>2</sub> is then stored in a stable form so it will not be released into the atmosphere or used as raw material for the chemical industry. The main obstacle to implementing CCU technology on a large scale is the cost involved. Meanwhile, the revenue generated is relatively low. In CCU technology based on this chemical absorption process, chemicals as absorbents need to be regenerated and the CO<sub>2</sub> is separated for storage or use. However, this regeneration requires a relatively high cost. Several studies have attempted to perform this regeneration with micro-algae-based bioprocesses. Micro-algae can take energy from sunlight which is abundant in tropical areas such as Indonesia. In addition, several types of micro algae have the potential to be used as food and other utilizations. This review will discuss the results of recent research on suitable chemicals for the absorption of CO<sub>2</sub> from flue gas, its regeneration method using micro-algae, usable micro-algae species, and the potential for micro-algae utilization.</p>

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