PHARMACOGNOSTIC, ANTIOXIDANT AND ACUTE TOXICITY STUDY OF Ficus sycomorus (Linn) (Moraceae) ROOT AND STEM BARK

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 605-614
Author(s):  
Murtala M. Namadina ◽  
H. Haruna ◽  
U. Sanusi
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
The Body ◽  
Toxicity Study ◽  
Bark Extract ◽  
Root Extract ◽  
Acute Toxicity Study ◽  
Radical Scavenging Ability ◽  
Phytochemical Components

Most of biochemical reactions in the body generates Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), which are involved in the pathogenesis of oxidative stress-related disorders like diabetes, nephrotoxicity, cancer, cardiovascular disorders, inflammation and neurological disorders when they attack biochemical molecules like proteins, lipids and nucleic acid. Antioxidants are used to protect the cells or tissues against potential attack by ROS. Most medicinal plants possess a rich source of antioxidants such as flavonoids, phenols, tannins, alkaloids among others. These phytochemicals are currently pursued as an alternative and complimentary drug. In this study, phytochemical components, antioxidant and acute toxicity study of the methanol extract of stem bark and root of F. sycomorus were carried out using standard methods. Findings from this study revealed the presence of some diagnostic microscopical features such as calcium oxalate, starch, gum/mucilage, lignin, Aleurone grain, suberized/Cuticular cell wall and inulin but calcium carbonate was absent in stem bark but present in the powdered root. Quantitative physical constants include moisture contents (6.40% and 7.82%), ash value (7.20% and 9.30 %) in stem bark and root respectively. Carbohydrates, alkaloid, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, glycoside, steroid, triterpenes and phenols were present in all the extracts. They were found to exhibit potent 1,1,-diphenyl 2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) free scavenging activity. The DPPH radical scavenging ability of the extracts showed the following trend Ascorbic acid < stem bark extract˃ root extract. The LD50 of the methanolic stem bark and root extracts were found to be greater than 5000 mg /kg and is considered safe for use. Nonetheless, further

Sub-acute toxicity study on the aqueous extract of Albizia zygia stem bark

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen O. Okpo ◽  
Clare O. Igwealor ◽  
Gerald I. Eze
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Toxicity Study ◽  
Acute Toxicity Study

scholarly journals Acute and subacute toxicity evaluation of hydroalcoholic extract from the stem bark of Bois Bande (Parinari campestris Aubl.1772) in rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Venkatesan Sundaram ◽  
Stephanie Mohammed ◽  
M. R. Srinivasan ◽  
Jenelle Johnson ◽  
Rod Suepaul ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Oral Dose ◽  
Conventional Medicine ◽  
Sperm Count ◽  
Scientific Data ◽  
The Body ◽  
Toxicity Study ◽  
Hydroalcoholic Extract ◽  
Subacute Toxicity ◽  
Acute Toxicity Study

Abstract Introduction The bark of Bois Bande (Parinari campestris) is a popular aphrodisiac in the Caribbean that has been traditionally used for many years to restore sexual vitality, increase sperm count, and treat erectile dysfunction, without valid scientific data. Acute and 28-day subacute toxicity studies were conducted to evaluate the safety of the hydroalcoholic extract of P.campestris bark and to find a safe dose for human use in conventional medicine. Methods The acute toxicity study used a single oral dose of P.campestris extract at four separate doses, 5, 50, 300, and 2,000 mg/kg, and was seen for 14 days, while the subacute toxicity study used a daily oral dose of P.campestris extract at 3 different doses, 100, 300, and 1000 mg/kg/day for 28 days. Results The LD50 of P.campestris extract was found to be greater than 2000 mg/kg in the acute toxicity study. P.campestris extract did not show toxicity at 1000 mg/kg/day in subacute toxicity trial; NOAEL was 1000 mg/kg/day in rats. However, the body weight was increased in males. Conclusion In conclusion, 1000 mg/kg P.campestris extract can be considered safe and non-toxic in males.

Bioassay guided phytochemistry of aerial part of Laportea Aestuans (l.) chew (urticaceae)

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 6-12
Author(s):  
S.A. Oguntimehin ◽  
A.O. Oriola ◽  
E.M. Obuotor ◽  
A.J. Aladesanmi
Keyword(s):  
Free Radical ◽  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Plant Extract ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Butyl Ester ◽  
Free Radical Scavenging ◽  
Toxicity Study ◽  
Acute Toxicity Study ◽  
Tlc Bioautography ◽  
Brine Shrimp Lethality Assay

There are evidences that free radicals mediated damages play important role in the aetiology of several diseases necessitating search for  antioxidants especially from natural origin. Free radical scavenging activities of Laportea aestuans (Urticaceae) is well documented, therefore this study aims at evaluating the safety of L. aestuans and isolating free radical scavenging compound(s) from the plant extract. The aerial (leaves, stem and inflorescence) parts of L. aestuans were collected together and extracted with 80% methanol. The toxicity of the plant extract was evaluated using brine shrimp lethality assay and acute toxicity study while Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) bioautography with 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl radical (DPPH•) radical as detection reagent was used to guide the isolation of compounds from the plant extract. The LC50 of L. aestuans extract was 4276.87 µg/mL, suggesting that the extract is nontoxic. This was further confirmed by the healthiness of study rats following administration of the extract at 5000 mg/kg b.wt in the acute toxicity study. TLC bioautography showed that hexane fraction had the most pronounced radical scavenging activities. Three compounds identified as hexadecanoic acid butyl ester, heptadecanoic and octadecane were characterized using IR, 1H, 13C NMR, ESI – MS and GC – MS analysis.

scholarly journals In vivo Antiplasmodial and Toxicological Effects of Goniothalamus lanceolatus Crude Extracts

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 1934578X1701200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rozaini Mohd Zohdi ◽  
Shahida Muhamad Mukhtar ◽  
Nur Vicky Bihud ◽  
Nurulfazlina Edayah Rasol ◽  
Fasihuddin Badruddin Ahmad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Crude Extract ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Antiplasmodial Activity ◽  
Bark Extract ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Root Extract ◽  
Crude Extracts ◽  
Leaves And Roots

This study is aimed at investigating the antiplasmodial activity and acute toxicity of the methanol (MeOH) extracts of the leaves and roots, and the dichloromethane (DCM) extracts of the stem bark, leaves, and roots of Goniothalamus lanceolatus. Phytochemical analysis was then carried out on the most active extract. In vivo antiplasmodial activity was assessed using the 4-day suppressive test against Plasmodium berghei ANKA (PbANKA) in mice. The plant extracts were administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) as a single dose (30 mg/kg) starting 4 h after infection. At a dose level of 30 mg/kg (i.p.), the DCM extracts of the stem bark and leaves, and the MeOH root extracts, prolonged the survival period of infected mice compared to that of the negative control. In addition, all crude extracts, except for the DCM root extract, exhibited parasitemia suppressive activity. The highest level of parasitemia suppression was recorded in mice treated with the DCM stem bark extract at 66.3%. No mortality was observed in mice treated with the DCM extracts of the stem bark and leaves, and the MeOH extract of the leaves, indicating that the LD50 is greater than 300 mg/kg. On the other hand, both the MeOH and DCM extracts of the roots showed toxic effects at a dose of 300 mg/kg (i.p) with an 83.3% mortality rate. The results obtained indicate that the stem bark of G. lanceolatus (DCM crude extract) possesses good antiplasmodial activity against PbANKA infected mice without causing acute toxicity. Five known styrylpyrone derivatives namely goniodiol 1, 8-epi-9-deoxygoniopypyrone 2, 9-deoxygoniopypyrone 3, digoniodiol 4 and goniothalamin 5 have been isolated from the bark of Goniothalamus lanceolatus (DCM crude extract). The structures and stereochemistry of all compounds were elucidated by interpretation of spectroscopic data. This study provides a scientific basis to support the traditional use of the plant as a remedy for malaria.

scholarly journals Acute and Sub-chronic Toxicity Studies on Methanol Stem Bark Extract of Frankincense Tree (Boswellia dalzielii) and Leaves Extract of Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus)

2021 ◽  
pp. 33-38
Author(s):  
S. Salihu ◽  
C. A. Otitolaiye ◽  
M. U. Hizbullah
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Chronic Toxicity ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Toxicity Study ◽  
Bark Extract ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Liver And Kidney ◽  
Stem Bark Extract ◽  
Oral Acute Toxicity

Aim: Frankincense tree (Boswellia dalzielii) and Kenaf (H. cannabinus) are plants abundantly found in north-western Nigeria. These plants are very popular among the locals as potent sources of ethno medicine. The present study investigates the oral acute toxicity potentials of methanolic stem bark extract of frankincense tree and Kenaf leaves, as well as sub-chronic toxicity potentials of the plants extracts on the kidney and liver of Albino rats. Study Design: Laboratory-experimental design was used for this study. Place and Duration of Study: This study was carried out between September 2019 and November 2019 at Biochemistry laboratory, Sokoto State University, Sokoto, Nigeria. Methodology: For the oral acute toxicity study, the revised “Up and Down” test (Limit Dose Test) was used to determine the LD50 of the extracts. For sub-chronic toxicity study, twenty albino rats were used for each plant, and were divided into four groups of five animals each. Group I (control), Group II (received 200 mg extract/kg body weight), Group III (received 400 mg extract/kg body weight) and Group IV (received 800 mg extract/kg body weight). All administrations were given orally for 28 days. Liver and kidney markers were determined using standard methods. Result: The oral acute toxicity test of the plant extracts at 3000 mg/kg body weight showed no mortality for 24 hours and subsequent 14days of administration. LD50 for both plants is therefore greater than 3000 mg/kg. The result shows no significant differences (p > 0.05) on liver and kidney function biomarkers investigated when Group II, III and IV are compared with control. Conclusion: This suggests that Frankincense stem bark and kenaf leaves extracts may be safe in rats at doses less than or equal 3000 mg/kg.

Toxicological evaluation of the stem bark of Burkea africana hook. (Caesalpiniaceae) in wistar rats

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 33-40
Author(s):  
O.K. Eboji ◽  
A.A. Sowemimo ◽  
O.O. Ogunkunle ◽  
M.O. Sofidiya ◽  
K.B. Badmos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Chronic Toxicity ◽  
Hematological Parameters ◽  
Total Mortality ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Toxicity Study ◽  
Toxicological Evaluation ◽  
Acute Toxicity Study ◽  
Acute And Chronic Toxicity

Burkea africana Hook. (Caesalpiniaceae) is used traditionally to treat ulcers, headaches, skin disease and tumors. The study investigated the acute, sub-acute and chronic toxicity profiles of the ethanolic extract of Burkea africana stem bark. Rats of either sexes were used in this study (n=10). For  acute toxicity, a single dose of 5,000 mg/kg was administered while for the sub-acute and chronic toxicity study, three doses (40, 200 and 1000  mg/kg) of the extract were administered orally for 28 and 90 days respectively. At the end of each study, the biochemical, hematological and  histological parameters were evaluated. No mortality or behavioral changes were observed in the acute toxicity study. Extract caused significant  changes in the hematological parameters after the sub-acute toxicity study. In the chronic toxicity study, the extract caused significant increase in  the white blood cell count of the 200 mg/kg group. There was significant increase in the platelet count of treated groups compared to control in the sub-acute and chronic toxicity studies, with an observed total mortality of all the animals in the 1000 mg/kg group on the 44th day. No adverse pathology was observed in the organs examined. The extract elicited a hematological response and short term consumption of the extract at low doses might be relatively safe. However, long term consumption at high doses should be discouraged.

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