Determining Risk Factors for Dengue Fever Severity in Jeddah City, a Case-Control Study (2017)

Dengue fever is a major public health problem in Saudi Arabia. Unfortunately, preventive strategies are still deficient. It can progress to severe and lethal forms, and available knowledge does not allow early prediction of which cases of dengue fever (DF) will progress to dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF). The aim of this study was to evaluate the host and viral factors that could play a role in the progression of severe dengue cases in the frame of the revised 2009 WHO classification. Data were compiled from the Jeddah Dengue Fever Operation Room (DFOR) in the Maden Al-Fahd primary healthcare center in Jeddah. An unmatched case-control study was conducted on 123 severe cases, and 245 controls (non-severe cases) diagnosed during 2014–2016. Risk factors for severe dengue fever were secondary infection (p = 0.02), and co-morbidities, particularly diabetes and hypertension (p < 0.001). Age, gender, nationality, socioeconomic status, viral serotype, and access to health care were not significantly associated with severe disease. The main risk factors for severe dengue fever were secondary infection, and co-morbidities (hypertension and diabetes). We recommend disseminating these data to stakeholders to improve dengue control interventions in periods with anticipated high incidence.

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Another dengue fever outbreak in Eastern Ethiopia—An emerging public health threat

PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases ◽

10.1371/journal.pntd.0008992 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

pp. e0008992

Author(s):

Mulugeta Asefa Gutu ◽

Alemayehu Bekele ◽

Yimer Seid ◽

Yusuf Mohammed ◽

Fekadu Gemechu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Dengue Fever ◽

Case Control Study ◽

Larval Density ◽

Case Control ◽

Control Measures ◽

Severe Dengue ◽

Vector Surveillance ◽

Eastern Ethiopia ◽

Control Study

Background Dengue Fever (DF) is a viral disease primarily transmitted by Aedes (Ae.) aegypti mosquitoes. Outbreaks in Eastern Ethiopia were reported during 2014–2016. In May 2017, we investigated the first suspected DF outbreak from Kabridahar Town, Somali region (Eastern Ethiopia) to describe its magnitude, assess risk factors, and implement control measures. Methods Suspected DF cases were defined as acute febrile illness plus ≥2 symptoms (headache, fever, retro-orbital pain, myalgia, arthralgia, rash, or hemorrhage) in Kabridahar District residents. All reported cases were identified through medical record review and active searches. Severe dengue was defined as DF with severe organ impairment, severe hemorrhage, or severe plasma leakage. We conducted a neighborhood-matched case-control study using a subset of suspected cases and conveniently-selected asymptomatic community controls and interviewed participants to collect demographic and risk factor data. We tested sera by RT-PCR to detect dengue virus (DENV) and identify serotypes. Entomologists conducted mosquito surveys at community households to identify species and estimate larval density using the house index (HI), container index (CI) and Breteau index (BI), with BI≥20 indicating high density. Results We identified 101 total cases from May 12–31, 2017, including five with severe dengue (one death). The attack rate (AR) was 17/10,000. Of 21 tested samples, 15 (72%) were DENV serotype 2 (DENV 2). In the case-control study with 50 cases and 100 controls, a lack of formal education (AOR [Adjusted Odds Ratio] = 4.2, 95% CI [Confidence Interval] 1.6–11.2) and open water containers near the home (AOR = 3.0, 95% CI 1.2–7.5) were risk factors, while long-lasting insecticide treated-net (LLITN) usage (AOR = 0.21, 95% CI 0.05–0.79) was protective. HI and BI were 66/136 (49%) and 147 per 100 homes (147%) respectively, with 151/167 (90%) adult mosquitoes identified as Ae. aegypti. Conclusion The epidemiologic, entomologic, and laboratory investigation confirmed a DF outbreak. Mosquito indices were far above safe thresholds, indicating inadequate vector control. We recommended improved vector surveillance and control programs, including best practices in preserving water and disposal of open containers to reduce Aedes mosquito density.

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Risk Factors for Urinary Incontinence in Pregnancy: A Case Control Study

Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia / RBGO Gynecology and Obstetrics ◽

10.1055/s-0040-1718951 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 42 (12) ◽

pp. 787-792

Author(s):

Fernanda Borsatto Caruso ◽

Lucas Schreiner ◽

Alexandra Damasio Todescatto ◽

Isabel Crivelatti ◽

Julia Monteiro de Oliveira

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Risk Factor ◽

Urinary Incontinence ◽

Pregnant Women ◽

Case Control Study ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Case Control ◽

Major Public Health Problem ◽

Control Study ◽

In Pregnancy

Abstract Objective Urinay incontinence (UI) is a major public health problem that can harm women in any period of life, including during the gestational period. Urinary incontinence during pregnancy has been studied because this condition can reduce the quality of life and interfere in several aspects of the maternal-fetal binomial. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of UI in nullipara pregnant women and to identify risk factors associated with UI in this population. Methods This is a case-control study in which we invited nullipara women between 12 and 20 weeks of pregnancy to participate in the research. They were asked to answer a specific questionnaire, write a 3-day bladder diary, and undergo a urogynecological evaluation including pelvic organ prolapse quantification (POP-Q), empty stress supine test (ESST), and pelvic floor muscle assessment. Results A total of 70 out of 73 patients accepted to participate in the study, and the prevalence of UI in this population was 18.3%. Tobacco use was identified as an independent risk factor for UI in pregnant women (odds ratio 8.0). All other factors analyzed were not significantly associated to UI in pregnancy. Conclusion Urinary incontinence can be a major problem in pregnancy. We identified the use of tobacco as a risk factor for developing UI in pregnancy, which provides an extra reason to encourage patients to quit smoking.

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Risk factors of dengue fever in an urban area in Vietnam: a case-control study

BMC Public Health ◽

10.1186/s12889-021-10687-y ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Thang Nguyen-Tien ◽

Duy Cuong Do ◽

Xuan Luat Le ◽

Thi Hai Dinh ◽

Mats Lindeborg ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Dengue Fever ◽

Prevention And Control ◽

Case Control Study ◽

Case Control ◽

Younger Adults ◽

The Mean ◽

Dengue Prevention ◽

And Control ◽

Control Study

Abstract Background Dengue is a mosquito-borne flavivirus present in many metropolitan cities of tropical countries. Methods During and after the dengue season (September 2018 to January 2019), we conducted a case-control study in order to determine the risk factors for dengue fever in Hanoi city, Vietnam. 98 dengue patients and 99 patients with other acute infections, such as Hepatitis B virus infection, were recruited at Department of Infectious Disease of Bach Mai national hospital in Hanoi. Patients were interviewed using a structured questionnaire covering demographic, housing, environmental factors and knowledge, attitude, and practice on dengue prevention and control. Univariate analysis and multivariable logistic regression were used to determine the risk factors of dengue status. Results The mean score of knowledge items and practice items was only 7.9 out of total 19 points and 3.9 out of total 17 points, respectively. While the mean score of attitude items was 4.8 out of total 6 points. Multivariable logistic regression indicated that older patients had lesser risk of getting dengue infection as compared to younger adults aged 16–30, and patients living in peri-urban districts were less likely to suffer of dengue fever than patients living in central urban districts (OR = 0.31; 95% CI 0.13–0.75). This study could not find any association with occupation, water storage habit, knowledge, attitude, or practice on dengue prevention. Conclusions All patients had a relatively low level of knowledge and practice on dengue prevention and control. However, the attitude of the participants was good. We found that age group and living district were the risk factors correlated with the dengue status. Communication programs on raising dengue awareness should be repeated all year round and target particular groups of adolescents, younger adults, landlords and migrants from other provinces to improve their knowledge and encourage them to implement preventive measures against dengue fever.

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Risk Factors Associated With Dengue Fever Outbreak in Taiz Governorate, Yemen, 2018: Case-control Study

10.21203/rs.3.rs-624873/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Abdulkareem Ali Hussein Nassar ◽

Amr Abdulaziz Torbosh ◽

Yassin Abdulmalik Mahyoub ◽

Mohammed Abdullah Al Amad

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Dengue Fever ◽

Case Control Study ◽

Significant Risk ◽

Case Fatality ◽

Case Control ◽

Case Definition ◽

P Value ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Control Study

Abstract Background: Dengue Fever (DF) is a significant health problem in Yemen especially in the coastal areas. On November 6, 2018, Taiz governorates surveillance officer notified the Ministry of Public Health and Population on an increase in the number of suspected DF in Al Qahirah and Al Mudhaffar districts, Taiz governorate. On November 7, 2018, Field Epidemiology Training Program sent a team to perform an investigation. The aims were to confirm and describe the outbreak by person, place and time in Taiz governorate, and identify its risk factors.Methodology: Descriptive and case-control study (1:2 ratio) were conducted. WHO case definition was used to identify cases in Al Qahirah or Al Mudhaffar districts during August-November 2018. Control was selected from the same districts who did not suffer from DF. Predesigned questionnaire was used to collect data related to sociodemographic, behavioral and environmental characteristics. Bivariate and multivariate backward stepwise analyses were used. The adjusted odds ratios (aOR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were calculated. A P value < 0.05 was considered as the cut point for statistically significant. Epi info version 7.2 was used.Results: A total of 50 DF cases were found. Almost 52% were males and 76% were <30 years of age. The overall attack rate was 1/10,000 of the population. Case fatality rate was 4%. In multivariate analysis, not working (aOR = 26.6, 95% CI: 6.8–104.7), not using mosquito repellent (aOR = 13.9, 95% CI:1.4–136.8), wearing short sleeves/pants (aOR = 27.3, 95% CI: 4.8–156.8), poor sanitation (aOR = 5.4, 95% CI: 1.4–20.3), presence of outdoor trees (aOR = 13.2, 95% CI: 2.8–63.0) and houses without window nets (aOR = 15.7, 95% CI: 3.9–63.4) were statistically significant risk factors associated with DF outbreak. Eleven 11 (58%) of blood samples were positive for DF IgM.Conclusions: DF outbreak in Al Qahirah and Al Mudhaffar districts, Taiz governorate was confirmed. This study provides evidence-based information regarding the identified risk factors that contributed to the occurrence of this outbreak. Raising community awareness on the importance of personal protection measures and improving the sanitation services are strongly recommended.

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A community based case-control study to determine the risk factors of dengue fever in Bangladesh

10.1101/2021.08.24.21262563 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Md. Sahidur Rahman ◽

Fatema Mehejabin ◽

Rumana Rashid

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Dengue Fever ◽

Potential Risk ◽

Case Control Study ◽

Dengue Infection ◽

Significant Risk ◽

Case Control ◽

College Hospital ◽

Tropical Country ◽

Control Study

In a tropical country like Bangladesh where the climatic condition favors the growth of Aedes mosquito vectors, the success of dengue prevention depends largely on the proper identification and controlling of the socio-demographic and lifestyle-related risk factors. A case-control study including 150 cases and 150 controls were conducted aimed to explore the potential risk and protective factors and their association with dengue virus infection in the Chattogram district of Bangladesh. Cases were confirmed for dengue patients admitted in Chattogram medical college hospital and Bangladesh institute of tropical and infectious diseases during August and September 2019. Whereas, controls were non-dengue patients admitted in other departments of the same hospitals through gender age and location matching. The questionnaire data were collected through telephone-based interviews which included information regarding general demography, daily life activities, housing with its surroundings status. Chi-square and binary logistic regression were performed for identifying potential risk factors and their association with the occurrences of dengue fever. The study found that travel history to the high incidence area, the place of staying most of the time, living in 21 to 40 years old houses, and the temporary residence of the city were statistically significant risk factors for getting the dengue infection. On contrary, Quality of indoor daylight, ventilation, bus stand/garage, stagnant water, and any construction site around 250 meters of the house did not show significant association with dengue fever.

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Risk Factors Aassociated with Dengue Fever Outbreak in Islamabad, Pakistan: A Case-Control Study (Preprint)

JMIR Public Health and Surveillance ◽

10.2196/27266 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Chaudhry Amjad Mehmood ◽

Fawad Khalid Khan ◽

Ambreen Chaudhry ◽

Zakir Hussain ◽

Mumtaz Ali Laghari ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Dengue Fever ◽

Case Control Study ◽

Case Control ◽

Control Study

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Serum ionic calcium levels and hypocalcemia in dengue fever in children and its correlation with its severity: case control study

International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics ◽

10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20192030 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 6 (3) ◽

pp. 1289

Author(s):

V. G. Manjunath ◽

Sruthi Balla ◽

Jagadish Kumar

Keyword(s):

Dengue Fever ◽

Case Control Study ◽

Case Control ◽

Warning Signs ◽

Severe Dengue ◽

Case Group ◽

Major Health Problem ◽

Ionic Calcium ◽

Dengue With Warning Signs ◽

Control Study

Background: Dengue fever (DF) is a major health problem, 90% of dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) occurring in children <5 years and mortality of 2.5%. Abnormalities like metabolic acidosis, hyponatremia and hypocalcemia can occur in severe dengue especially in dengue shock patients. Alterations in calcium homeostasis, may play a role in the pathogenesis of dengue shock. Objectives is to evaluate serum ionic calcium (Ca2+) levels in children aged 1-18yrs with dengue fever and correlate it with severity and outcomeMethods: The study was prospective hospital based case-control study. Case group had 75 children with dengue fever with equal number of controls. Cases were classified according to WHO classification. Serum Ca2+ levels were estimated within 24 hours of admission.Results: Majority of children with dengue were in the age-group of 6-15 years (71.4%). Out of 75 cases,16% were dengue without warning signs, 54.7% dengue with warning signs and 29.3% were severe dengue cases. Mean Ca2+ level (in mmol/l) was 1.2009 (±0.09) among controls and 1.0911 (±0.10) in dengue cases (p=0.0001). Mean Ca2+ level in dengue without warning signs was 1.0950 mmol/l, dengue with warning signs was 1.1088 mmol/l and severe dengue was 1.0559 mmol/l. Mean Ca2+ level in severe dengue was significantly lower compared to dengue with warning signs (p=0.04). Hypocalcemia was seen in 56% of dengue cases but only 14% among controls. Seven children with severe dengue who died had hypocalemia.Conclusions: Hypocalcemia is common in dengue fever. Lower levels of ionic calcium correlate with severity of dengue illness and may be considered as a prognostic indicator of poor outcome.

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Risk Factors of Dengue Fever in an Urban Area in Vietnam: A Case-Control Study

10.21203/rs.3.rs-80925/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Thang Nguyen-Tien ◽

Do Duy Cuong ◽

Le Xuan Luat ◽

Dinh Thi Hai ◽

Mats Lindeborg ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Dengue Fever ◽

Prevention And Control ◽

Case Control Study ◽

Case Control ◽

Younger Adults ◽

The Mean ◽

Dengue Prevention ◽

And Control ◽

Control Study

Abstract Background: Dengue is a mosquito-borne flavivirus present in many metropolitan cities of tropical countries. Methods: During and after the dengue season (September 2018 to January 2019), we conducted a case-control study in order to determine the risk factors for dengue fever in Hanoi city, Vietnam. 98 dengue patients and 99 patients with other acute infections were recruited at Department of Infectious Disease of Bach Mai national hospital in Hanoi. Patients were interviewed using a structured questionnaire covering demographic, housing, environmental factors and knowledge, attitude, and practice on dengue prevention and control. Results: The mean score of knowledge items and practice items was only 7.9 out of total 19 points and 3.9 out of total 17 points, respectively. While the mean score of attitude items was 4.8 out of total 6 points. Multivariable logistic regression indicated that older patients had lesser risk of getting dengue infection as compared to younger adults aged 16-30, and patients living in peri-urban districts were less likely to suffer of dengue fever than patients living in central urban districts (OR = 0.31; 95% CI 0.13-0.75). This study could not find any association with occupation, water storage habit, knowledge, attitude, or practice on dengue prevention. Conclusions: All patients had a relatively low level of knowledge and practice on dengue prevention and control. However, the attitude of the participants was good. We found that age group and living district were the risk factors correlated with the dengue status. Communication programs on raising dengue awareness should be repeated all year round and target particular groups of adolescents, younger adults, landlords and migrants from other provinces to improve their knowledge and encourage them to implement preventive measures against dengue fever.

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Determinants of Scrub Typhus: A Case Control Study in Tribal Region of Eastern Maharashtra

The Journal of Medical Research ◽

10.31254/jmr.2019.52012 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 94-97

Author(s):

Abhaykumar Ambilkar ◽

◽

Amit Jogdande ◽

Subhash Thakre ◽

SD Nimgade ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Forest Cover ◽

Case Control Study ◽

Scrub Typhus ◽

Geographical Location ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Operational Definition ◽

Case Control ◽

Routine Work ◽

Control Study

Introduction: Scrub typhus is public health problem in South East Asian Region and also it is of rising concern in India. Eastern part of Maharashtra state is highly vulnerable to the disease as it is under forest cover. This region is presently witnessing outbreak of scrub typhus. The present case control study aims to understand determinants of the scrub typhus in this geographical location. Material & Methods: Operational definition for scrub typhus cases used in present study was “Individuals who are positive for IgM Elisa of Scrub typhus”. Cases of scrub typhus reported to health system that comply with the operational definition were recruited. Individually matched controls were selected from the same village. Matching was done for age, sex, socioeconomic status and residence. Total 16 cases and 32 controls were enrolled and compared for socio-demographic, environmental and behavioral domains. Results: Clinical menifestations among cases were Fever, malaise, headache, escahar and rash. The most common sites of escar was groin 3 (42.8%), followed by suprascapular region 2 (28.6%), axilla 1(14.3%) and elbow 1 (14.3%). The risk factors for scrub typhus were vegetations around household within 3 feet range, length of grass blade more than 2 feet, routine work in shrub, engaging in forest related work and activities aroud lake with the odds 5.41 (1.13-25.83), 5.6 (1.24-25.49), 3.66 (1.04- 12.9) 4.2 (1.02-18.02) and 4.59 (1.25-16.77) respectively. Conclusion: Apart from other known risk factors, present study ascertained activities around lake, closeness of vegetations to the household (less than 3 feet) and length of grass blade (more than 2 feet) as new risk factors. These findings may be helpful in developing targeted intervention strategies to control scrub typhus.

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