Determinants of Scrub Typhus: A Case Control Study in Tribal Region of Eastern Maharashtra

Introduction: Scrub typhus is public health problem in South East Asian Region and also it is of rising concern in India. Eastern part of Maharashtra state is highly vulnerable to the disease as it is under forest cover. This region is presently witnessing outbreak of scrub typhus. The present case control study aims to understand determinants of the scrub typhus in this geographical location. Material & Methods: Operational definition for scrub typhus cases used in present study was “Individuals who are positive for IgM Elisa of Scrub typhus”. Cases of scrub typhus reported to health system that comply with the operational definition were recruited. Individually matched controls were selected from the same village. Matching was done for age, sex, socioeconomic status and residence. Total 16 cases and 32 controls were enrolled and compared for socio-demographic, environmental and behavioral domains. Results: Clinical menifestations among cases were Fever, malaise, headache, escahar and rash. The most common sites of escar was groin 3 (42.8%), followed by suprascapular region 2 (28.6%), axilla 1(14.3%) and elbow 1 (14.3%). The risk factors for scrub typhus were vegetations around household within 3 feet range, length of grass blade more than 2 feet, routine work in shrub, engaging in forest related work and activities aroud lake with the odds 5.41 (1.13-25.83), 5.6 (1.24-25.49), 3.66 (1.04- 12.9) 4.2 (1.02-18.02) and 4.59 (1.25-16.77) respectively. Conclusion: Apart from other known risk factors, present study ascertained activities around lake, closeness of vegetations to the household (less than 3 feet) and length of grass blade (more than 2 feet) as new risk factors. These findings may be helpful in developing targeted intervention strategies to control scrub typhus.

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Ecological and behavioural risk factors of scrub typhus in central Vietnam: a case-control study

Infectious Diseases of Poverty ◽

10.1186/s40249-021-00893-6 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Hanh Thi Duc Tran ◽

Jan Hattendorf ◽

Hung Manh Do ◽

Thanh Tien Hoang ◽

Hang Thi Hai Hoang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Case Control Study ◽

Scrub Typhus ◽

Conditional Logistic Regression ◽

Febrile Illness ◽

Case Control ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Protective Equipment ◽

Related Factors ◽

Control Study

Abstract Background The risk factors for scrub typhus in Vietnam remain unknown. Scrub typhus caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi often presents as an undifferentiated febrile illness and remains under appreciated due to the limited availability of diagnostic tests. This tropical rickettsial illness is increasingly recognized as an important cause of non-malaria acute undifferentiated fever in Asia. This study aimed to investigate behavioural and ecological related risk factors of scrub typhus to prevent this potentially life-threatening disease in Vietnam. Methods We conducted a clinical hospital-based active surveillance study, and a retrospective residence-enrolment date-age-matched case–control study in Khanh Hoa province, Vietnam, from August 2018 to March 2020. Clinical examinations, polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay IgM tests were applied to define cases and controls. All enrolled participants filled out a questionnaire including demographic socio-economic status, personal behaviors/protective equipment, habitat connections, land use, and possible exposure to the vector. Multivariable conditional logistic regression was used to define the scrub typhus associated risk factors. Results We identified 44 confirmed cases and matched them with 152 controls. Among cases and controls, the largest age group was the 41–50 years old and males accounted for 61.4% and 42.8%, respectively. There were similarities in demographic characteristics between the two groups, with the exception of occupation. Several factors were significantly associated with acquisition of scrub typhus, including sitting/laying directly on household floor [adjusted OR (aOR) = 4.9, 95% CI: 1.6–15.1, P = 0.006], household with poor sanitation/conditions (aOR = 7.9, 95% CI: 1.9–32.9, P = 0.005), workplace environment with risk (aOR = 3.0, 95% CI: 1.2–7.6, P = 0.020), always observing mice around home (aOR = 3.7, 95% CI: 1.4–9.9, P = 0.008), and use of personal protective equipment in the field (aOR = 0.4, 95% CI: 0.1–1.1, P = 0.076). Conclusions Ecological and household hygiene-related factors were more associated with scrub typhus infection, than individual-level exposure activities in the hyper-endemic area. These findings support local education and allow people to protect themselves from scrub typhus, especially in areas with limitations in diagnostic capacity. Graphical abstract

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Risk factors for acquisition of scrub typhus in children admitted to a tertiary centre and its surrounding districts in South India: a case control study

BMC Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1186/s12879-019-4299-2 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Winsley Rose ◽

Gagandeep Kang ◽

Valsan Philip Verghese ◽

Sadanandane Candassamy ◽

Prasanna Samuel ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

South India ◽

Case Control Study ◽

Scrub Typhus ◽

Case Control ◽

Tertiary Centre ◽

Control Study

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A Case-Control Study of Risk Factors Associated with Scrub Typhus Infection in Beijing, China

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0063668 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 8 (5) ◽

pp. e63668 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Yanning Lyu ◽

Lili Tian ◽

Liqin Zhang ◽

Xiangfeng Dou ◽

Xiaomei Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Case Control Study ◽

Scrub Typhus ◽

Case Control ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Beijing China ◽

Control Study

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Risk factors associated with scrub typhus infection: A case-control study from Luhe, China

10.21203/rs.2.18485/v1 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Taha Hussein Musa

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Case Control Study ◽

Scrub Typhus ◽

Small Animal ◽

Case Control ◽

Asia Pacific ◽

Factors Associated ◽

The People ◽

Control And Prevention ◽

Control Study

Abstract Background: Globally, Scrub typhus (ST) is a serious public health issues in the rural of Asia-Pacific area. This study aimed to determine the risk factors associated with ST infection in Luhe District, China. Methods: The case-control study was conducted which involved (N=116) cases consisted of a patient who diagnosed with scrub typhus, and nearest neighbours control (N=232) subjects were selected by matching for occupation, place of residence and age (within 5-years) and lacked a history of scrub typhus. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 25.0 for Windows. Results: The mean age of confirmed cases was 58.1(10.15) years, while that of control subjects were 56.14 (11.57). The ratio of farmers in cases and controls subjects was 90 (77.6%) and 187 (80.6%) respectively. There are no significant differences in the demographic characteristics of the study population (P>0.05). Factors including residential site (χ2=8.57, P=0.05), raising small animal and livestock (χ2=31.53, P<0.001), living in the house near to grassland and vegetable (χ2=16.61, P<0.001), piling weeds in the yard (χ2=15.48, P<0.001), piling weed inside the house and around the house (χ2=56.64, P<0.001), and presence of mouse activities in the house (χ2= 3.88, P<0.054) are significant associated with developing of ST infection. The logistic regression analysis showed that Two out of five general exposure factors were identified which include morning exercise in the park (AOR=3.848, 95% CI=1.018-4.544, P=0.047), and working as labourers in vegetable fields (AOR =1.792, 95% CI=1.12-2.87, P=0.016) posed a significant association with ST infection. Conclusions: The people who tend to involved in outdoor activities are exposure to ST infection. The findings derived from this study provide an information in the control and prevention of ST in Luhe, China.

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Determining Risk Factors for Dengue Fever Severity in Jeddah City, a Case-Control Study (2017)

Polish Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.33073/pjm-2020-036 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 69 (3) ◽

pp. 331-337

Author(s):

WAJD A. ABUALAMAH ◽

HUSSAIN S. BANNI ◽

HUSSAIN A. ALMASMOUM ◽

YONIS A. ALLOHIBI ◽

HASAN M. SAMARIN ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Dengue Fever ◽

Access To Health Care ◽

Case Control Study ◽

Secondary Infection ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Case Control ◽

Severe Dengue ◽

Major Public Health Problem ◽

Control Study

Dengue fever is a major public health problem in Saudi Arabia. Unfortunately, preventive strategies are still deficient. It can progress to severe and lethal forms, and available knowledge does not allow early prediction of which cases of dengue fever (DF) will progress to dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF). The aim of this study was to evaluate the host and viral factors that could play a role in the progression of severe dengue cases in the frame of the revised 2009 WHO classification. Data were compiled from the Jeddah Dengue Fever Operation Room (DFOR) in the Maden Al-Fahd primary healthcare center in Jeddah. An unmatched case-control study was conducted on 123 severe cases, and 245 controls (non-severe cases) diagnosed during 2014–2016. Risk factors for severe dengue fever were secondary infection (p = 0.02), and co-morbidities, particularly diabetes and hypertension (p < 0.001). Age, gender, nationality, socioeconomic status, viral serotype, and access to health care were not significantly associated with severe disease. The main risk factors for severe dengue fever were secondary infection, and co-morbidities (hypertension and diabetes). We recommend disseminating these data to stakeholders to improve dengue control interventions in periods with anticipated high incidence.

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Risk Factors of Suicide and Para Suicide in Rural Bangladesh

Journal of Medicine ◽

10.3329/jom.v14i2.19653 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 14 (2) ◽

pp. 123-129 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

AM Selim Reza ◽

A H M Feroz ◽

SM Nurul Islam ◽

Md. Nazmul Karim ◽

Md. Golam Rabbani ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Case Control Study ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Case Control ◽

Suicidal Attempt ◽

The Family ◽

Suicidal Attempts ◽

History Of ◽

Control Study

Background: Suicide is a public health problem too often neglected by researchers, health policy makers and the medical profession. In the year 2000, approximately one million people died of suicide which represents a global mortality rate of 16 per 100,000. According to WHO estimates for the year 2020 and based on current trends approximately 1.53 million people will die from suicide and 10-20 times more people will attempt suicide worldwide. This represents on average 1 death per 20 seconds and 1 attempt every 1-2 seconds. No nationwide survey on suicidal risk factors has yet been conducted in Bangladesh. Reports from police records, Media, court, hospitals and the focused study on selected population indicate that suicide is a public health problem in Bangladesh. The aim of this study was to unearth the potential risk factors of suicide or suicidal attempts and to assess psychiatric illness, non psychiatric co-morbidity, individuals behavioral and physical factor, familial risk factors and socio-demographic risk factors of suicide and its attempts. Study Design and Setting: A case control study was carried out by members of the Department of Medicine, Shaheed Suhrawardi Medical College and Hospital at Mominpur,Haowlee and Jibonnagar unions under three Upazilla of district Chuadanga,. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 16. Results: A total 230 subjects (113 cases and 117 controls) were interviewed. Mean age among cases was 29.6±12.8 years and controls were 29.7±12.9 years.Majority of the participants, 65.5% of cases and 63.2% of controls were aged between 20-39 years. Among cases 38.9% were male and among the controls 42.7% were male.Among cases 30.1% and among controls 27.4% had less than 4 family members. More than half of the participants, among cases (58.4%) and among controls (55.6%) had between 4- 6 members in the family. Economic status was also similar in two groups.Problem of love affair (OR 5.2), Personal problem (OR 11.9), Feeling of economic hardship (OR 2.4) appeared to have statistically significant association with suicidal attempt. Problem with relatives (OR 3.8), death of near relative (OR 0.9) and poor academic performance (OR 1.6) didnt appear to have any association with risk of suicidal attempt. History of chronic disease (OR 2.9) showed statistically significant association but long term physical disability (OR 4.4) and physical problems didnt appear to have any significant association with suicidal attempt. History of suicidal attempt by any relative (OR 4.2) and previous attempt to suicide (OR 7.4) appeared as highly significant factor for suicide. Not being reared by biological parents (OR 3.2), marital disharmony (OR 4.0), Conflict within the family (OR 6.9) appeared to be strongly associated with suicidal attempts. Suicidal attempts of participants were significantly associated with sleeping disturbance (OR 2.3), uncertainty about future (7.2), impulsivity (OR 13.8), and history of criminal behavior (OR 2.1). Conclusion: Case control study on the risk factors of suicide in rural area of South-West Bangladesh revealed that the married female especially the younger age from unitary family of low income group are more vulnerable to commit suicide or parasuicide. Several emotional factors, presence of chronic diseases, familial suicidal predisposition, individual factor and mental state, premorbid persionality and psychiatric syndrome appeared to have significant association with suicidal attempts. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jom.v14i2.19653 J Medicine 2013, 14(2): 123-129

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Risk Factors for Urinary Incontinence in Pregnancy: A Case Control Study

Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia / RBGO Gynecology and Obstetrics ◽

10.1055/s-0040-1718951 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 42 (12) ◽

pp. 787-792

Author(s):

Fernanda Borsatto Caruso ◽

Lucas Schreiner ◽

Alexandra Damasio Todescatto ◽

Isabel Crivelatti ◽

Julia Monteiro de Oliveira

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Risk Factor ◽

Urinary Incontinence ◽

Pregnant Women ◽

Case Control Study ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Case Control ◽

Major Public Health Problem ◽

Control Study ◽

In Pregnancy

Abstract Objective Urinay incontinence (UI) is a major public health problem that can harm women in any period of life, including during the gestational period. Urinary incontinence during pregnancy has been studied because this condition can reduce the quality of life and interfere in several aspects of the maternal-fetal binomial. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of UI in nullipara pregnant women and to identify risk factors associated with UI in this population. Methods This is a case-control study in which we invited nullipara women between 12 and 20 weeks of pregnancy to participate in the research. They were asked to answer a specific questionnaire, write a 3-day bladder diary, and undergo a urogynecological evaluation including pelvic organ prolapse quantification (POP-Q), empty stress supine test (ESST), and pelvic floor muscle assessment. Results A total of 70 out of 73 patients accepted to participate in the study, and the prevalence of UI in this population was 18.3%. Tobacco use was identified as an independent risk factor for UI in pregnant women (odds ratio 8.0). All other factors analyzed were not significantly associated to UI in pregnancy. Conclusion Urinary incontinence can be a major problem in pregnancy. We identified the use of tobacco as a risk factor for developing UI in pregnancy, which provides an extra reason to encourage patients to quit smoking.

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