scholarly journals Routing with Energy Threshold for WSN-IoT Based on RPL Protocol

2019 ◽  
pp. 71-81
Keyword(s):  
Low Power ◽  
Objective Function ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Small Area ◽  
Energy Threshold ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Energy Efficient Routing ◽  
Small Areas ◽  
Parent Node

Internet of Things (IoT) enables things to have connectivity through the internet. The number of things is growing fast and has to be uniquely identified through the Internet to communicate with other things. In Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) each node can be considered as a thing. WSN node resources are very limited due to the need to communicate using low power and usually through unreliable links. Such limitations need an energy efficient routing protocol. WSN is considered as a type of Low power and Lossy Network (LLN). The routing protocol for low power and lossy network (RPL) is being adopted for LLN and has been standardized to enable connectivity of WSN over IoT. RPL constricted a topology similar to tree topology. Nodes in RPL optimized its path using an objective function (OF). OF depends on different node/link metrics in the optimization process. In this paper, an Energy Threshold RPL (ETRPL) protocol is proposed. ETRPL depends on a new objective function to enhance energy consumption of RPL protocol by taking into account the remaining energy of the preferred parent node. ETRPL is implemented using Cooja simulator. The results show that ETRPL provides an increase in the remaining energy of at least 87.4% for a small area with high number of nodes. ETRPL also performed better with regards to Time Delay, Packet Reception Ratio, and the number of dead nodes in a small area. For a large area, the performance is not encouraging. Thus the proposed ETRPL protocol is useful for IoT networks with relatively small areas.

scholarly journals Multi-constraints based RPL objective function with adaptive stability for high traffic IoT applications

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 407
Author(s):  
Abdelhadi Eloudrhiri Hassani ◽  
Aicha Sahel ◽  
Abdelmajid Badri ◽  
El Mourabit Ilham
Keyword(s):  
Power Consumption ◽  
Low Power ◽  
Objective Function ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Selection Procedure ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Hop Count ◽  
Parent Selection ◽  
Internet Of Things Technology

The internet of things technology is classified as a Low power and lossy network. These kinds of networks require a trustworthy routing protocol considered as the backbone for management and high quality of service achievements. IPv6 routing protocol for Low power and lossy network (RPL) was able to gain popularity compared to other routing protocols dedicated to IoT for its great flexibility through the objective function. Default objective functions implemented in the RPL core are based on a single metric. Consequently, the routing protocol can’t cope with different constraints and show congestion issues in high traffics. For that, we proposed in our paper multi-constraints-based objective function with adaptive stability (MCAS-OF), which uses novel strategies for Radio strength indicator, node energy consumption, hop count and a designed work-metric combination, new rank processing, and parent selection procedure. The network stability was also taken into account, since the multi constraints can lead to frequent parent changes, using an adaptive threshold. The proposal, evaluated under the COOJA emulator against standard-RPL and EC-OF, showed a packet delivery ratio improvement by 24% in high traffics, a decrease in the power consumption close to 44%, achieved less latency and DIO control messages, it also gives a good workload balancing by reducing the standard deviation of node’s power consumption.

A Hybrid Swarm Intelligence Algorithm for Clustering-Based Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (10) ◽  
pp. 2050163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amirhossein Barzin ◽  
Ahmad Sadegheih ◽  
Hassan Khademi Zare ◽  
Mahbooeh Honarvar
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Objective Function ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Average Lifetime ◽  
Hybrid Swarm ◽  
Energy Efficient Routing ◽  
Multi Objective ◽  
Nature Inspired Algorithm

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) comprise a large number of tiny sensing nodes, which are battery-powered with limited energy. An energy-efficient routing protocol is of utmost importance to prolong the network lifetime. Clustering is the most common technique to balance energy consumption among all nodes, while minimizing traffic and overhead during the data transmission phases. In this paper, a Multi-Objective nature-inspired algorithm based on Shuffled frog-leaping algorithm and Firefly Algorithm (named MOSFA) as an adaptive application-specific clustering-based multi-hop routing protocol for WSNs is proposed. MOSFA’s multi-objective function regards different criteria (e.g., inter- and intra-cluster distances, the residual energy of nodes, distances from the sink, overlap, and load of clusters) to select appropriate cluster heads at each round. Moreover, another multi-objective function is proposed to select the forwarder nodes in the routing phase. The controllable parameters of MOSFA in both clustering and multi-hop phases can be adaptively tuned to achieve the best performance based on the network requirements according to the specific application. Simulation results demonstrate average lifetime improvements of 182%, 68%, 30%, and 28% when compared with LEACH, ERA, SIF, and FSFLA, respectively, in different network scenarios.

scholarly journals LOADng-IoT: An Enhanced Routing Protocol for Internet of Things Applications over Low Power Networks

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 150 ◽  
Author(s):  
José V. V. Sobral ◽  
Joel J. P. C. Rodrigues ◽  
Ricardo A. L. Rabêlo ◽  
Kashif Saleem ◽  
Vasco Furtado
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Low Power ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Internet Services ◽  
Service Reliability ◽  
Power Networks ◽  
Network Nodes ◽  
Control Message

The Internet of Things (IoT) is an emerging paradigm that proposes the connection of objects to exchange information in order to reach a common objective. In IoT networks, it is expected that the nodes will exchange data between each other and with external Internet services. However, due to deployment costs, not all the network devices are able to communicate with the Internet directly. Thus, other network nodes should use Internet-connected nodes as a gateway to forward messages to Internet services. Considering the fact that main routing protocols for low-power networks are not able to reach suitable performance in the displayed IoT environment, this work presents an enhancement to the Lightweight On-demand Ad hoc Distance-vector Routing Protocol—Next Generation (LOADng) for IoT scenarios. The proposal, named LOADng-IoT, is based on three improvements that will allow the nodes to find Internet-connected nodes autonomously and dynamically, decreasing the control message overhead required for the route construction, and reducing the loss of data messages directed to the Internet. Based on the performed assessment study, which considered several number of nodes in dense, sparse, and mobility scenarios, the proposed approach is able to present significant results in metrics related to quality-of-service, reliability, and energy efficiency.

scholarly journals A Scalable Context-Aware Objective Function (SCAOF) of Routing Protocol for Agricultural Low-Power and Lossy Networks (RPAL)

Sensors ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (8) ◽  
pp. 19507-19540 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yibo Chen ◽  
Jean-Pierre Chanet ◽  
Kun-Mean Hou ◽  
Hongling Shi ◽  
Gil de Sousa
Keyword(s):  
Low Power ◽  
Objective Function ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Context Aware ◽  
Lossy Networks

scholarly journals A Survey on Enhanced Energy Efficient Routing Protocol of WSN for Internet of Things

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (07) ◽  
pp. 1499-1508
Author(s):  
Bhukya Suresh ◽  
◽  
G Shyama Chandra Prasad ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Fog Computing ◽  
Routing Algorithms ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Energy Efficient Routing ◽  
Real World Applications ◽  
The Internet Of Things

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are a resource-constrained network class recognized as a major energy consumer. Wireless sensor technologies are used in many commercialized industrial automation processes and other real-world applications. The WSN protocol is well-suited to harsh situations where deployment is difficult or impossible, such as the battlefield, a toxic chemical plant, the cloud, fog computing, and the Internet of Things, but not in a high-temperature network infrastructure environment. WSNs have introduced various Energy-Efficient Routing Protocols based on network (NW) organization and protocols in recent years. Various WSN routing options for energy efficiency are explored in this work. The WSN Energy Efficient Routing Protocol is compared to other routing systems. We also compare and investigate better WSN routing algorithms for cloud computing, fog computing, and the Internet of Things.

scholarly journals History-based consistency algorithm for the trickle-timer with low-power and lossy networks

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 2569
Author(s):  
Firas A. Albalas ◽  
Haneen Taamneh ◽  
Wail E. Mardini
Keyword(s):  
Power Consumption ◽  
Low Power ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Convergence Time ◽  
Limited Resources ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Lossy Networks ◽  
Main Components ◽  
The Internet Of Things

Recently, the internet of things (IoT) has become an important concept which has changed the vision of the Internet with the appearance of IPv6 over low power and lossy networks (6LoWPAN). However, these 6LoWPANs have many drawbacks because of the use of many devices with limited resources; therefore, suitable protocols such as the Routing Protocol for low power and lossy networks (RPL) were developed, and one of RPL's main components is the trickle timer algorithm, used to control and maintain the routing traffic frequency caused by a set of control messages. However, the trickle timer suffered from the short-listen problem which was handled by adding the listen-only period mechanism. This addition increased the delay in propagating transmissions and resolving the inconsistency in the network. However, to solve this problem we proposed the history based consistency algorithm (HBC), which eliminates the listen-only period based on the consistency period of the network. The proposed algorithm showed very good results. We measured the performance of HBC trickle in terms of convergence time; which was mainly affected, the power consumption and the packet delivery ratio (PDR). We made a comparison between the original trickle timer, the E-Trickle, the optimized trickle and our HBC trickle algorithm. The PDR and the power consumption showed in some cases better results under the HBC trickle compared to other trickle timers and in other cases the results were very close to the original trickle indicating the efficiency of the proposed trickle in choosing optimal routes when sending messages.

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