Current trends of canine parvoviral enteritis: Nigeria perspective

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
C. S. Ukwueze ◽  
B. M. Anene ◽  
C. I. Nwosuh ◽  
R. C. Ezeokonkwo
Keyword(s):  
Viral Evolution ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
Canine Parvovirus ◽  
Global Challenge ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
The World ◽  
The Status ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Canine Parvovirus Type 2

Background: Canine parvoviral enteritis (CPE) is currently considered one of the major leading causes of morbidity and mortality in dogs. Canine parvovirus (CPV-2) was first isolated in 1978, ever since then the virus has mutated to CPV-2a, CPV-2b and recently CPV-2c, which has made the control and eradication of disease seemingly impossible. The disease has been reported in several parts of the world including; USA, Canada, Australia, United Kingdom, Taiwan, and Tunisia, South Africa and Nigeria. The identification of the strains of CPV-2 that are currently circulating in the canine population is very essential for the understanding of viral evolution and the development of measures to control its spread. This review therefore, focuses on the current trends and antigenic variants of canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) circulating in Nigeria. Methods: Previous literatures were reviewed on the status of canine parvovirus type 2 in Nigeria. The emphasis was on the antigenic variants of CPV-2 circulating in Nigeria and strains of the virus in the vaccines, and out breaks of infections. Results: Control and prevention of canine parvoviral enteritis (CPE) has remained a global challenge, and relies mainly on extensive vaccination. Sequence analysis of CPV-2 has revealed the presence of the three antigenic variants in Nigeria. CPV-2c is now predominantly in Nigeria and as such with so many countries of the world, without corresponding vaccines with the variants. Hence understanding the antigenic variants of CPV-2 virus circulating within a geographical area is very essential in controlling the infection. Conclusion: CPE infection is endemic in Nigeria and mainly infects dogs less than six months of age. The disease is of serious socio-economic importance to dog owners and breeders, as a number one killer disease of dogs. The three stains of the canine parvovirus type 2, (2a, 2b and 2c) exists in Nigeria, with predominantly 2c. The current vaccines mainly used in Nigeria are original CPV-2, 2a or 2b, and do not protect dogs against CPE due to 2c infections. We therefore, recommend that 2c be incorporated in CPV-2 vaccines presently used in Nigeria

scholarly journals Risk and Environmental Factors Associated with the Presence of Canine Parvovirus Type 2 in Diarrheic Dogs from Thessaly, Central Greece

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 590
Author(s):  
Maria Kantere ◽  
Labrini V. Athanasiou ◽  
Alexios Giannakopoulos ◽  
Vassilis Skampardonis ◽  
Marina Sofia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Gastrointestinal Disease ◽  
Environmental Parameters ◽  
Canine Parvovirus ◽  
Geographical Information ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Working Dogs ◽  
Canine Parvovirus Type 2

Canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) primarily infects dogs, which are the main host reservoir, causing severe gastrointestinal disease associated with immunosuppression. The present study was conducted in Thessaly, Greece and aimed to identify risk and environmental factors associated with CPV-2 infection in diarrheic dogs. Fecal samples were collected from 116 dogs presenting diarrhea and were tested by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the presence of CPV-2 DNA. Supplementary data regarding clinical symptoms, individual features, management factors and medical history were also gathered for each animal during clinical evaluation. Sixty-eight diarrheic dogs were found to be positive for the virus DNA in their feces. Statistical analysis revealed that CPV-2 DNA was less likely to be detected in senior dogs, while working dogs, namely hounds and shepherds, had higher odds to be positive for the virus. Livestock density and land uses, specifically the categories of discontinuous urban fabric and of human population density, were identified as significant environmental parameters associated with CPV-2 infection by using Geographical Information System (GIS) together with the Ecological Niche Model (ENM). This is the first description of the environmental variables associated with the presence of CPV-2 DNA in dogs’ feces in Greece.

Isolation of a virus related to canine parvovirus type 2 from a raccoon (Procyon lotor)

2010 ◽  
Vol 166 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Kapil ◽  
G. Rezabek ◽  
B. Germany ◽  
L. Johnston
Keyword(s):  
Procyon Lotor ◽  
Canine Parvovirus ◽  
Canine Parvovirus Type 2

scholarly journals Localization of the VP2 Protein of Canine Parvovirus Type 2 on the Baculovirus Envelop and Its Immunogenicity in a Mouse Model

2012 ◽  
Vol 02 (04) ◽  
pp. 178-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chih H. Tsai ◽  
Jing Y. Wang ◽  
Xin G. Xu ◽  
De W. Tong ◽  
Hsin Y. Lu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mouse Model ◽  
Canine Parvovirus ◽  
Vp2 Protein ◽  
Canine Parvovirus Type 2

scholarly journals Genetic characterisation and local genotypes of canine parvovirus strains collected from pet dogs in central and eastern China during 2018–2019

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 477-486
Author(s):  
Wen Hu ◽  
Liangyan Zheng ◽  
Xin Xu ◽  
Qiang Liu ◽  
Jun Ji ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eastern China ◽  
Canine Parvovirus ◽  
Zhejiang Province ◽  
Central China ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
Amino Acid Mutations ◽  
Canine Parvovirus Type 2 ◽  
Major Amino Acid

AbstractIntroductionCanine parvovirus type-2 (CPV-2) causes acute infectious diseases in puppies, which show high morbidity and mortality. Better effect of vaccination against these diseases could be achieved with deeper knowledge of CPV-2 genotype dissemination and mutation history. This study investigated CPV-2–positive samples collected recently over a wide region of China.Material and MethodsA total of 118 faecal samples from dogs identified as CPV-positive were collected from veterinary clinics in central and eastern China. Overall, 16 strains collected from Anhui, 29 from Henan, and 16 from Zhejiang Province were sequenced to determine the genotypic composition of CPV-2 and mutational complexity of CPV-VP2.ResultsThe CPV-2a, CPV-2b, and CPV-2c genotypes were detected in Anhui and Henan Provinces, while CPV-2c alone was detected in Zhejiang Province. Sequence analysis of all strains showed 98.5%–99.8%, 98.3%–99.9%, and 98.7%–99.8% identity among the 16 Anhui, 29 Henan, and 16 Zhejiang strains, respectively. Strains collected from Anhui and Henan Provinces showed lower identity (97.0%), suggesting greater genetic divergence in central China. The mutation rates of Henan and Anhui strains were lower than that of Zhejiang strains. Major amino acid mutations occurred at sites 5, 370, 426, and 440. Epitope and entropy analyses implied these sites’ likely conformance to the principles of mutation tendency, complexity, and diversity.ConclusionThe findings for the evolutionary structure of CPV-2 strains collected from three provinces in central and eastern China advance trend monitoring of the genetic variation in canine parvovirus and point to its implications in the development of novel vaccines.

scholarly journals A phylogenetic study of canine parvovirus type 2c in midwestern Brazil

2013 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 214-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danúbia S. Fontana ◽  
Paulo Ricardo D. Rocha ◽  
Raquel A.S. Cruz ◽  
Letícya L. Lopes ◽  
Andréia L.T. Melo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Genetic Variability ◽  
Dna Sequencing ◽  
Canine Parvovirus ◽  
Phylogenetic Study ◽  
Vp2 Gene ◽  
Hemorrhagic Enteritis ◽  
Canine Parvovirus Type 2 ◽  
Representative Samples

Since the late 1970s, canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) has emerged as a causative agent of fatal severe acute hemorrhagic enteritis in dogs. To date, three antigenic types of CPV-2 were described worldwide (CPV-2a/b/c). This study was conducted to determine the variants of CPV-2 circulating in dogs from the Cuiabá Municipality in Midwestern Brazil. Out of 50 fecal samples, collected between 2009 and 2011, 27 tested positive for CPV-2. A 583 bp fragment of the VP2 gene was amplified by PCR, 13 representative samples were analyzed further by DNA sequencing. All strains were characterized as CPV-2c, displayed a low genetic variability although observed several amino acid substitution. These findings indicated that CPV-2c has been circulating in dogs from the Cuiabá Municipality in Midwestern Brazil.

The Current and forecasted Status of Type 2 Diabetes in the Arab Society of Israel

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdelnaser Zalan ◽  
Ahmad Sheikh-Muhammad ◽  
Mohammad Khatib ◽  
Rajech Sharkia
Keyword(s):  
Health Care Expenditures ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Progressive Increase ◽  
Current Data ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Global Challenge ◽  
The Status ◽  
Health Related

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is considered one of the main causes of mortality, morbidity, and health care expenditures. Effectively treating this disease is of crucial importance and imposes a global challenge. The incidence of Type 2 DM (T2DM) is rapidly rising in both developing and developed countries. The Arab community in Israel is a distinct ethnic group with unique characteristics. Recently, this community has undergone major changes in its lifestyle, adopting the Westernized one, which could have caused an increase in the T2DM incidence rate. Objective: This review aims to shed light on various studies undertaken to explore the prevalence of diabetes and determine its current status in the Arab society of Israel, resting on previous and current data. It is presented to highlight the status of diabetes globally and to focus on its current situation in the Arab society of Israel, attempting to forecast its direction in the upcoming decade. Methods: Data were obtained from our previous comprehensive socio-economic and health cross-sectional surveys for successive periods from 2004 to 2017. These surveys were conducted on the Arab society of Israel by the Galilee Society. Results: Our results showed a progressive increase in the prevalence of T2DM from 3.4% to 7.6% in the Arab society of Israel. This trend is expected to continue rising in the coming decade, and based on our predictions, may exceed 12% in 2030. Conclusion: Substantial and practical health-related actions must be initiated to prevent an increasing number of adults from developing diabetes and its complications.

The world pandemic of diabetes

2011 ◽  
pp. 1795-1799
Author(s):  
Nigel Unwin
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
The World ◽  
Level Of Economic Development ◽  
Increasing Trends

A pandemic refers to a disease that is rapidly increasing in frequency across many populations, over a wide geographical area (1). Put another way, it refers to the situation in which epidemics of the disease are occurring simultaneously in many countries. This is the case for diabetes, which has the dubious distinction of being one of the few chronic non-communicable diseases known to be increasing in all countries from which data are available, irrespective of the level of economic development (2). This is mirrored by a pandemic of people who are overweight or obese (3), the major risk factors for type 2 diabetes. This chapter focuses on diabetes in adults (aged 20 years old and above), of which 85% to more than 95%, depending on the population, have type 2 diabetes (2, 4), which is thus the main contributor to the growing burden of diabetes. However, it is worth noting that, in children (<15 years old), the incidence of type 1 diabetes is also increasing, particularly in the youngest age groups, across the vast majority of countries from which good data are available (5). The reasons for this increase are unclear, although various environmental risk factors have been implicated (5). This chapter aims to do the following: ◆ provide an overview of the prevalence and trends in diabetes in adults across the world and its contribution to mortality ◆ describe the broad determinants that underlie the increasing trends in diabetes in adults ◆ provide an introduction to variations by ethnicity in the prevalence of type 2 diabetes

Genetic characterization of canine parvovirus type 2 subtypes in Maputo, Mozambique

2016 ◽  
Vol 199 (4) ◽  
pp. 543-549 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Figueiredo ◽  
C. Miranda ◽  
R. Souto ◽  
E. Silva ◽  
J. Fafetine ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Characterization ◽  
Canine Parvovirus ◽  
Canine Parvovirus Type 2

Canine parvovirus type 2 vaccine protects against virulent challenge with type 2c virus

2008 ◽  
Vol 128 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 48-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Spibey ◽  
N.M. Greenwood ◽  
D. Sutton ◽  
W.S.K. Chalmers ◽  
I. Tarpey
Keyword(s):  
Canine Parvovirus ◽  
Virulent Challenge ◽  
Canine Parvovirus Type 2
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