scholarly journals On-road Air Pollution Exposure to Cyclists in an Agent-Based Simulation Framework

2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-125
Author(s):  
Amit Agarwal ◽  
Ihab Kaddoura
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Major Effect ◽  
Background Concentration ◽  
Exposure Level ◽  
Simulation Framework ◽  
Agent Based Simulation ◽  
Agent Based ◽  
Air Pollution Exposure ◽  
Mode Of Transport ◽  
Pollution Exposure

Bicycle is not only a sustainable mode of transport but also health benefits of bicycling due to increased physical activities are well cited. However, in urban agglomerations, on-road air pollution exposure to cyclists/pedestrians is a matter of concern which is understudied. This study proposes an approach to calculate the on-road air pollution exposure for drivers of different vehicles in an agent-based simulation framework. In the proposed approach, the breathing rate of different drivers, penetration rate, vehicle-occupancy and background concentration are taken into consideration. The approach is applied to a real-world scenario of Patna, India where non-motorized modes are in abundance. A comparison of total inhaled mass per trip for drivers of different vehicles is made and it is found that cyclists are most exposed user group. An analysis for various background concentrations for different days of the year shows that the contribution of the background concentration has a major effect on the air pollution exposure level. The outcome is spatially analyzed to identify the locations of most affected user groups mapped to their home locations. Further, the on-road air pollution exposure of business-as-usual scenario is compared with a policy case and it is found that a dedicated bicycle track can increase the exposure per trip to cyclists by 40 %.

scholarly journals Individual exposure level following indoor and outdoor air pollution exposure in Dakar (Senegal)

2019 ◽  
Vol 248 ◽  
pp. 397-407 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Ndong Ba ◽  
A. Verdin ◽  
F. Cazier ◽  
G. Garcon ◽  
J. Thomas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Exposure Level ◽  
Outdoor Air ◽  
Individual Exposure ◽  
Outdoor Air Pollution ◽  
Air Pollution Exposure ◽  
Pollution Exposure ◽  
Indoor And Outdoor

scholarly journals Personal Exposure to Air Pollution for Various Modes of Transport in Auckland, New Zealand

2012 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 84-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. N. Dirks ◽  
P. Sharma ◽  
J. A. Salmond ◽  
S. B. Costello
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Air Pollution ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Personal Exposure ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Commute Time ◽  
Air Pollution Exposure ◽  
Commuting Time ◽  
Mode Of Transport ◽  
Pollution Exposure

This paper investigates the carbon monoxide (CO) doses received while commuting by different modes (car, bus, train, motorcycle, bicycle and running), taking into account the commute time as well as the level of physical activity required. While the participants were constrained to travel at specific peak traffic times and between designated start and end points, they were free to choose a route appropriate for their mode of transport. The results of this study suggest that the lowest exposures (concentrations of pollutants) are experienced by train commuters, largely a reflection of the routes being removed from any significant road traffic. Motorcyclists experienced significantly higher average concentrations as a result of high-concentration and very-short-duration peaks not seen in the traces of car and bus commuters travelling on the same road. Travel by bus along a dedicated busway was also found to be effective in reducing commuter air pollution exposure compared to travel by car on a congested stretch of motorway. The average concentrations to which cyclists and runners were exposed were found to be not significantly different for those travelling by car or bus (except when on dedicated pedestrian/cycleways). However, when the increased physical activity that is required is taken into account (leading to higher volumes of air breathed) along with the increased commuting time (especially in the case of runners), the air pollution doses (as estimated by the product of the concentration, commute time and breathing factor) were found to be significantly higher than for the motorised modes. The results suggest that separate pedestrian/cycleways go some way towards providing healthier options for cyclists and pedestrians.

scholarly journals Differential Effect of Ambient Air Pollution Exposure on Risk of Gestational Hypertension and Preeclampsia

Hypertension ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 384-390 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carrie J. Nobles ◽  
Andrew Williams ◽  
Marion Ouidir ◽  
Seth Sherman ◽  
Pauline Mendola
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Differential Effect ◽  
Gestational Hypertension ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Ambient Air Pollution ◽  
Air Pollution Exposure ◽  
Pollution Exposure

scholarly journals Maternal immune response and air pollution exposure during pregnancy: insights from the Early Markers for Autism (EMA) study

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather E. Volk ◽  
Bo Park ◽  
Calliope Hollingue ◽  
Karen L. Jones ◽  
Paul Ashwood ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Intellectual Disability ◽  
Prenatal Screening ◽  
Maternal Serum ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Maternal Immune Activation ◽  
Early Markers ◽  
Air Pollution Exposure ◽  
Pollution Exposure ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Background Perinatal exposure to air pollution and immune system dysregulation are two factors consistently associated with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and other neurodevelopmental outcomes. However, little is known about how air pollution may influence maternal immune function during pregnancy. Objectives To assess the relationship between mid-gestational circulating levels of maternal cytokines/chemokines and previous month air pollution exposure across neurodevelopmental groups, and to assess whether cytokines/chemokines mediate the relationship between air pollution exposures and risk of ASD and/or intellectual disability (ID) in the Early Markers for Autism (EMA) study. Methods EMA is a population-based, nested case–control study which linked archived maternal serum samples collected during weeks 15–19 of gestation for routine prenatal screening, birth records, and Department of Developmental Services (DDS) records. Children receiving DDS services for ASD without intellectual disability (ASD without ID; n = 199), ASD with ID (ASD with ID; n = 180), ID without ASD (ID; n = 164), and children from the general population (GP; n = 414) with no DDS services were included in this analysis. Serum samples were quantified for 22 cytokines/chemokines using Luminex multiplex analysis technology. Air pollution exposure for the month prior to maternal serum collection was assigned based on the Environmental Protection Agency’s Air Quality System data using the maternal residential address reported during the prenatal screening visit. Results Previous month air pollution exposure and mid-gestational maternal cytokine and chemokine levels were significantly correlated, though weak in magnitude (ranging from − 0.16 to 0.13). Ten pairs of mid-pregnancy immune markers and previous month air pollutants were significantly associated within one of the child neurodevelopmental groups, adjusted for covariates (p < 0.001). Mid-pregnancy air pollution was not associated with any neurodevelopmental outcome. IL-6 remained associated with ASD with ID even after adjusting for air pollution exposure. Conclusion This study suggests that maternal immune activation is associated with risk for neurodevelopmental disorders. Furthermore, that prenatal air pollution exposure is associated with small, but perhaps biologically relevant, effects on maternal immune system function during pregnancy. Additional studies are needed to better evaluate how prenatal exposure to air pollution affects the trajectory of maternal immune activation during pregnancy, if windows of heightened susceptibility can be identified, and how these factors influence neurodevelopment of the offspring.

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