scholarly journals Macroscoping the Sun of Socialism: Distant Readings of Temporality in Finnish Labour Newspapers, 1895–1917

2020 ◽  
pp. 303-323
Author(s):  
Risto Turunen
Keyword(s):  
The Sun ◽  
Distant Reading ◽  
Labour Movement ◽  
Reading Methods ◽  
Working People ◽  
Perception Of Time ◽  
Newspaper Data ◽  
Intellectual Journey ◽  
General Strike ◽  
Word Frequencies

This chapter examines the socialist perception of time in the Grand Duchy of Finland at the turn of 20th century focusing on the way working people experienced the present. Three distant reading methods are used on newspaper data to extract information on the socialist temporality: relative word frequencies over time, collocates, and key collocates. The point of historical distant reading methods is explained by using a simple theoretical model illuminating the scholar’s intellectual journey from original sources to historical wisdom. The results show that the General Strike of 1905 increased newspaper references to the present within the labour movement. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that socialist newspapers portrayed the present as negative, systematic and changeable and with an extraordinary level of negativity as compared to competing political languages. The study broadens the understanding of socialist temporality in general and Finnish socialism’s most important symbol, the rising sun, in particular. The sun’s meaning has been connected to freedom in the future, but simultaneously the sun highlighted the shackles of capitalism in the present.

Digital Curation, AustLit, and Australian Children's Literature

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Amy Cross ◽  
Cherie Allan ◽  
Kerry Kilner
Keyword(s):  
Children's Literature ◽  
Cultural History ◽  
Literary History ◽  
Children’S Literature ◽  
Distant Reading ◽  
Critical Spaces ◽  
Reading Methods ◽  
Digital Curation ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Significant Attention

This paper examines the effects of curatorial processes used to develop children's literature digital research projects in the bibliographic database AustLit. Through AustLit's emphasis on contextualising individual works within cultural, biographical, and critical spaces, Australia's literary history is comprehensively represented in a unique digital humanities space. Within AustLit is BlackWords, a project dedicated to recording Australia's Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander storytelling, publishing, and literary cultural history, including children's and young adult texts. Children's literature has received significant attention in AustLit (and BlackWords) over the last decade through three projects that are documented in this paper. The curation of this data highlights the challenges in presenting ‘national’ literatures in countries where minority voices were (and perhaps continue to be) repressed and unseen. This paper employs a ‘resourceful reading’ approach – both close and distant reading methods – to trace the complex and ever-evolving definition of ‘Australian children's literature’.

scholarly journals Beyond Darwinian Distance: Situating Distant Reading in a Feminist Ut Pictura Poesis Tradition

PMLA ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 132 (3) ◽  
pp. 659-667 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Marie Rhody
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
National Endowment ◽  
Distant Reading ◽  
Western Tradition ◽  
Parts Of Speech ◽  
Reading Methods ◽  
The Arts ◽  
Sister Arts ◽  
The Devil ◽  
Ut Pictura Poesis

The challenge facing “distant reading” has less to do with Franco Moretti's assertion that we must learn “how not to read” than with his implication that looking should take the place of reading. Not reading is the dirty open secret of all literary critics-there will always be that book (or those books) that you should have read, have not read, and probably won't read. Moretti is not endorsing a disinterest in reading either, like that reported in the 2004 National Endowment for the Arts' Reading at Risk, which notes that less than half the adult public in the United States read a work of literature in 2002 (3). In his “little pact with the devil” that substitutes patterns of devices, themes, tropes, styles, and parts of speech for thousands or millions of texts at a time, the devil is the image: trees, networks, and maps-spatial rather than verbal forms representing a textual corpus that disappears from view. In what follows, I consider Distant Reading as participating in the ut pictura poesis tradition-that is, the Western tradition of viewing poetry and painting as sister arts-to explain how ingrained our resistances are to Moretti's formalist approach. I turn to more recent interart examples to suggest interpretive alternatives to formalism for distant-reading methods.

scholarly journals John Henry Gaddum, 1900-1965

1967 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 56-77 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Modern History ◽  
Maternal Grandfather ◽  
The Family ◽  
Justice Of The Peace ◽  
General Strike

John Henry Gaddum was born on 31 March 1900 in Hale, Cheshire, the eldest child of Henry Edwin Gaddum and Phyllis Mary née Barratt. He had three brothers and two sisters. His father was a silk importer whose main energies were devoted to charitable work in Manchester, where he was a Justice of the Peace, and Chairman of many of the leading charitable committees. He got them all together in a house which was later called Gaddum House. Manchester University honoured him by giving him an honorary M.A. About his father, Gaddum wrote: ‘As the eldest I got more help from him than did the rest of the family. He made me fond of riding and natural history, and taught me to use my hands. He constructed a large sundial which was also a summer house, and which told the correct time to within about a minute at all times of the year—making due allowance for the apparent irregularities of the sun at different times of the year. It also told the day of the year. He was fond of sketching and taught me to draw— but not very successfully. He made me fond of long walks in Wales and Switzerland, and of swimming and sailing.’ John Gaddum’s maternal grandfather, Alfred Barratt, was, as Gaddum wrote, a clever man. He went from Rugby to Balliol, Oxford, under Jowett, and there achieved what was then a record in examinations: a double first in Moderations followed by First Class in Classics, Mathematics and Modern History. He wrote two books on philosophy and died young (35). A first cousin of Gaddum’s mother was Sir Samuel Hoare, later Lord Templewood, at one time Foreign Secretary and Ambassador to Spain. Another first cousin of his mother was Dick Acland, who was Bishop of Bombay and by whom he was married. A first cousin of his father, Grace Joynson, married William Hicks, who became Lord Brentford and who was Home Secretary at the time of the General Strike in 1926.

Anna Louise Strong: Three Interviews with Chairman Mao Zedong

1985 ◽  
Vol 103 ◽  
pp. 489-509 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tracy B. Strong ◽  
Helene Keyssar
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Mao Zedong ◽  
University Of Chicago ◽  
Labour Movement ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Domestic Policies ◽  
The University ◽  
General Strike

Anna Louise Strong was part of the first generation of those westerners who reported extensively and sympathetically on socialist revolutions. Born in Nebraska in 1885, she obtained a doctorate in philosophy from the University of Chicago in 1908, became involved in the labour movement in Seattle where she helped organize the general strike in 1919 and went first to the Soviet Union in 1921 on the advice of Lincoln Steffens. She became during the 1920s and 1930s probably the best-known American journalist reporting on the domestic policies of the Soviet Union. Her reportage was unswervingly sympathetic – what doubts she had were hidden in letters to friends, in strained disavowals, in odd turns of phrase in her many articles and books.

scholarly journals Protest und Streiks in der Schweiz in der zweiten Hälfte des Ersten Weltkriegs

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-82
Author(s):  
Bernard Degen ◽  
Christian Koller
Keyword(s):  
Political System ◽  
First World War ◽  
The Political ◽  
World War ◽  
Labour Movement ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Linguistic Groups ◽  
Post War ◽  
First World ◽  
General Strike

Zusammenfassung Switzerland was spared direct involvement into the First World War, nevertheless the global conflict had tremendous political and economic impact on the neutral republic. Major antagonisms emerged between the different linguistic groups sympathising with opposing belligerent coalitions as well as between different social strata. Food and fuel shortages and wartime inflation as well as a lack of integration of the labour movement into the political system and its partial shift to the left resulted in a wave of strikes and protest in the second half of the war that continued into the first two post-war years. Its culmination was a national general strike in November 1918 lasting for three days upon the war’s conclusion, and that in bourgeois circles was wrongly considered an attempted revolution. Whilst this is considered the most severe crisis in modern Swiss history, from a transnational perspective, it was no more than a relatively mild variation of the worldwide upheavals going on at the time.

Intertextuelle Relationen in der Zeitungslandschaft des 18. Jahrhunderts: Close und Distant Reading von Ausgaben der Wiener und Preßburger Zeitung

2021 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-29
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Research Literature ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Close Reading ◽  
Complex Relationship ◽  
Distant Reading ◽  
Habsburg Monarchy ◽  
Reading Methods ◽  
Digital Methods ◽  
Formal Design

Abstract In this article, two important newspapers of the Habsburg monarchy – the Wiener Zeitung (previously: Wien[n]erisches Diarium) and the Preßburger Zeitung – are related to each other in several aspects. After a historical overview of the context in which these periodicals were created and taking into account the research literature already available, the first step was to look for parallels in their formal design. Since both newspapers have also been digitally made accessible in full text recently, it was also possible to determine approximately how frequent direct mutual references to the other periodical occur by means of so-called distant reading procedures. Close reading methods were then used to examine and interpret the corpus-based references. This comparative approach with digital methods allows the synoptic examination of individual text passages and thus offers new insights into the complex relationship between the Wiener Zeitung and the Preßburger Zeitung in the 18th century.

scholarly journals The early history of digital humanities: An analysis of Computers and the Humanities (1966–2004) and Literary and Linguistic Computing (1986–2004)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Alen Sula ◽  
Heather V Hill
Keyword(s):  
Text Analysis ◽  
Digital Humanities ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Early History ◽  
Classification Systems ◽  
Distant Reading ◽  
Reading Methods ◽  
History Of ◽  
Empirical Perspective ◽  
Scholarly Editing

Abstract Most commentators locate the origin of digital humanities (DH) in computational text analysis of the mid-twentieth century, beginning in 1946 with Roberto Busa’s plans for the Index Thomisticus, a massive attempt to encode nearly 11 million words of Thomas Aquinas’ writings on IBM punch cards. This event (and the narrative that follows) is found throughout the literature, leading some to believe that early DH work ‘concentrated, perhaps somewhat narrowly, on text analysis (such as classification systems, mark-up, text encoding, and scholarly editing)’ (Presner, 2010, p. 6). Others seem convinced that DH is still only text analysis or too dominated by it (Meeks, 2013)—and misguided in its approach (Fish, 2012). Meanwhile, Underwood (2017) has recently made a case for disentangling distant reading methods from DH generally, noting that the former predates and does not depend on digital technology. This article presents an empirical perspective on the early history of DH by tracing publications in two foundational journals (Computers and the Humanities (CHum), established in 1966, and Literary and Linguistic Computing (LLC), established in 1986), with particular emphasis on media types, authors’ disciplines and locations, and teaching and learning. In doing so, we examine the extent to which early DH work focused on text analysis as well as broader trends in the early history of the field.

scholarly journals Toronto 1919

2006 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Naylor
Keyword(s):  
Degree Of Polarization ◽  
Left Wing ◽  
Skilled Workers ◽  
Labour Movement ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Union Leaders ◽  
The One ◽  
The City ◽  
First World ◽  
General Strike

Abstract In their examination of the conflicts which followed the First World War, Canadian labour historians have tended to draw a sharp dichotomy between a “radical” west and a “conservative” east. Events in Toronto, however, which brought the city to the edge of a general sympathetic strike in late May 1919 cannot be explained in this way. The most notable feature of the Toronto labour movement was the degree of polarization within it. The potential clearly existed for a break with past forms of craft organization, towards a highly politicized industrial unionism. A powerful left wing, with wide support among newly organized, less-skilled workers, as well as workers with an immediate need for new forms of organization, was rapidly gaining dominance in the central bodies of the Toronto labour movement. Opposing them were the major beneficiaries of previous waves of organizing. These consisted, on the one hand, of union leaders who had helped shape the Toronto labour movement, and found key places for themselves within it. On the other hand, it also included a large number of workers who had established a stable bargaining relationship with employers, and a stake in the benefits their organizations had given them. This division meant that, from the outset, the possibilities for the establishment of a “One Big Union” did not exist, despite the enthusiasm that the western movement initially generated in Toronto. Conservative unions and leaders lost their dominance within the city's central union bodies but, by foiling the sympathetic general strike, were able to prevent the radicals from implementing an alternative strategy.

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