scholarly journals Optical Illusion by Red Shif

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Milky Way ◽  
Blue Shift ◽  
Red Shift ◽  
Optical Illusion ◽  
Speed Of Light ◽  
System A ◽  
Expansion Of The Universe ◽  
The Universe

If all the stars outside our galaxy show the same red shift and pretend expansion of the universe, then it’s probably up to us. We know that the Milky Way is contracting. We expect a blue shift, which we cannot see. Instead of the blue shift, the stars of the Milky Way can be seen as fixed stars. The reason is that the distance is given in meters and decreases as much as the speed of light measured in meters per second. Although in our system a change in the speed of light is neither measurable nor observable, but it seems to be working.

INFLATION, QUINTESSENCE PROBLEM AND VARYING SPEED OF LIGHT

2002 ◽  
Vol 17 (05) ◽  
pp. 295-302
Author(s):  
SUBENOY CHAKRABORTY
Keyword(s):  
Cosmological Constant ◽  
Accelerated Expansion ◽  
Speed Of Light ◽  
Expansion Of The Universe ◽  
The Universe

In this paper it is shown that the present accelerated expansion of the Universe can be explained only by considering variation of the speed of light, without taking into account the cosmological constant or quintessence matter.

scholarly journals New mechanism for the cosmological red-shift explaining: non-observation of dark energy, large-number- coincidence and the cosmic coincidence

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 24
Author(s):  
Hasmukh K. Tank
Keyword(s):  
Gravitational Field ◽  
Potential Energy ◽  
Gravitational Potential ◽  
Red Shift ◽  
Relativity Theory ◽  
Gravitational Potential Energy ◽  
Potential Well ◽  
Speed Of Light ◽  
Equivalent Mass ◽  
The Universe

<p>Accepting Einstein’s General Relativity Theory, that the changes in the gravitational field can propagate at the speed of light, it is proposed here that: before an electron in an atom emits a photon, the energy (<em>h f<sub>0</sub></em>) of the photon was a part of total energy of the atom; contributing to establish the gravitational-field around the atom. As soon as an electron in that atom emits a photon of energy <em>h f<sub>0</sub></em>, and the photon starts moving away from the atom, the gravitational-field around the atom partly reduces, proportional to the photon’s energy <em>h f<sub>0</sub></em>, and this wave of ‘reduced gravitational field’ propagates radially-outwards at the speed of light. And a part of energy of the photon gets spent in “filling” the ‘gravitational potential-well’ produced by its energy, when it was a part of energy of the atom. From the derivation presented here we find that the energy spent by the photon to “fill” the ‘gravitational potential-well’, during its inter-galactic journey manifests as the ‘cosmological red-shift’. And the so called ‘total-mass-of-the-universe'’ and ‘radius-of-the-universe'’ are just mathematically-equivalent mass and distance arising while converting electrostatic potential-energy into gravitational potential-energy. This is the reason why we find the large-number-coincidence (LNC). And since there is no expansion of the universe, there is no ‘cosmic coincidence’, that why only in this epoch we find the ‘large-number-coincidence’!</p>

scholarly journals Is the expansion of universe accelerating or the Photons decelerating?

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 40
Author(s):  
Hasmukh Tank
Keyword(s):  
Big Bang ◽  
Time Dilation ◽  
Red Shift ◽  
Light Curves ◽  
Accelerated Expansion ◽  
Gravitational Acceleration ◽  
Expansion Of The Universe ◽  
Pi Mesons ◽  
The Big Bang ◽  
The Universe

<p>Astronomical observations of the cosmological red-shift are currently interpreted in terms of ‘expansion of universe’ and ‘accelerated-expansion of the universe’, at the rate of <em>H<sub>0</sub> c</em>; here <em>H<sub>0</sub></em> is Hubble’s constant, and c is the speed of light. Whereas a straight-forward derivation presented here suggests that: rather it is the photon which is decelerating, at the rate of <em>H<sub>0</sub> c</em>. Such a deceleration of photons can be caused by virtual electrons, positrons and pi-mesons, contained in the extra galactic quantum vacuum, because: they do have gravitational-acceleration of the same order as <em>H<sub>0</sub> c</em> at their “surfaces”; or by decay of a photon into a lighter photon and a particle of mass <em>h H<sub>0</sub> / c<sup>2</sup></em>. Tired-light interpretations of the cosmological red-shift’ were so far considered as not compatible with the observations of ‘time-dilation of super-novae light-curves’; so in a paper titled: “Wave-theoretical insight into the relativistic ‘length-contraction’ and ‘time-dilation of super-novae light-curves’” (Tank, Hasmukh K. 2013), it has been already shown that any mechanism which can cause ‘cosmological red-shift’ will also cause ‘time-dilation of super-novae light-curves’.  Therefore, we now need not to remain confined to the Big-Bang model of cosmology.</p>

Spectral redshift does not imply an accelerating expansion of the universe

2013 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 452-456
Author(s):  
Dimitrios Laskaroudis
Keyword(s):  
Red Shift ◽  
Gravity Center ◽  
Erroneous Conclusion ◽  
Minimum Value ◽  
Accelerating Expansion ◽  
Expansion Of The Universe ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Spectral Redshift

Spectra received from faraway heavenly objects display a redshift. In this paper, it is shown that there is a moment in time tx at which time the red shift has its minimum value. This moment is different for every object and depends on the distance of the emission from the gravity center of the object. So from the time of the creation of the object and up until the time tx, the red shift is decreasing and from that moment on it is increasing while the object, due to the expansion of the universe, continues to move away with decreasing speed. Due to the change of the red shift from decreasing to increasing, it is possible to observe faraway supernovas with a brightness that is less than what is expected. This observation leads to the erroneous conclusion that the universe is expanding with acceleration. Finally, an explanation is given to the fact that the number of quasars is decreasing in time.

Bulk viscosity in Friedmann universe with a varying speed of light described by modified equation of state

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 1550126
Author(s):  
G. S. Khadekar ◽  
Arti Ghogre
Keyword(s):  
Equation Of State ◽  
Bulk Viscosity ◽  
Scale Factor ◽  
Special Choice ◽  
Speed Of Light ◽  
Dependent Parameter ◽  
Expansion Of The Universe ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Modified Equation ◽  
Universe Evolution

We solve the Freidmann equations by considering a universe media as a bulk viscosity described by a modified equation of state (EOS) of the form p = (γ - 1)ρc2 + Λ(t). A completely integrable dynamical equation to the scale factor is obtained and gives out the exact solution by assuming that the time-dependent parameter Λ and the bulk viscosity are linear combination of two and three terms, respectively and is expressed as: [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], where R is a scale factor and Λ0, Λ1, ζ0, ζ1, ζ2, are constants. For a special choice of the parameters, we discuss the acceleration expansion of the universe evolution and future singularities in the framework of variable speed of light (VSL) theory.

scholarly journals How to Measure Gravitational Aberration?

2006 ◽  
Vol 2 (S240) ◽  
pp. 670-677
Author(s):  
Michal Křížek ◽  
Alena Šolcová
Keyword(s):  
A Priori ◽  
Hubble Constant ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Speed Of Light ◽  
Henri Poincaré ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Expansion Of The Universe ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Equations With Delay ◽  
Two Bodies

AbstractIn 1905, Henri Poincaré predicted the existence of gravitational waves and assumed their speed equal to the speed of light. If additionally the gravitational aberration would have the same magnitude as the aberration of light, we would observe several paradoxical phenomena. For instance, the orbit of two bodies would be unstable, since two attractive forces arise that are not in line and hence form a couple. This will be modelled by a nonautonomous system of ordinary differential equations with delay. In fact, any positive value of the gravitational aberration increases the angular momentum of such a system and this may contribute to the expansion of the universe. We found a remarkable coincidence between the Hubble constant and the increasing distance of the Moon from the Earth.In 2000, Carlip showed that in general relativity gravitational aberration is almost cancelled out by velocity–dependent interactions. We show how the actual value of the gravitational aberration can be obtained by measurement of a single angle at a suitable time t* corresponding to the perihelion of an elliptic orbit. We also derive an a priori error estimate that expresses how accurately t* has to be determined to obtain the gravitational aberration to a prescribed tolerance.

scholarly journals Black Hole as the Global Standard Model

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed Farag Ali
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Entanglement ◽  
Nuclear Force ◽  
Geometric Interpretation ◽  
Red Shift ◽  
Speed Of Light ◽  
Cosmological Constant Problem ◽  
Quantum Particles ◽  
Inertial Frames ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Internal Symmetries

We study the localization of gravity through the matching point between non-inertial frames and local inertial frames. This localization of gravity lead to an emergence of a timeless state of the universe in a mathematically consistent way. We find a geometric interpretation of the speed of light and mass. The experimental evidence of the timeless state of the universe is the quantum entanglement and internal symmetries that are independent of time. Since the spin measurement is the manifestation of quantum entanglement measurement. Therefore, the spin of quantum particles is correlated with the relative gravitational red-shift at two different points. The same can be applied to all types of internal symmetries that are independent of time. Therefore gravity represents all measurements independent of time including quantum entanglement. We conclude that the gravity is the global $SU(3)\times SU(2)\times U(1)$ symmetry that produces gauge fields such as Electromagnetism, weak and strong nuclear force through localization with their internal symmetries correlated with the varying of relative gravitational red-shift . We also introduce a gravitational or geometric interpretation of spin-0, spin-1 and spin-1/2 states. We answered the question why do we measure matter and not anti-matter. We Introduce a solution for the Cosmological Constant Problem Value.

scholarly journals One Observer Universe: A Geometric Interpretation of Speed of Light and Mass

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed Farag Ali
Keyword(s):  
General Relativity ◽  
Special Relativity ◽  
Geometric Interpretation ◽  
Space Time ◽  
Red Shift ◽  
General Covariance ◽  
Speed Of Light ◽  
The Universe

In this paper, we investigate how Rindler observer measures the universe in the ADM formalism. We compute his measurements in each slice of the space-time in terms of gravitational red-shift which is a property of general covariance. In this way, we found special relativity preferred frames to match with the general relativity Rindler frame in ADM formalism. This may resolve the widely known incompatibility between special relativity and general relativity on how each theory sees the red-shift. We found a geometric interpretation of the speed of light and mass.

scholarly journals Will gravitational waves discover the first extra-galactic planetary system?

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (14) ◽  
pp. 2043007
Author(s):  
Camilla Danielski ◽  
Nicola Tamanini
Keyword(s):  
Gravitational Wave ◽  
Gravitational Waves ◽  
Milky Way ◽  
Planetary System ◽  
Planetary Systems ◽  
System A ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Satellite Galaxies ◽  
The Universe

Gravitational waves have opened a new observational window through which some of the most exotic objects in the universe, as well as some of the secrets of gravitation itself, can now be revealed. Among all these new discoveries, we recently demonstrated15 that space-based gravitational wave observations will have the potential to detect a new population of massive circumbinary exoplanets everywhere inside our Galaxy. In this paper, we argue that these circumbinary planetary systems can also be detected outside the Milky Way, in particular within its satellite galaxies. Space-based gravitational wave observations might thus constitute the mean to detect the first extra-galactic planetary system, a target beyond the reach of standard electromagnetic searches.

Cosmology

2019 ◽  
pp. 92-100
Author(s):  
Steven Carlip
Keyword(s):  
De Sitter Space ◽  
Red Shift ◽  
De Sitter ◽  
Einstein Field Equations ◽  
Field Equations ◽  
Microwave Background ◽  
Cosmological Solutions ◽  
Expansion Of The Universe ◽  
Topology Of The Universe ◽  
The Universe

Starting with the assumptions of homogeneity and isotropy, the cosmological solutions of the Einstein field equations—the Friedmann-Lemaitre-Robertson-Walker metrics—are derived. After a discussion of constant curvature metrics and the topology of the Universe, the chapter moves on to discuss observational implications: expansion of the Universe, cosmological red shift, primordial nucleosynthesis, the cosmic microwave background, and primordial perturbations. The chapter includes a brief discussion of de Sitter and anti-de Sitter space and an introduction to inflation.

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