Hydrogen Absorption to Low Alloy Steels in High Pressure Gaseous Hydrogen Environments

Steels at present included in Sections III and VIII of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code severely limit its application for high-pressure design. An extension of the well-known AISI 4300 series low alloy steels has long been known as “Gun Steel.” These alloys, which are generally superior to AISI 4340, offer good harden-ability and toughness and have been widely used under proprietary names for pressure vessel application. The ASTM Specification A-723 was developed to cover these nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloys for pressure vessel use, and is being adopted by Section II of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code for use in Section VIII, Division 2, and in Section III in Part NF for component supports. The rationale of the specification is discussed, and examples of the mechanical properties obtained from forgings manufactured to the specification are given. These include the results of both room and elevated temperature tension tests and Charpy V notch impact tests. New areas of applicability of the Code to forged vessels for high-pressure service using these materials are discussed. Problems of safety in operation of monobloc vessels are mentioned. Procedures for in-service inspection and determination of inspection intervals based on fracture mechanics are suggested.

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Hydrogen Compatibility and Suitability of (Ni)-Cr-Mo High-Strength Low-Alloy Seamless Line Pipe Steels for Pressure Vessels for Hydrogen Storage

Volume 1A: Codes and Standards ◽

10.1115/pvp2018-84726 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Akihide Nagao ◽

Nobuyuki Ishikawa ◽

Toshio Takano

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

High Pressure ◽

High Strength ◽

Pressure Vessels ◽

Hydrogen Gas ◽

Low Alloy Steels ◽

Pipe Steels ◽

Line Pipe ◽

Alloy Steels ◽

Pressure Hydrogen

Cr-Mo and Ni-Cr-Mo high-strength low-alloy steels are candidate materials for the storage of high-pressure hydrogen gas. Forging materials of these steels have been used for such an environment, while there has been a strong demand for a higher performance material with high resistance to hydrogen embrittlement at lower cost. Thus, mechanical properties of Cr-Mo and Ni-Cr-Mo steels made of quenched and tempered seamless pipes in high-pressure hydrogen gas up to 105 MPa were examined in this study. The mechanical properties were deteriorated in the presence of hydrogen that appeared in reduction in local elongation, decrease in fracture toughness and accelerated fatigue-crack growth rate, although the presence of hydrogen did not affect yield and ultimate tensile strengths and made little difference to the fatigue endurance limit. It is proposed that pressure vessels for the storage of gaseous hydrogen made of these seamless line pipe steels can be designed.

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Creep and Rupture Behavior of Low Alloy Steels in High Pressure Hydrogen Environment

Journal of Basic Engineering ◽

10.1115/1.3650546 ◽

1965 ◽

Vol 87 (2) ◽

pp. 313-318 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

J. W. Coombs ◽

R. E. Allen ◽

F. H. Vitovec

Keyword(s):

High Pressure ◽

Creep Rate ◽

Low Alloy Steels ◽

Hydrogen Attack ◽

Hydrogen Environment ◽

Alloy Steels ◽

Test Materials ◽

Rupture Properties ◽

Pressure Hydrogen ◽

Rupture Behavior

The creep and rupture properties of steels were investigated at 1000 deg F in an environment of argon at 50 psig pressure and hydrogen at 900 psig pressure. An SAE 1020 steel, a 0.5 percent Mo-steel, and a 1 percent Cr-0.5 percent Mo steel were used as test materials. The strength of the steels was lower and the creep rate higher in hydrogen than in argon. The data are discussed in respect to the effect of stress on the rate of hydrogen attack.

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DURABILITY OF THE OIL PIPELINE SYSTEMS UNDER ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS

THE IRAQI JOURNAL FOR MECHANICAL AND MATERIALS ENGINEERING ◽

10.32852/iqjfmme.v18i4.228 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 18 (4) ◽

pp. 564-576

Author(s):

Sabah M Beden ◽

Ali A Battawi ◽

A J Shahrum

Keyword(s):

Fatigue Life ◽

Environmental Effects ◽

Gaseous Hydrogen ◽

Mechanical Resistance ◽

Low Alloy Steels ◽

Metallic Materials ◽

Oil Pipeline ◽

System A ◽

Alloy Steels ◽

High Level

Recent discoveries of petroleum and gas reserves in environments with severe operationalconditions metallic materials, carbon and low alloy steels, have pushed and prompted theneed to find alternatives. The presence of gaseous hydrogen may cause the suffering ofhydrogen damage and embrittlement. The effect of hydrogen and temperature on fatigue lifeproperties, have pushed the utilization of steel procurement specification even stricter thanthey used to be. The main modifications concern the mechanical resistance, toughness at lowtemperatures weld ability and resistance to embrittlement related to hydrogen.Aiming to enhance the reliability and operation of pipelines system, a study based on theelastoplastic fracture was carried out to determine high level prediction for the fatigue life,as well as to evidence the toughness resistance of the used materials. The materials testedhere are API 5L X70 and X100 micro alloyed steels. Hydrogen had affecting the materialproperties, which are reducing the toughness and an influence spotted in Charpy tests.

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Fracture Property Testing of Carbon Steel in High Pressure Hydrogen

Volume 6: Materials and Fabrication, Parts A and B ◽

10.1115/pvp2009-78069 ◽

2009 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Andrew J. Duncan ◽

Thad M. Adams ◽

Poh-Sang Lam

Keyword(s):

High Pressure ◽

Carbon Steel ◽

Base Metal ◽

Alternative Energy ◽

Structural Integrity ◽

Low Alloy Steels ◽

Pipe Material ◽

Energy Demands ◽

Alloy Steels ◽

Pressure Hydrogen

An infrastructure of new and existing pipelines and systems will be required to carry and to deliver hydrogen as an alternative energy source to meet the energy demands of the future. Carbon and low alloy steels of moderate strength are currently used in hydrogen delivery systems as well as in the existing natural gas systems. It is critical to understand the material response of these standard pipeline materials when they are subjected to pressurized hydrogen environments. The methods and results from a testing program to quantify hydrogen effects on mechanical properties of carbon steel pipeline and pipeline weld materials are provided. Fracture toughness testing has been performed for one type of steel pipe material (A106 Grade B) in base metal, welded and heat affected zone conditions. C-shaped specimens were tested at room temperature in air and high pressure (102 ATM) hydrogen. A marked reduction in JQ was documented for both the base metal and HAZ metal tested in hydrogen. The results compliment a previous study on tensile properties of A106 Grade B material in high pressure hydrogen and are envisioned to be part of the basis for construction codes and structural integrity demonstrations of piping and pipelines for hydrogen service.

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Low Alloy Steels in Hydrogen Sulfide Environment

CORROSION ◽

10.5006/1.3579268 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 38 (3) ◽

pp. 156-167 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Yuichi Yoshino

Keyword(s):

Hydrogen Sulfide ◽

Hydrogen Absorption ◽

Carbide Precipitation ◽

Low Alloy Steels ◽

Matrix Interface ◽

Stress Cracking ◽

Sulfide Stress ◽

Alloy Steels ◽

Carbide Matrix ◽

Sulfide Stress Cracking

Abstract The effect of chemical composition on the behavior of low alloy steels in a hydrogen sulfide environment was studied with regard to corrosion, hydrogen absorption, and sulfide stress cracking. Results were interpreted in connection with microstructure and carbide precipitation. The addition of chromium results in the promotion of hydrogen absorption presumably due to the precipitation of incoherent carbides, thereby reducing, in general, the resistance to SSC. Fine coherent carbides appear to be beneficial, or at least not detrimental, to SSC resistance; e.g., Mo2C, VC, TiC, and NbC. Microstructure seems to affect both hydrogen absorption and SSC resistance largely through the trapping behavior of hydrogen at the carbide/matrix interface.

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