scholarly journals On the possibilities to apply indices of industrial coal-rank classification to determine hazardous characteristics of workable beds

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Mykola Antoshchenko ◽  
Vadym Tarasov ◽  
Oleksandr Nedbailo ◽  
Olha Zakharova ◽  
Rudniev Yevhen
Keyword(s):  
Regulatory System ◽  
Plastic Layer ◽  
Coal Rank ◽  
Black Coal ◽  
Graded Index ◽  
Plastic Layer Thickness ◽  
Reliable Correlation ◽  
Practical Implications ◽  
Safe Mining

Purpose is to identify behaviour of the graded indices as well as their correspondence to grades, groups, and subgroups of similar coal metamorphic degrees to determine hazardous characteristics of workable beds while mining. Methods. Rank scale and changes in the graded index values help define the coal grades, groups, and subgroups having comparable characteristics as well as ultimate composition of organic mass. Coal ranking involves the intensified metamorphism manifestation in the process of transition from lignite to black coal, and then to anthracite. Findings. Analysis of the total of the fusainized components has shown that coal grading is within less than 10 and more than 69% range. However, in the majority of cases its values are recommended as those being less than 39 or more than 40% which prevents from determination of reliable correlation relationships. Free heaving ratio is considered together with the plastic layer thickness making it possible to determine quantitively only LF, LS, LC, and L grades. In terms of vitrinite response index, being 0.8-1.4%, LS, LC, and L grades may be considered as coal in the central ranking series. The fact supports available changes in the internal structure. Originality. Behaviour of the graded indices of industrial coal-rank classification has been determined to identify hazardous characteristics of workable beds while mining. Practical implications are the possibilities to improve the regulatory system for safe mining of workable beds while determining differences in characteristics of vitrinite coal and fusainized coal.

scholarly journals On the ionization of light gases by X-rays. I.—Technique

1933 ◽  
Vol 141 (845) ◽  
pp. 669-686
Keyword(s):  
Absolute Intensity ◽  
X Rays ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Quantitative Correlation ◽  
Quantitative Measurements ◽  
Fluorescent Radiation ◽  
A New Technique ◽  
Heavy Gas ◽  
Reliable Correlation

The measurement of the intensity of an X-ray beam in absolute units is in theory most satisfactorily accomplished by a determination of its heating effect. The method, however, is attended by considerable experimental difficulties, so that its application is very limited, and in practice it is usual to replace it by a determination of the ionization produced when the beam is passed through a gas. To correlate the ionization with an absolute intensity requires a quantitative knowledge of the details of the interaction between the X-rays and the molecules concerned and of the ionization of the gas by the ejected electrons. It sometimes happens that the processes involved about which we know least are relatively unimportant, so that a fairly reliable correlation can be made; and much work has been done on the application of the ionization method to X-ray dosimetry. But in general a quantitative correlation between ionization and intensity is not possible. A further study of the ionization of gases by X-rays is therefore desirable; moreover it may be made to yield important information concerning the processes involved. The early development of the physics of X-rays contains many examples of this, and more recently an important contribution has been made by Stockmeyer. The events leading to the ionization of a heavy gas are exceedingly complicated, whereas in the light gases (hydrogen and helium) some of these events are absent or else occur to a negligible extent, so that the interpretation of experiments with the latter becomes simpler and more reliable. These gases are therefore specially worthy of study. Moreover, for them the application of quantum mechanics leads to the most definite results for comparison with experiment, and in particular permits of a direct test of some aspects of Dirac’s theory of recoil scattering. The ionization due to the gas itself is, however, very small, and may even be less than the secondary ionization due to electrons liberated from the chamber walls. The technique used in ionization measurements with heavy gases is therefore unsuitable. Hitherto the only attempt made to extend such measurements to light gases is an experiment carried out in 1915 on hydrogen by Shearer who, however, obtained very variable results and an ionization markedly smaller than that to be expected from recoil electrons alone. Moreover his experimental method is now open to criticism in view of our greater knowledge of X-rays, and in particular the fluorescent radiation used was of doubtful homogeneity. The present paper will describe a new technique suitable for quantitative measurements of the ionization produced by X-rays in light gases, and in another paper it will be applied to a re-investigation of hydrogen.

Regulating European financial markets between crisis and Brexit

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 503-514
Author(s):  
Jakob Schemmel
Keyword(s):  
Financial Markets ◽  
Regulatory System ◽  
Second Step ◽  
European Law ◽  
Regulatory Structure ◽  
Content Type ◽  
European Regulatory ◽  
Recent Reform ◽  
Rule Making ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose This paper aims to demonstrate how the European regulatory structure of the financial markets has changed after the financial crisis. Drawing from these findings, it discusses how the regulatory system might change and be adapted to a post-Brexit financial market. Design/methodology/approach The paper takes a systematic/legal approach. First, it analyses the recent reform against the background of European law and corresponding research. In a second step, it discusses the implications of Brexit by examining policy and legal contributions. Findings The changes to the European regulatory and supervisory structure of the financial markets have proven to be a pacemaker for European administrative and treaty law. Long-standing principles have fundamentally changed. Brexit, on the other hand, even though equally severe might not lead to similar results. Practical implications The paper proposes a limited reform to the existing regulatory structure to consolidate developments, ease constitutional frictions and enable the regulatory authorities to react quickly to volatile markets via rule making. Originality/value The paper draws attention to an almost unnoticed development in European law. It also illustrates the effects of Brexit on the European financial markets.

Causality in qualitative market and social research

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 405-413
Author(s):  
Clive Roland Boddy
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Social Research ◽  
Pragmatic Approach ◽  
Social Phenomena ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose Academic qualitative researchers have been criticized for rejecting the idea that their research can establish causality while market and social researchers, with their realist and pragmatic approach to research, take for granted that it can. This paper aims to explore the ability of qualitative research to determine cause and effect in terms of market and social phenomena. Design/methodology/approach The literature on causality in qualitative research is reviewed and discussed. The discussion is further informed by the author’s own experience of undertaking commercial and academic market and social qualitative research over the past 33 years. Findings In qualitative market and social research, the determination of causality is often needed but rarely discussed. This paper explores this occurrence and brings to the fore, via discussion and the use of example, the ways in which causality can be determined by qualitative research. Practical implications A determination of what events bring about predictable changes in social and market environments can be established via qualitative research particularly at a probabilistic level of causality. This implies that policymakers should give a greater emphasis to qualitative findings than then sometimes do at the moment. Originality/value Causality in market and social research is rarely discussed by practitioners but is nevertheless a premise of much of the qualitative research that is undertaken. This paper is therefore distinctive in that it examines whether this premise is justifiable.

The Missing Elephant in the Room—the Jurisdiction of International Human Rights Tribunals over International Humanitarian Law

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 388-408
Author(s):  
Ka Lok Yip
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Dispute Settlement ◽  
International Humanitarian Law ◽  
International Human Rights Law ◽  
Humanitarian Law ◽  
Human Rights Law ◽  
International Human Rights ◽  
International Human ◽  
Practical Implications

Abstract Treaty-based tribunals that render binding decisions on states under international human rights law (IHRL) have long engaged with international humanitarian law (IHL) in their judgements but little attention has been given to the basis of their jurisdiction, if any, to do so. By revisiting fundamental questions on the jurisdictional basis of international tribunals, this article presents a methodological challenge to the uncritical engagement with IHL by certain IHRL tribunals. After surveying the jurisdiction of different IHRL tribunals explicitly founded on treaties, the article seeks not only to justify, but also delimit, the inherent jurisdiction of IHRL tribunals to consider IHL for interpretive purpose, in contrast to directly applying it to the dispute. Finally, the article analyses the substantive and practical implications of stricter observance of the jurisdictional limits of IHRL tribunals on the interpretation of IHRL, the determination of ‘absent’ states’ legal interest under IHL and the future of IHL dispute settlement.

Application of FMEA method for an analysis of selected production process

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (91) ◽  
pp. 34-60
Author(s):  
A. Kania ◽  
K. Cesarz-Andraczke ◽  
J. Odrobiński
Keyword(s):  
Production Process ◽  
Technical Analysis ◽  
Risk Level ◽  
Preventive Actions ◽  
Applied Technology ◽  
Fmea Method ◽  
Fmea Analysis ◽  
And Training ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose: The article presents an application of FMEA method in a process of chimney system production. The analysis allowed to decrease a potential defects and their effects in the analysed process. Design/methodology/approach: The technical analysis of the process of chimney system production indicated many defects in the product. Based on the FMEA results (value of RPN – Risk Priority Number) corrective and preventive actions were proposed. These actions decrease RPN level by half. Findings: In this paper characteristics of the chimney system and technical analysis of its production process were presented. Failure mode and effects analysis for selected operations of the production process was performed. Practical implications: In the analysed process are possible the nonconformities above the appointed RPN level, because they are dependent on applied technology and machinery. Increase of a quantity of control points and training employees caused a reduction of manufacturing costs, improvement of the product quality and creation of the possibility of effective quality control. Originality/value: FMEA analysis is an effective tool for identification, determination of a risk level, planning and implementation of corrective and preventive actions to decrease a quantity of defects in the final product. Periodic application of this method enables the continuous improvement of the processes and products in enterprises.

Determination of the optimal parameters of the structure of functional gradient materials using mathematical modelling approaches

2019 ◽  
Vol 1-2 (92) ◽  
pp. 13-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
B.A. Lyashenko ◽  
Z.A. Stotsko ◽  
O.A. Kuzin ◽  
M.O. Kuzin ◽  
O.A. Mikosianchyk
Keyword(s):  
Interaction Design ◽  
Friction Pair ◽  
Operational Parameters ◽  
Surface Layers ◽  
Surface Strength ◽  
Contact Loads ◽  
Contact Durability ◽  
Properties Of Materials ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose: Functioning of mechanical friction systems largely depends on the characteristics of the structure of their surface layers. By controlling these parameters, it is possible to significantly adjust the reliability and durability of parts under the conditions of contact interaction. Design/methodology/approach: he proposed approach, which is based on the principle of nonlocality of the operational properties of materials, allows determining the optimal microhardness values of the surface layers and the gradient of this parameter, at which the contact durability of friction pair elements significantly increases. Findings: It is established that by adjusting the ratios of the surface strength of materials and its gradient, it is possible to achieve a significant increase in the operational parameters of friction units. Practical implications: The engineering relationship considered in the work allows to establish functional distributions of microhardness in the structure of surface layers, at which their wear reaches minimum values. Originality/value: Mathematical approaches are proposed, which allow determining the parameters of the structure of the surface layers of parts to increase their durability under conditions of friction contact loads.

scholarly journals Determination of the effective thermal conductivity of solid fuels by the laser flash method

2014 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 3-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monika Kosowska-Golachowska ◽  
Władysław Gajewski ◽  
Tomasz Musiał
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Conductivity ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Laser Flash ◽  
Physical Structure ◽  
Solid Fuels ◽  
Flash Method ◽  
Hard Coal ◽  
Coal Rank ◽  
Dominant Effect

Abstract In this study, a new laser flash system was proposed for the determination of the thermal conductivity of brown coal, hard coal and anthracite. The main objective of the investigation was to determine the effect of coal rank, composition, physical structure and temperature on thermal conductivity. The solid fuels tested were medium conductors of heat whose determined thermal conductivities were in the range of 0.09 to 0.23W/(mK) at room temperature. The thermal conductivity of the solid fuels tested typically increased with the rank of coal and the measurement temperature. The results of this study show that the physical structure of solid fuels and temperature have a dominant effect on the fuels’ thermal conductivity.

Profit-sharing investment accounts in islamic banks or mutualization, accounting perspective

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wasim K. AlShattarat ◽  
Muhannad A. Atmeh
Keyword(s):  
Financial Reporting ◽  
Mutual Fund ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Profit Sharing ◽  
Islamic Banks ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Implementation Challenges ◽  
Total Profit ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose Islamic banks use Mudarabah contract to replace the interest-bearing deposits with profit-sharing investment accounts. The purpose of this paper is to explore the challenges and problems associated with the employment of Mudarabah contract by Islamic banks. Design/methodology/approach The study critically analyzes the Mudarabah contract used by Islamic banks. It reviews the evolution of the contract from its traditional type to more complicated types such as compound, unrestricted, commingled and continuous Mudarabah. The paper investigates the problems that have emerged from implementing such types in current business settings. Findings The paper proves that implementing the Mudarabah contract by banks imposes several problems among which are the following: difficulty in the determination of total profit resulting from Mudarabah and in allocating this profit to the multiple parties involved in Mudarabah; usage of reserves to cater against future losses may undermine the concept of Mudarabah profit-loss sharing and lead to earnings management; corporate governance is also a major problem in Mudarabah contract, as the depositors are exposed to risks but have no governance rights; and Mudarabah may also lessen the fair presentation of financial reporting. Research limitations/implications The paper examines the evolving Mudarabah contract and its implementation challenges, based on available literature (no empirical analysis was conducted). Practical implications The implications are significant for the future development of Islamic contracts and Islamic accounting treatments. Originality/value Many studies explored the Mudarabah contract from a Shariah or law perspective. However, this paper investigates the Mudarabah contract with a focus on the implication on accounting and financial reporting because of the lack of studies in this area. Furthermore, it demonstrates the persistent flaws in the Mudarabah contract, and it proposes a new model for mobilizing funds, i.e. mutual fund.

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