scholarly journals Urinary Iodine Level in Healthy Pregnant Women and its Correlation with Serum TSH & FT4

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-26
Author(s):  
PR Saha ◽  
R Maleque ◽  
S Biswas ◽  
R Haque ◽  
F Khondker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Iodine Level ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Iodine Excretion ◽  
Serum Tsh ◽  
In Pregnancy

Pregnancy is accompanied by profound alteration of thyroid economy and relative iodine deficiency. Sub-optimal thyroid function in pregnancy is associated with impaired neuro intellectual development. Urinary iodine concentration is increased during pregnancy. The aims of this study were to evaluate urinary iodine level in pregnant women and also to elucidate its correlation with thyroid parameters (TSH&FT4) in pregnancy. This was a case control study carried out in the Department of Biochemistry, jointly with the Antenatal and Thyroid Clinic of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka, during the period of July 2003 to June 2004. Urinary iodine excretion was measured in 100 subjects of age range 20-35 years. Among them 60 were pregnant at first trimester and primi gravid. Rest 40 were non-pregnant women who were taken as control. Urinary iodine was measured by Wet digestion based on Sandell-Kolthoff principle. Thyroid Stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxin (FT4) were measured by the AxSYM (Abbott -USA) by applying Micro particle Enzyme Immune Assay (MEIA) principle. The data was reported as Mean± SE; the mean age of the pregnant and nonpregnant women were 25.03±0.48 yrs and 25.20±0.60 yrs respectively. No significant difference was found regarding age. The median urinary iodine of pregnant women was 438.13µg/l (range240.50-490.0) and that non pregnant women was 412.50µg/l (range 240.0-473.75µgl). Mean serum TSH were 1.29±0.15 and 1.97±0.18 mIU/L and mean serum FT4 were 14.51±0.41 and 16.30 ±0.41pmol/L in pregnant and non pregnant women respectively. Urinary iodine level was significantly increased in pregnant women compared to that of the non pregnant group (p<0.05). A significant negative correlation was found between urinary iodine and serum TSH (p<0.01) whereas a positive correlation between urinary iodine and serum FT4 level is p<0.05 in pregnant and p<0.01 in non pregnant group. Urinary iodine excretion is increased in pregnancy than that in non pregnant women. Clinically and biochemically all the subjects were euthyroid and excretion rate of iodine in all subjects were above the normal range.Bangladesh J Med Biochem 2015; 8(1): 21-26

scholarly journals Association of Iodine-Related Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behaviours with Urinary Iodine Excretion in Pregnant Women with Mild Iodine Deficiency

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhengyuan Wang ◽  
Yiwen Wu ◽  
Zehuan Shi ◽  
Jun Song ◽  
Guoquan Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Iodized Salt ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Third Trimester ◽  
The Third

Abstract Background: China’s universal salt-iodization program has all but eliminated iodine deficiency disorders. Concern has shifted to mild iodine deficiency. Our study examined factors with the potential to predict mild iodine deficiency in pregnant women. Methods: A total of 2 400 pregnant women were enrolled using a multistage, stratified, random-sampling method. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews, a standardized questionnaire, an iodine-related knowledge questionnaire, urine samples, and household cooking salt samples. Results: The median urinary iodine concentration (MUIC) was 148.0 μg/L for all participants, and 155.0 μg/L, 151.0 μg/L, and 139.6 μg/L in the first, second, and third trimesters, respectively. The third trimester’s MUIC was significantly lower than that of the first trimester, and the usage rates of iodized salt and qualified-iodized salt were 71.5% and 59.4%, respectively. Iodine-related knowledge was significantly different between the high and low UIC groups. Participants’ MUIC increased significantly with increases in iodine-related knowledge. The third trimester was a significant risk factor for high UIC, whereas abundant iodine-related knowledge, study the dietary knowledge urgently, and consumption of iodine-rich food within 48 hours of a urine iodine test were significant protective factors for high UIC (P<0.05). Conclusions: Iodine levels are adequate among pregnant women in Shanghai during the first and second trimesters, but insufficient in the third trimester. The use of iodized cooking salt does not determine the iodine status of pregnant women. Abundant iodine-related knowledge is important for pregnant women in the third trimester to maintain adequate urinary iodine.

scholarly journals Iodine deficiency among Italian children and adolescents assessed through 24-hour urinary iodine excretion

2019 ◽  
Vol 109 (4) ◽  
pp. 1080-1087 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angelo Campanozzi ◽  
Irene Rutigliano ◽  
Paolo E Macchia ◽  
Gianpaolo De Filippo ◽  
Antonio Barbato ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Italian Regions ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Iodine Excretion

ABSTRACTBackgroundIodine is an essential micronutrient for intellectual development in children. Information on iodine intakes based on 24-h urinary iodine excretion (UIE) is scant, because iodine status is only assessed by the measurement of urinary iodine concentration (UIC) in spot urine samples.ObjectivesThe aim of our study was to evaluate the iodine intake of school-age children and adolescents, using UIE measurement in 24-h urine collections.MethodsThe study population included 1270 healthy subjects (677 boys, 593 girls) aged 6–18 y (mean age ± SD: 10.3 ± 2.9) from 10 Italian regions. Daily iodine intake was estimated as UIE/0.92, based on the notion that $\sim$92% of the dietary iodine intake is absorbed. The adequacy of intakes was assessed according to the Dietary Reference Values for iodine of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). Body mass index (BMI) and UIC were also measured for each subject.ResultsBased on the scientific opinion of EFSA, 600 of 1270 subjects (47.2%) had a lower than adequate iodine intake, with a higher prevalence among girls (54.6%) compared with boys (40.2%) (P < 0.001). Although UIE and 24-h urinary volumes increased with age (P < 0.001), a progressive decrease in the percentage of subjects with iodine excretion <100 µg/24 h (P < 0.001) was observed, without any significant difference in the percentage of subjects with UIC <100 µg/L. No significant association was detected between BMI z-score and UIE (P = 0.603) or UIC (P = 0.869).ConclusionsA sizable proportion of our population, especially girls, appeared to be at risk of iodine inadequacy. The simple measurement of UIC could lead to underestimation of the occurrence of iodine deficiency in younger children, because of the age-related smaller urine volumes producing spuriously higher iodine concentrations.

scholarly journals Iodine nutrition in pregnancy and lactation in Iran

2007 ◽  
Vol 10 (12A) ◽  
pp. 1596-1599 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fereidoun Azizi
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Thyroid Volume ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Lactating Women ◽  
Iodine Excretion ◽  
Pregnancy And Lactation

AbstractObjective: To describe studies evaluating urinary iodine excretion during pregnancy and lactation in women living in cities with adequate or more than adequate iodine intake.Design: Cross-sectional study conducted between 1996 and 1998 in pregnant women and a study of lactating women conducted in 2003.Settings and Subjects: Pregnant women attending prenatal clinics in four cities in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Urinary iodine excretion and thyroid volume was measured in 403 women. In a second study, 100 lactating women from Taleghani Hospital in Gorgan, Iran were evaluated for thyroid size, and both urinary and breast milk iodine concentrations were determined.Results: In Rasht city, 84% of pregnant women had a urinary iodine concentration of ≥ 200 μg l-1, while in the other cities this percentage ranged from 45 to 55%. When data were combined for the cities of Ilam, Isfahan and Tehran, where women have an adequate or more than adequate median urinary iodine concentration, 51% of pregnant women had a urinary iodine concentration less than that recommended during pregnancy. In Rasht, where the median urinary iodine concentration indicates an excessive iodine intake, 15.4% of pregnant women had a urinary iodine concentration < 200 μg l-1. The mean urinary iodine concentration in lactating women was 250 μg l-1, and 16% of women had a urinary iodine concentration < 100 μg l-1. Grade 1 goitre was present in 8% of lactating women, and another 8% had grade 2 goitre.Conclusions: Findings of this study call for further attention to iodine intake during pregnancy and lactation. The currently recommended intake of iodine through universal salt iodisation may not be adequate for pregnant and lactating women, and supplementation during pregnancy and lactation should be further considered in light of the latest recommendations.

Assessment of iodofolic supplementation on thyroid function in pregnant women with iodine sufficient status and their infants in Birjand

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maryam Rezaei ◽  
Naeemeh Ataei ◽  
Asghar Zarban ◽  
Nahid Mobasher ◽  
Tahereh Farkhondeh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Folic Acid ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
The Third ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Serum Tsh

Background: Maintaining iodine at sufficient levels is necessary throughout the pregnancy to prevent adverse outcomes in infants. This study aimed to assess iodofolic supplementation's impact on thyroid function in women at the end of the third trimesters of gestation. Methods: This case-control study was conducted on 130 pregnant women in the Birjand, east of Iran, during the period from August 2017 to February 2019. We assessed iodofolic supplementation effect in the women at the first trimesters of gestation and followed them at the end of the third trimesters and also their infants on days 3-5. Serum samples were obtained from women and infants for measuring levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). Urinary iodine concentration (UIC) was also determined at the end of the third trimester. Results: The median serum TSH concentration in the folic acid consumed group (3.26 ± 1.91) did not significantly differ from another group (2.98 ± 1.41), (p = 0.68). There is also no considerable difference in the mean serum TSH concentration between infants born from mothers who consumed folic acid in the first trimester of pregnancy and another group (p = 0.50). The TSH concentration in all infants was below 5 µM/L. The significant difference in the mean of UIC was also not observed between pregnant women in the folic acid consumed group (188.02 ± 105.38) and iodofolic consumed group (225.77 ± 130.26), (p = 0.13). Conclusion: Iodine intake in our study was sufficient according to the WHO recommendation and idofolic supplementation was not emphasized.

scholarly journals Urinary iodine excretion among thyroid peroxidase antibody positive pregnant women: a comparative study

Mediscope ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-32
Author(s):  
O Sultana ◽  
D Hussain ◽  
Z Rahman ◽  
N Jahan ◽  
N Sultana
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
Thyroid Peroxidase ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Iodine Excretion ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B

Urinary iodine excretion increases during pregnancy. Presence of thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPO-Ab) accelerates this excretion rate. The objectives of the study was to observe the relation between TPO-Ab and urinary excretion of iodine in normal pregnant women during 1st trimester. This case-control study was carried out in the Department of Physiology, Sir Salimullah Medical College from 1st January to 31st December 2011. A total number of 120 subjects were included in the study and divided into control group (Group A) and study group (Group B). Group A consisted of 60 healthy non-pregnant women aged between 20 to 35 years. Group B consisted of 60 normal pregnant women of same age range. Group B was further subdivided into Group B1 and Group B2 according to the level of TPO-Ab. Group B1 consisted of 11 TPO-Ab positive pregnant women and Group B2 consisted of 49 TPO-Ab negative pregnant women. Group A was selected from personal contacts and Group B from Out Patient Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Sir Salimullah Medical College and Mitford Hospital. For assessment of iodine excretion, urinary iodine concentration, serum TPO-Ab and HCG of all pregnant women was measured by Spectrophotometric method, Microparticle Enzyme Immunoassay and Enzyme- Linked Immunosorbent Assay, respectively. In this study, urinary iodine was significantly (p < 0.001) higher in normal pregnant women during 1st trimester in comparison to those of nonpregnant women. Urinary iodine concentration was significantly (p < 0.001) higher in TPO-Ab positive pregnant women in comparison to those of TPO-Ab negative. Again, urinary iodine concentration showed significant (p < 0.001) positive correlation with that of TPO-Ab. Urinary iodine excretion increased in TPO-Ab positive normal pregnant women during 1st trimester. So, iodine supply should be increased during pregnancy and screening for TPO-Ab should be done routinely during pregnancy.Mediscope Vol. 3, No. 1: January 2016, Pages 28-32

scholarly journals Urinary iodine level assessment during third trimester in a sample of Egyptian pregnant women and its relation to thyroid function

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 4350
Author(s):  
Magda S. Mohamed ◽  
Merhan S. Nasr ◽  
Salah H. Elhalawany ◽  
Salma S. Tayeh ◽  
Ahmed M. Abbas
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Thyroid Volume ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
P Value ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Pregnant Females ◽  
Group I ◽  
Iodine Level ◽  
Serum Tsh

Background: Inadequate intakes of iodine during pregnancy may cause thyroid dysfunctions that adversely affect pregnancy outcomes. Aim of the work was to evaluate the urinary iodine level as a marker of iodine status in a sample of Egyptian pregnant women during 3rd trimester and assess its relation to thyroid functions.Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 100 pregnant females at their 3rd trimester aged (18-35) years. They were divided according to their urinary iodine concentration into 3 groups; Group (I): Pregnant females with deficient iodine (<150 μg/l), Group (II): Pregnant females with adequate iodine (150-249) μg/l, Group (III): pregnant females including who have above requirements (250-499 μg/l), and excessive (≥500 μg/l). TSH, free t4, free t3, Anti-Thyroglobulin (TgAb) and anti-thyroid perioxidase (TPOAb), medium urinary Iodine concentration (UIC) by ELISA and neck U/S were performed to all participants.Results: 18% of the pregnant women in our study had iodine deficiency during 3rd trimester (UIC<150 ug/l) whereas 55% of pregnant women had excess iodine level, and adequate iodine level was observed in 27%.  Serum TSH was significantly higher in group I with deficient iodine level (p value<0.01). All pregnant women included at group I were suffering from subclinical hypothyroidism. Serum TSH and thyroid volume were inversely correlated with urinary iodine among pregnant females at 3rd trimester (p value<0.01).Conclusions: Serum TSH and thyroid volume were inversely correlated with urinary iodine level among pregnant females at 3rd trimester.

scholarly journals Moderate Iodine Deficiency Is Common in Pregnancy but Does Not Alter Maternal and Neonatal Thyroid Function Tests

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tal Schiller ◽  
Arnon Agmon ◽  
Viviana Ostrovsky ◽  
Gabi Shefer ◽  
Hilla Knobler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Thyroid Function Tests ◽  
Neonatal Thyroid Function ◽  
Iodine Deficiency In Pregnancy ◽  
In Pregnancy

IntroductionAn Israeli national survey found that 85% of pregnant women had urinary iodine content (UIC) levels below the adequacy range (&lt;150 µg/L). Widespread desalinated water usage and no national fortification plan are possible causes. Studies assessing relationships between iodine status and maternal and neonatal thyroid function provided varying results. Our aims were to determine whether iodine deficiency was associated with altered maternal or neonatal thyroid function and the factors leading to iodine deficiency.MethodsA cross-sectional study including 100 healthy women without prior thyroid disease, in their first trimester of a singleton pregnancy were recruited from an HMO clinic in central Israel. The women were followed from their first trimester. All women completed a 24-h dietary recall and life habits questionnaires. We tested for UIC, maternal and neonatal thyroid function, maternal autoantibodies, and neonatal outcomes.ResultsMedian UIC in our cohort was 49 µg/L [25%–75% interquartile range (IQR) 16-91.5 µg/L], with 84% below adequacy range. No correlation was found between iodine deficiency and maternal or neonatal thyroid function which remained within normal ranges. Antibody status did not differ, but thyroglobulin levels were significantly higher in iodine insufficient subjects. UIC was higher in women consuming an iodine containing supplement. There was no association between UIC and dietary iodine content or water source.ConclusionsModerate iodine deficiency is common in our healthy pregnant women population. Our data imply that moderate iodine deficiency in pregnancy seem sufficient to maintain normal maternal and neonatal thyroid function.

scholarly journals A negative iodine balance is found in healthy neonates compared with neonates with thyroid agenesis

1999 ◽  
Vol 161 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
B Bakker ◽  
T Vulsma ◽  
J de Randamie ◽  
AM Achterhuis ◽  
B Wiedijk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Postnatal Period ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
Term Neonates ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Iodine Metabolism ◽  
Iodine Excretion ◽  
Term Newborns ◽  
Hypothyroid Patients ◽  
Tsh Stimulation

We studied the effects of the presence or absence of the thyroid gland on the iodine metabolism and excretion in term Dutch newborns by performing a retrospective study of the urinary iodine excretion in 193 term newborns with abnormal congenital hypothyroidism screening results. Thirty-six euthyroid newborns with decreased thyroxine-binding globulin levels were compared with 157 hypothyroid patients, 54 due to thyroid agenesis and 103 due to thyroid dysgenesis. A significant difference in the urinary iodine excretion was observed between the agenesis group (mean: 28 micrograms/24 h) and the euthyroid newborns (mean: 46 micrograms/24 h, P=0.001). In conclusion, healthy, euthyroid, term newborns excreted more iodine in their urine than newborns with thyroid agenesis. These results strongly indicated the existence of a temporarily negative iodine balance: the excretion of iodine prevailed over the intake and the newborn's thyroidal iodine, stored during pregnancy, could be used for thyroxine synthesis in the postnatal period. Since healthy term neonates were able to maintain adequate plasma free thyroxine concentrations under normal TSH stimulation, the prenatally acquired iodine stores could be considered sufficiently high to compensate for the transient postnatal losses.

scholarly journals Iodine Intake and Thyroid Function in Pregnant Women in a Private Clinical Practice in Northwestern Sydney before Mandatory Fortification of Bread with Iodised Salt

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norman Blumenthal ◽  
Karen Byth ◽  
Creswell J. Eastman
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
Blood Collection ◽  
Antenatal Visit ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Cross Sectional

Aim. The primary objective of the study was to assess the iodine nutritional status, and its effect on thyroid function, of pregnant women in a private obstetrical practice in Sydney.Methods. It was a cross-sectional study undertaken between November 2007 and March 2009. Blood samples were taken from 367 women at their first antenatal visit between 7 and 11 weeks gestation for measurement of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxine (FT4) levels and spot urine samples for urinary iodine excretion were taken at the same time as blood collection.Results. The median urinary iodine concentration (UIC) for all women was 81 μg/l (interquartile range 41–169 μg/l). 71.9% of the women exhibited a UIC of <150 μg/l. 26% of the women had a UIC <50 μg/l, and 12% had a UIC <20 μg/l. The only detectable influences on UIC were daily milk intake and pregnancy supplements. There was no statistically significant association between UIC and thyroid function and no evidence for an effect of iodine intake on thyroid function.Conclusions. There is a high prevalence of mild to moderate iodine deficiency in women in Western Sydney but no evidence for a significant adverse effect on thyroid function. The 6.5% prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism is unlikely to be due to iodine deficiency.

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