scholarly journals Effects of Heliotropium strigosum and Trapa bicornis in hyperactive gut disorders

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anam Saeed ◽  
Fazli Wahid ◽  
Hafiz Majid Rasheed ◽  
Rahila Qayyum ◽  
Abdul Jabbar Shah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Toxicity Test ◽  
Castor Oil ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Acute Toxicity Test ◽  
Channel Blockade ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Calcium Channel Blockade ◽  
Rightward Shift ◽  
Rabbit Jejunum

<p>The current study was aimed to investigate the extracts from <em>Heliotropium strigosum</em> and <em>Trapa bicornis</em> phytochemically for various constituents and pharmacologically for gastro-intestinal disorders. Phytochemical analysis indicated the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides and tannins in both the extracts. In castor oil-induced diarrhea, <em>H. strigosum</em> and <em>T. bicornis</em>, at 100-1000 mg/kg dose provided protection of 10-83% and 14-76% respectively. In isolated rabbit jejunum preparations, <em>T. bicornis</em> (0.01-5 mg/mL) relaxed the spontaneous and K+ (80 mM)-induced contractions with EC&lt;sub&gt;50&lt;/sub&gt; values of 1.2 mg/mL and 2.6 mg/mL respectively, suggesting that spasmolytic effect was possibly mediated through calcium channel blockade. This was further authenticated when pretreatment of tissues with <em>T. bicornis</em> (1-5 mg/mL) caused rightward shift of Ca++ concentration–response curves, similar to verapamil. In acute toxicity test, both extracts were safe up to 10 g/kg dose. These results indicated the usefulness of <em>H. strigosum</em> and <em>T. bicornis</em> in the treatment of hyperactive gut disorders.</p>

scholarly journals Antispasmodic and Antidiarrheal Activities ofValeriana hardwickiiWall. Rhizome Are Putatively Mediated through Calcium Channel Blockade

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samra Bashir ◽  
Raafia Memon ◽  
Anwar H. Gilani
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Channel ◽  
Castor Oil ◽  
Channel Blockade ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Calcium Channel Blockade ◽  
Traditional Use ◽  
Medicinal Uses ◽  
Rabbit Jejunum ◽  
Spontaneous Contractions ◽  
Dose Dependent

Valeriana hardwickiiis indigenous to Pakistan, Burma and Ceylon, where it is traditionally being used as an antispasmodic and antidiarrheal, besides its culinary use as spice. The aim of this paper was to provide pharmacological validation to these medicinal uses. The crude aqueous-methanolic extract ofValeriana hardwickiirhizome (Vh.Cr) was studied on isolated rabbit jejunum and castor oil-induced diarrhea in mice for spasmolytic and antidiarrheal properties, respectively. Vh.Cr caused concentration-dependent (0.01–1 mg/mL) relaxation of spontaneous contractions in isolated rabbit jejunum and inhibited K+-induced contractions (0.01–0.3 mg/mL), similar to verapamil, suggestive of calcium channel blockade (CCB). The CCB effect was confirmed when pretreatment of the jejunum preparations with Vh.Cr produced a concentration-dependent (0.03–0.1 mg/mL) rightward shift in the Ca++concentration-response curves, as caused by verapamil. Vh.Cr exhibited dose-dependent (100–300 mg/kg) protection against castor oil-induced diarrhea in mice. Loperamide, a standard antidiarrheal drug, similarly prevented the diarrhea. These data indicate the presence of CCB effect in the extract ofValeriana hardwickiirhizome, possibly mediating its antispasmodic and antidiarrheal activities and provide a scientific base for its traditional use in hyperactive gut disorders.

scholarly journals Antidiarrhoael and antimicrobial effects of ethanol root bark extract from Salacia lehmbachii

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 188-193
Author(s):  
Godwin Christian Akuodor ◽  
Grace Akanimo Essiet ◽  
John Azubuike Ekenjoku ◽  
Francis Vincent Udoh ◽  
Emeka Donald Ogiji ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Transit Time ◽  
Toxicity Test ◽  
Castor Oil ◽  
Intestinal Transit ◽  
Bark Extract ◽  
Root Bark ◽  
Acute Toxicity Test ◽  
Intestinal Transit Time ◽  
Standard Drug

Introduction: The roots of Salacia lehmbachii are used in Nigerian folklore medicine without scientific basis. The present study was aimed to investigate the antidiarrheal and antimicrobial activities of the ethanol extract of S. lehmbachii root bark. Methods: The antidiarrheal activity was examined using castor oil induced diarrhoea method. The ethanol root bark extract effects on intestinal transit time and enteropooling were also evaluated in rats, while antimicrobial activity was conducted on selected microorganisms. The acute toxicity test and phytochemical screening of the extract were also carried out. Results: The extract produced significant (P < 0.05) dose dependent protection on rats against castor oil induced diarrhoea. The extract inhibited intestinal transit time and caused significant dose related inhibition of castor oil induced enteropooling in rats, comparable to the standard drug, atropine (P < 0.05). The root bark extract significantly and dose dependently delayed the onset of castor oil induced diarrhoea, reduced the frequency of defecation and decreased the severity of diarrhoea in rats. S. lehmbachii ethanol root bark extract significantly and dose dependently decreased the volume of intestinal fluid accumulation in the castor oil induced enteropooling. The extract also significantly inhibited the growth of test organisms. The acute toxicity test produced no lethality in rats, whereas the phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids, cardiac glycosides, resins and balsam. Conclusion: The results of this study confirm the ethnomedicinal use of S. lehmbachii root bark as a valuable natural agent for the treatment of diarrhoea and microbial infections.

scholarly journals Anti-Pyretic Activity of two Varieties of Hibiscus Rosa Sinensis L.

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-74
Author(s):  
MWH Abdul Aziz ◽  
SZ Raduan ◽  
A Zuraini ◽  
MN Hakim ◽  
AH Roslida ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Toxicity Test ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Acute Toxicity Test ◽  
Reference Drug ◽  
Hibiscus Rosa Sinensis ◽  
Total Temperature ◽  
Ethanol Extracts

Hibiscus rosa-sinensis has been traditionally used by local communities to treat fever. However, there are only limited data have been published to support the antipyretic effects. The objective of this study is to investigate the antipyretic properties and possible mechanism of the ethanol extracts of Hibiscus rosa-sinensisL. (red colored flower) and Hibiscus rosa-sinensisvar. Alba (white colored flower). Phytochemical analysis, heavy metals screening and acute toxicity test were done to evaluate the safety of extracts. The first model ran induced fever in rats by injecting Brewer's Yeast subcutaneously and then treated with 4 extracts at dosage 5 & 50 mg/kg. The dosages used for the study were obtained by the acute toxicity test. Ibuprofen was used as a reference drug, with dose 100 mg/kg. Temperatures of rats were measured using a digital thermometer. The results were expressed as mean ± S.E.M. and analyzed using the SAS system. The results of the study showed that white flower extract 5mg/kg and 50 mg/kg significantly (p <0.05) reduced the total temperature when compared to positive control group. Therefore, this research suggests the probability for its therapeutic effectiveness as plant-based antipyretic agent as claimed by traditional medicine practitioners.

Effects of atrazine and alachlor on self-purification processes in receiving streams

1996 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 181-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jana Zagorc-Koncan
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effect ◽  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Toxicity Test ◽  
Chronic Toxicity ◽  
Acute Toxicity Test ◽  
Organic Substances ◽  
Inhibiting Effect ◽  
Scenedesmus Subspicatus ◽  
Net Assimilation ◽  
Chlorophyll A Content

In recent years many waterways in Slovenia have been subjected to an increased loading with pesticides due to intensification of agriculture. The most widely used herbicides are atrazine and alachlor and they were detected in some rivers and even in ground water. Therefore the effects of atrazine and alachlor on selfpurification processes were investigated. The basic selfpurification processes studied were biodegradation of organic substances and photosynthesis and growth of algae. The inhibiting effect of pesticides on the process of biodegradation of organic pollutants was evaluated by the use of laboratory river model and mathematical modelling. The harmful impacts of pesticides on aquatic autotrophic organisms were assessed by measurement of net assimilation inhibition (24-h acute toxicity test) as well as growth inhibition - chlorophyll- a content (72-h chronic toxicity test) of algae Scenedesmus subspicatus. The results obtained demonstrate that atrazine and alachlor in concentrations found in our rivers have practically no effect on biodegrading heterotrophic organisms, while their adverse effect on algae is quite considerable.

scholarly journals Dying for change: A roadmap to refine the fish acute toxicity test after 40 years of applying a lethal endpoint

2021 ◽  
Vol 223 ◽  
pp. 112585
Author(s):  
Ioanna Katsiadaki ◽  
Tim Ellis ◽  
Linda Andersen ◽  
Philipp Antczak ◽  
Ellen Blaker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Toxicity Test ◽  
Acute Toxicity Test

Ceriofast™: An acute toxicity test based onCeriodaphnia dubiafeeding behavior

1996 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-125
Author(s):  
Gabriel Bitton ◽  
Kimberly Rhodes ◽  
Ben Koopman
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Toxicity Test ◽  
Acute Toxicity Test

Study on the Safety of Mineral and Synthetic Oil Added Commonly Used Extreme Pressure Additives

2012 ◽  
Vol 430-432 ◽  
pp. 1386-1389
Author(s):  
Zhuo Jun Chen ◽  
Long Long Feng ◽  
Bao Liang Li ◽  
Jin Jin Yue ◽  
Ying Liang Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Toxicity Test ◽  
Mineral Oil ◽  
Stimulation Test ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Acute Toxicity Test ◽  
Base Oil ◽  
Synthetic Oil ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Oral Acute Toxicity

This article use the Sulphide Isobutene (T321), Five Sufides Dialkyl(RC2540) and Star of Phosphorus(P110) as the additives,Neopentyl Polyol Ester(NPE) and mineral oil N32 as base oil. Compound above additives and base oil for the four levels. A sample: adding 4% T321 additive in NPE. B sample: adding 4% T321 additive in N32. C sample: adding 4% RC2540 additive in NPE. D sample: adding RC2540, T321 and P110 additives in NPE (all is mass fraction). The oral acute toxicity test, eye mucous stimulation test, skin hypersensitive test, soaking tail toxicity tests were conducted in above samples. The test results show that. The mineral oil, it’s not only toxic then synthetic oil but also has a poor lubricating ability compare with the same percent additive in synthetic oil. In oral acute toxicity test, eye mucous stimulation test, skin hypersensitive test, soaking tail toxicity tests, Toxic reaction of mineral N32+4%wt Sulphide Isobutene (T321) obviously from other oil samples.

Acute toxicity test for the ethanolic extract of the white oyster mushroom

2020 ◽  
pp. 41-43
Author(s):  
S.B. Rahimah ◽  
Y. Kharisma ◽  
M.K. Dewi ◽  
J. Hartati ◽  
W. Maharani
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Toxicity Test ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Oyster Mushroom ◽  
Acute Toxicity Test

scholarly journals Evaluation on Toxicity Level of Terminalia catappa Leaves Extract on Selected Cyprinids under Different Bath Concentrations

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Emi Fazlina Hashim ◽  
Irence John ◽  
Intan Faraha A Ghani ◽  
Mohammad Noor Amal Azmai
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Toxicity Test ◽  
Safety Margin ◽  
Probit Analysis ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Acute Toxicity Test ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Terminalia Catappa ◽  
Cyprinid Species ◽  
Goldfish Carassius Auratus

This study aimed to determine the lethal concentration (LC50) of Terminalia catappa leaves extract on three cyprinid species; carp (Cyprinus carpio), goldfish (Carassius auratus) and tiger barb (Puntigrus tetrazona) through the acute toxicity test. The leaves of T. catappa were extracted with methanol and prepared in various immersion concentrations (40, 80, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, and 350 mg/L). These extracts were immersed in the aquarium and left for 24 h before performing the acute toxicity test. The water quality was also analyzed before and after adding the extract immersions into the aquarium. The acute toxicity test conducted for 96 h with 10 fishes of each cyprinid species (4.0-6.0 cm length) in 30 L water capacity aquarium. The mortality of each cyprinid species was recorded at 24 h time interval and LC50 of the extracts throughout 96 hours was determined through the probit analysis application. Specifically, the LC50 of T. catappa leaves extract were 349.89, 338.65 and 318.48 mg/L exhibited for carp, goldfish and tiger barb, respectively. A high concentration range of any plant-based extract has the potential to become toxic to particular fishes. Thus, it is an effort from this study to identify the safety margin of T. catappa leaves extract before its therapeutic values can be further manipulated and elucidated in aquaculture research.

Acute Toxicity Investigation of Landfill Leachates Treated with Fine Bubbles

2021 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 55-65
Author(s):  
Hikmat Kasmara ◽  
Desti Pratiwi ◽  
Sundoro Yoga Azhary ◽  
Eko Sulistyo ◽  
Camellia Panatarani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Toxicity Test ◽  
Waste Treatment ◽  
Probit Analysis ◽  
Acute Toxicity Test ◽  
Landfill Leachates ◽  
Leachate Treatment ◽  
Fine Bubble ◽  
Before And After

Landfill Leachates is one of the pollutants containing high organic matter and heavy metal which can cause toxic pollution to water due to less than optimal leachate processing. This study aims to introduce fine bubbles treatment to the leachate processing technology at the waste treatment facility at Sarimukti, West Java Indonesia. The toxicity test was conducted in the acute toxicity test and test for D. magna. The acute toxicity test was carried out using a static biological test according to APHA standards (1995). The LC50-48 hours ware calculates using the Finney Probit Analysis Software. The results showed that the effectiveness of Sarimukti TPA leachate treatment was 97.5% DO, 71% BOD, 86% TDS, and 74.8% turbidity. The XRF spectra on the leachate after fine bubble found a recovery of heavy metal elements such as Cr, Mn, Fe, Zn, Cu, Pb, As, and Sn. Based on the Minister of Environment and Forestry Regulation, the effectiveness of leachate processing has reached the safe standard limit for pH, mercury, cadmium parameters. The acute toxicity of leachate before and after treatment fine bubble was 14.516 ppm and 11.178 ppm. The acute toxicity of leachate is considered almost non-toxic.

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