scholarly journals A Critical Study of Robert Nozick’s View on Utilitarianism

2019 ◽  
pp. 165-176
Author(s):  
Sajia Afrin
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Critical Study ◽  
Experience Machine ◽  
New Concepts ◽  
Weak Utility

In this paper, I will analyze and critically evaluate 20th century American philosopher Robert Nozick’s position regarding utilitarianism; how he refutes utilitarianism with reference to two new concepts called “Experience Machine” and “Utility Monster”. I will argue that if we were given the option of entering into an experience machine as Nozick presented in his book Anarchy State and Utopia, in which we can create a new better life for ourselves, then it would be irrational to refuse the option. I will then reply to Nozick’s objection regarding utilitarianism within his concept of utility monster, where he argued that accepting the theory of utilitarianism causes the necessary acceptance of a utility monster, that is, the condition that some people would use this doctrine to justify the exploitation of others. I will argue here that giving “happy units” to weak utility monsters can bring about wonderful result. All my arguments are formed within utilitarian consequentialist framework. Philosophy and Progress, Vol#61-62; No#1-2; Jan-Dec 2017 P 165-176

The Interior of Newly Renovated St. John’s Museum in Nepomuk as Seen through the Eyes of its Employees

2016 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 38-44
Author(s):  
Kateřina Dobrovolná
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Present Status ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Critical Study ◽  
Semistructured Interviews ◽  
History Of ◽  
Museum Staff ◽  
The Creation

Saint John’s Museum in Nepomuk, which is dedicated to the Saint of the same name (who was a local native), was reopened in March 2015. It’s original name was the Museum of St. John’s and other religious monuments and the museum was founded in 1930 by Father Jan Strnad. The institution was subsequently closed in the mid-20th Century. The study cursorily reveals the history of the Museum and the overall history and architecture of the building, where the Museum is located and its present status and particularly the reconstruction and the equipment of the Museum’s interior from the point of view of the Museum’s employees, specifically in regard to any problematical display cases. Three semistructured interviews were conducted with people who had contributed to the Museum in varying degrees, focused on the reconstruction of the Museum. This critical study can be of service not only to the Museum staff but also for other professionals from this area during the reconstruction of exhibitions or the creation of new ones.

scholarly journals Narratives of War: Acehnese Perception of the Prang Kaphe in 19th/20th Century Colonial Era

2013 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-154
Author(s):  
Noriah Taslim ◽  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Critical Study ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Popular Belief ◽  
Colonial Era ◽  
Historical Significance ◽  
Interesting Conclusion

The so-called narratives of war refer to hikayat literature composed especially during the Dutch occupation of Aceh in 19th century and early 20th century; they relate mostly battles and exploits of the Acehnese heroes and fighters against the Dutch incursion, beginning in 1873. Since war fought against the Dutch was considered as a jihad war, these hikayats then came to be known as the Hikayat Prang Sabi (or the story of the war in the path of God) or Hikayat Prang Kaphe (or war against the infidels). Besides their cultural and historical significance, these hikayats are also reliable documents to understand the Acehnese perception of the jihad war or the prang kaphe . This essay then is an attempt to study these hikayats as sources in reading the Acehnese perception of jihad . To facilitate analysis, three war hikayats viz. the Hikayat Prang Sabi , Hikayat Prang Cut Ali and Hikayat Prang Rundeng will be chosen as focus of critical study. From the analysis the essay comes to an interesting conclusion: that contrary to popular belief, the jihad war did not have a similar grip on every Acehnese; apparently there were varied responds and emotions towards the war which influence Acehnese perception towards the whole ideology of jihad. Keywords: narrative of war, Hikayat Prang Kaphe , Acehness perception, jihad

scholarly journals Menyoal Kritik Orientalis terhadap Qirā’at: Studi Kritis terhadap Pemikiran Arthur Jefrey Mengenai Ragam Bacaan Al-Qur’an

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-194
Author(s):  
Akhmad Roja Badrus Zaman
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Oral Tradition ◽  
Critical Study ◽  
Critical Studies ◽  
Variant Reading ◽  
Study Approach ◽  
The Bible ◽  
Diacritical Mark ◽  
Early Islamic ◽  
Descriptive Qualitative

Arthur Jeffery (1892-1959) was an Australian orientalist who was quite influential in the 20th century. He is well known for his philosophical thoughts on the Qur’an. He even wanted to restore the al-Qur’an text based on Ibn Abī Dāwud al-Sijistānī’s Kitab al-Maṣāḥif which is thought to have recorded readings (qirā’at) in several counter-manuscripts - rival codices. This article examines his thoughts on the variety of reading (qirā’at) of the al-Qur’an. The method used is descriptive-qualitative. From the study conducted, it was found that the following results were: 1) Arthur Jeffery considered that the Mushaf ‘Uthmānī which had a dot and a diacritical mark was a factor in the birth of the variety of reading for the al-Qur’an. According to him, this is a free opportunity for readers to mark themselves according to the context of the verse they understand, 2) Arthur's thought is natural because he uses a text-critical study approach to the Qur’an - as a method. it was used by the Orientalists of the Bible. 3) the use of text-critical studies of the Qur’an as done by Arthur is a fatal basic mistake, because after all the process of transmitting the Koran in the early Islamic century was an oral tradition, so the accusations made by Arthur about qirā’at It is easy to argue with, 4) The use of the term variant reading - by orientalists including Arthur Jeffery is considered a failure by Islamic thinkers in representing the meaning of qirā’at, because it implies uncertainty about the truth of the qiraat itself. So that al-A’ẓamī prefers the term multiple reading, because it is more in accordance with the historical facts of the al-Qur’an transmission which accommodates many dialects of Arabic society.

Armenian Demonology: A Critical Overview

2013 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Garnik Asatrian
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Critical Study ◽  
Full List ◽  
Critical Overview

The paper is a critical study of the Armenian demonic nomenclature of the ancient and later periods, covering the Classical and Middle Armenian texts and modern dialects, including Western Armenian traditions, which were alive until the first decades of the 20th century among the population of the Armenian provinces of the Ottoman Empire.The author presents a full list of the Armenian demons of different periods, critically revising the origin of their names and functions on a comparative background.

scholarly journals Konteksty społeczne początku XX wieku a poradnictwo dla rodziców w zakresie opieki i wychowania na ziemiach polskich

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 177-189
Author(s):  
Witold Ostafiński
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Family Environment ◽  
Political Change ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
New Concepts ◽  
The Family ◽  
New Ideas ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Special Meaning

Social Contexts of the Beginning of the 20th Century and Counseling for Parents in the Field of Care and Education in Poland The beginning of the 20th century was a period of great popularity of guidebooks for parents, which often dealt with issues related to the care and upbringing of children in the family, and the authors focused especially on the role of the mother, assigning it a special meaning. The aim of the article is to present the content of counseling for parents on the care and upbringing of children at the beginning of the 20th century in Poland. The article also presents the position of the educators and psychologists of the time on the issues related to the upbringing and care of children in the family environment. The analyzes include publications that appeared in Poland in a period of political change that initiated changes in the approach to the tasks of the family regarding upbringing and childcare. The independence of Poland enabled the development of native pedagogical thought, which resulted in the implementation of new ideas and the creation of new concepts of education.

scholarly journals Ville et région dans les échanges transatlantiques entre géographes de la première moitié du XXe siècle: convergences et diversité des expériences

Finisterra ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 33 (65) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie-Claire Robic
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Transatlantic Relations ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
City Region ◽  
International Networks ◽  
New Concepts

CITY AND REGION IN THE TRANSATLANTIC RELATIONS BETWEEN GEOGRAPHERS IN THE EARLY 20TH CENTURY: CONVERGENCE AND DIVERSITY OF EXPERIENCES -The notions of city and region have been linked in geography during the first half of the 20th century. In this process, ideas and words travelled actively in international networks. Taking the case of three notions (nodality, city-region and conurbation), the author analyses some of the ambiguities occuring in the course of these linguistic exchanges. Then she shows that new problems faced geographers from te late 1920s, as they had to account for urbanization and for the growing scale of intra-national interactions. So their discussions about new concepts participate in their effort, both cognitive and pragmatic, for coping with the emerging urban-regional issues. But differences between geographers emphasize the inequal pressure of planning trends from one country to another.

Spinoza and the Politics of Freedom

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Political Institutions ◽  
Common Good ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Social Institutions ◽  
Critical Study ◽  
New Concepts ◽  
New Findings ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Social

Taking as its starting point the formative role of fear in Spinoza’s thought, this book argues that Spinoza’s vision of human freedom and power is realised socially and collectively. It presents a new critical study of the collectivist Spinoza, wherein we can become freer through desire, friendship, the imagination, and transforming the social institutions that structure a given community. A freedom for one and all, attuned to the vicissitudes of human life and the capabilities of each one of us to live up to the demands and constraints of our limited autonomy. It repositions Spinoza as the central thinker of desire and freedom, and demonstrates how the conflicts within his work inform contemporary theoretical discussions around democracy, populism and power. Spinoza’s politics and their development are analysed both philosophically and historically. The argument approaches Spinoza’s texts critically, presenting new findings from the Latin. It critically engages with diverse hermeneutic traditions in Spinoza studies, from continental readings of Spinoza’s ontology and politics to more analytical or historicist Anglophone approaches to his epistemology and metaphysics, alongside recent work sensitive to the socially useful roles of the imagination and the affects. The book sets out new concepts to work through with Spinoza like commonality, collectivity, unanimity and interdependence, and analyses existing debates around democracy, the multitude, slavery and autonomy. Its overarching claim is that freedom in Spinoza is a necessarily political endeavour, realised by individuals acting cooperatively, requiring the development of socio-political institutions and communal imaginings that can realise the common good.

On the Way to Modern Society: the Shia Clergy in Early 20th Century Iranian Politics

Istoriya ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (5 (103)) ◽  
pp. 0
Author(s):  
Anna Ardashnikova
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
The Real ◽  
Political Transformations ◽  
Political Events ◽  
New Concepts ◽  
Interdisciplinary Study ◽  
Over Time ◽  
The Way

Social and political events of the early 20 century caused the emergence of new concepts for the development of Iran, the relevance of which over time not only did not diminish, but increased. The agents of new ideology were both intellectual reformers of the secular circle and the Shia clergy, who actively participated in politics. The article, within the framework of an interdisciplinary study, examines the interaction of innovation and tradition at the stages of socio-political transformations that are crucial for Iran and highlights the arsenal of propaganda tools that were used in this process. Archival documentary materials and poetry of journalistic nature, which are first introduced into scientific circulation, allow to hear the “real voice” of the direct participants and witnesses of the events of this period.

scholarly journals Drift in an Anthropocene: On the work of terrain

2021 ◽  
pp. 204382062110010
Author(s):  
Deborah P Dixon
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Constitutive Relations ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Critical Study ◽  
The Political ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Human History ◽  
Deep Time

As geographers confront the manifold challenges of an Anthropocene, so the framing of geography as the critical study of space – a framing that took hold of theory and practice in the 20th century and that searched for antecedents as well as prognostications – is increasingly splayed across the long durée of geography as the interrogation of the nature of human being as well as the Earthly environment and the constitutive relations between these. While the prospect of a new geologic epoch situates these Anthropocene challenges as the conjunction of a human history with the deep time of the planet, it also suggests, for example, the entanglement of the geopolitical and the geophysical, an entanglement that the (colonial and imperialising) discipline of geography has helped to articulate and produce even while proffering an explanation of the same. In pivoting back once more to the knotty matter of geopolitics and geophysics, what concepts and lexicons might be productive? Here, and thinking through the work that terrain has done and can do, I offer the multi-agential, survey defying, taxonomically mutable, drifting geographies of drift that have been so perturbing to a solid geology and its stratigraphic tempo, and hence can, perhaps, provide another resource from which to construe the political materialities of an Anthropocene.

Writing in the New Germany: Cultural Memory and Family Narratives

2005 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 16-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Friederike Eigler
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Cultural Memory ◽  
German Literature ◽  
Pivotal Role ◽  
Critical Study ◽  
Collective Memories ◽  
Family Narratives ◽  
Contemporary German Literature

This article discusses the genre of family narratives in contemporary German literature against the backdrop of cultural memory in postunification Germany.1 Family narratives lend themselves to a critical study of memory as they enact the transmission and transformation of memories from one generation to the next. Thus, these texts serve a pivotal role as both archives for and reflections on individual and collective memories of 20th century Germany history. Since the late 1990s, i.e., almost a decade after the collapse

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