scholarly journals Reproductive tract infections associated with vaginal discharge and their socio-demographic and reproductive determinants among clinic attendees in Bangladesh

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 67-72
Author(s):  
Saifur Rahman ◽  
Marian J Currie ◽  
Robert F Breiman ◽  
Masud Reza ◽  
Motiur Rahman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Bacterial Vaginosis ◽  
Trichomonas Vaginalis ◽  
Vaginal Discharge ◽  
Reproductive Tract ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Reproductive Tract Infections ◽  
Reproductive Characteristics ◽  
Abnormal Vaginal Discharge ◽  
Tract Infections

Abnormal vaginal discharge is frequently associated with common sexually and non-sexually transmitted reproduc-tive tract infections (RTIs) and the resultant poor reproductive health outcomes. However, there is scarce informa-tion concerning the prevalence and etiologies of these infections in women in Bangladesh. The aim of study was to determine the rates of, and socio-demographic and reproductive characteristics associated with, common RTIs in urban public health clinics in Dhaka, Bangladesh. An urban clinic-based sample of 1309 currently married women of reproductive age presenting with abnormal vaginal discharge was recruited. Consenting women were interviewed and tested for Candida, bacterial vaginosis, Trichomonas vaginalis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia tra-chomatis during a speculum examination. Approximately 53% (673/1309) of the participants had laboratory evi-dence of RTIs. The prevalence of Candida, bacterial vaginosis, T. vaginalis, N. gonorrhoeae and C. trachomatis were 32.4%, 22.4%, 3.1%, 2.1 %, 1.9% respectively. Age, education, living in a slum, working outside the home, polygamous marriage and suspecting infidelity were independently associated with vaginal and cervical infections. Candidiasis and bacterial vaginosis were the most common infections in this population. Paying attention to the socio-demographic and reproductive characteristics found to be associated with RTIs can assist clinicians in identi-fying women at risk of these infections. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/seajph.v2i2.15958 South East Asia J Public Health | Jul-Dec 2012 | Vol 2 Issue 2 | 67-72

scholarly journals Treatment seeking behavior for sexually transmitted infections/reproductive tract infections among married women in urban slums of Mumbai, India

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 65-70
Author(s):  
Poonam P Shingade ◽  
Yasmeen Kazi ◽  
Madhavi LH
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Sexually Transmitted Infections ◽  
Reproductive Tract ◽  
Married Women ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Treatment Seeking ◽  
Reproductive Tract Infections ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Seeking Behavior ◽  
Tract Infections

Sexually Transmitted Infections/Reproductive Tract Infections (STIs/RTIs) are a major public health problem and a leading cause of morbidity among men and women in developing countries. The aim of the study is to explore treatment seeking behavior among the married women of reproductive age presented with symptoms of STI/RTI. A hospital-based observational study was carried out at the STI/RTI Clinic of Urban Health Centre, Shivaji Nagar, Govandi, Mumbai, India. The study involved a total of 273 married females who attended clinic for their symptoms during January to March 2012. Patients were interviewed using a pretested questionnaire to explore the detail of the treatment seeking behavior regarding STIs/RTIs. Out of total women who participated in the study, only 47.6% of the women with STIs/RTIs symptoms sought health care. Among those who did not seek treatment, 58.65 % females were belonging to 21-25 years of age group. Maximum 65.6% females who were illiterate had not sought any treatment for symptoms of these diseases as compared to 65% who had taken treatment for the presented symptoms who were educated up to higher secondary and above level. 62.5% females belonging to class V had never sought treatment as compared to 100% women who were classified to class I. The poor health seeking behavior was associated with literacy and socioeconomic class of the participants. Private sector was the most favored place for taking treatment by them. Commonest reason for not seeking treatment was no female doctor at clinic. Information, Education and Communication (IEC) sessions, about STI symptoms and the benefits of treat-ment, especially targeted at women and low socioeconomic groups might be an immediately feasible measure that will help to reduce the burden of the disease.South East Asia Journal of Public Health Vol.5(2) 2015: 65-70

scholarly journals Clinical and microscopic correlation of abnormal vaginal discharge

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 909
Author(s):  
Usharani N. ◽  
Swetha D.
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Vaginosis ◽  
Trichomonas Vaginalis ◽  
Vaginal Discharge ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Common Cause ◽  
Gram Staining ◽  
Gynecological Examination ◽  
Three Samples ◽  
Abnormal Vaginal Discharge ◽  
Set Up

Background: Vaginal discharge in the reproductive age group is the most common complaint encountered everyday both by gynaecologists and general practitioners. The prevalence of vaginal discharge in India is estimated to be 30%. Bacterial vaginosis is the most common cause, followed by Candidiasis and Trichomonasis. Aims and objectives of the study were to correlate clinical and microscopic methods for diagnosing abnormal vaginal discharge and to find out the most common cause of abnormal vaginal discharge in our set up.Methods: The study was carried out in Gynaecological OPD of VIMS, Ballari. After thorough history and gynecological examination, three samples were collected from the posterior fornix of vagina using sterile cotton swabs. The first swab was used to detect trichomonas vaginalis using wet mount microscopy. The second swab was used to determine amine/fishy odour (Whiff test). The third swab was used for gram staining to diagnose Bacterial vaginosis and Candida. The Gram-stained slides was evaluated using Nugent’s scoring system for detection of BV.Results: Bacterial vaginosis constitutes the most common cause of vaginal discharge, followed by Candidiasis and then Trichomoniasis in our set up. The sensitivity of clinical diagnosis is 71.93%, 88.9%, and 33.3% and specificity are 54.65%, 92.15% and 99.49% for Bacterial vaginosis, Candidiasis, and Trichomoniasis respectively.Conclusions: The most ideal approach is the microbiological approach for the etiological diagnosis of symptomatic vaginal discharge. The most common cause of abnormal vaginal discharge is Bacterial vaginosis followed by Candidiasis and Trichomoniasis.

scholarly journals Etiopathogenesis of vaginal discharge among married women in reproductive age group residing in rural area of Bhojipura District, Western Uttar Pradesh

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 2598
Author(s):  
Monica Agrawal ◽  
Nitu Nigam ◽  
Ruchica Goel ◽  
J. K. Goel ◽  
Mukesh Shukla
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Vaginosis ◽  
Rural Area ◽  
Vaginal Discharge ◽  
Reproductive Tract ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Care Seeking ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Reproductive Age Group

Background: Vaginitis is one of common medical problem in women that often results in frequent medical consultations. Aim was to study the clinico-epidemiological profile and etiopathogenesis of various causes of vaginal discharge among females in age group 18-45 years residing in rural area of Bhojipura district.Methods: This Hospital based cross sectional study was conducted over a period of one year (March 2011 to February 2012) among 150 females aged 18-45 years presenting with the complaint of vaginal discharge. Information on sociodemographic data was obtained with the aid of questionnaires. Samples were obtained with two dry cotton-wool tipped swabs from vaginal fornices and were sending to department of microbiology.Results: The prevalence rate of vaginal discharge was found to be 24.6% among females in reproductive age group attending the outpatient department from rural background. Out of 150 patients who were enrolled for study 86 (57.30%) were diagnosed with non-infective discharge while 64 (42.60%) patients with infective discharge. Bacterial vaginosis was detected in 25 (39.1%), Candida albicans was detected in 23 (35.9%), T. vaginalis in 4 (6.3%) and mixed infections were found in 12 (18.7%). According to vagina flora morphology 85 (56.6%) had normal morphology, 30 (20%) had shift from normal flora and 35 (23.3%) had definitive bacterial vaginosis. About 20.5% females with Candida based etiology were diabetic.Conclusions: Some common reproductive tract infections can be diagnosed and managed at primary level health facilities. This promotes community awareness through behavior change communication which includes safer sex practices, awareness of HIV and appropriate and timely health care seeking behavior.

scholarly journals Frequency of common organisms causing vaginal discharge in sexually active women in reproductive age group.

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (01) ◽  
pp. 86-89
Author(s):  
Bushra Begum Ramejo ◽  
Sanober Soomro ◽  
Sana Sadaf ◽  
Khush Muhammad Sohu ◽  
Mubashir Ahmed Ramejo
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Vaginal Discharge ◽  
Reproductive Tract ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Sexually Active ◽  
Reproductive Tract Infections ◽  
Reproductive Tract Infection ◽  
Gynecology And Obstetrics ◽  
Tract Infections

Objective: To determine the frequency of organisms causing vaginal discharge. Study Design: Descriptive study. Setting: Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics Unit-II of Kausar Hospital Khairpur Mirs, Sindh. Period: 23rd, October 2019 to 22nd January 2020. Material & Methods: Study population include sexually active females aged 18-45 visiting to the OPD for complain of vaginal discharge. A complete history and examination was done for assessment of the patient for reproductive tract infections. Results: In one year time period 420 females reported to the OPD of the hospital. Out of total 1783 patients, 23.5% patients (n=420) had complaint of vaginal discharge. Out of 420 patients enrolled in the study, 43.8% (n=184) patients were diagnosed having non-infective vaginal discharge. Bacterial vaginosis had the highest prevalence among common reproductive tract infection estimating about 46.1% (n=109) cases. Conclusion: Multiple researches must be conducted on large scale to determine the actual ratio of reproductive tract infections in sexually active females. Furthermore awareness session should be delivered to the rural and urban population. Awareness to women regarding their sexual health and their positive influence on society should be given.

scholarly journals Reproductive tract infections (RTIs) among married non-pregnant women living in a low-income suburb of Beirut, Lebanon

2012 ◽  
Vol 6 (09) ◽  
pp. 680-683 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sami Ramia ◽  
Loulou Kobeissi ◽  
Faysal El Kak ◽  
Sarah Shamra ◽  
Khalil Kreidieh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Vaginosis ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Trichomonas Vaginalis ◽  
Reproductive Tract ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Reproductive Tract Infections ◽  
Younger Women ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Tract Infections

Introduction: This study aimed to identify reproductive tract infections (RTIs) in married, non-pregnant women, aged 18 to 49 years, living in a low-income suburb of Beirut, and to investigate the relationship between demographic and socioeconomic factors and these infections. Methodology: Among 1,015 women recruited for the study, 502 were found eligible and 441 were medically examined. Appropriate specimens were collected for Nisseria gonorrhea, Chlamydia trachomatis, Trichomonas vaginalis, candidiasis, and bacterial vaginosis. Results: The results showed a relatively high prevalence of RTIs (28.2%). The prevalence rates of different agents were as follows: 22.9% of the women were positive for T. vaginalis, 8.8% for candidiasis, 4.5% for bacterial vaginosis, and 1% for N. gonorrhea; none of the women were positive for C. trachomatis. Regression analysis showed that women between the ages of 30 and 39 were twice more likely to have T. vaginalis as compared to younger women. Furthermore, women whose husbands were taxi drivers were at higher risk of acquiring T. vaginalis (OR = 2.2) as compared with women whose husbands occupation was listed as skilled/unskilled. This conclusion can be drawn for the odds of developing any RTI (OR = 2.15). Moreover, those participants with the lowest income were twice as likely to have any RTI compared to those with higher incomes. Conclusions: This study shows a relatively high prevalence of RTIs (T. vaginalis mainly). It urges further in-depth research on cultural practices and economic factors to understand the pattern of sexual behavior in this community.

REPRODUCTIVE TRACT INFECTIONS (RTIS) AMONG MARRIED WOMEN OF THE REPRODUCTIVE AGE GROUP IN A LUOI DISTRICT, THUA THIEN HUE PROVINCE

2017 ◽  
pp. 83-89
Author(s):  
Ngoc Thanh Cao ◽  
Vu Quoc Huy Nguyen ◽  
Van Khoa Vo ◽  
Mai Lan Pham
Keyword(s):  
Trichomonas Vaginalis ◽  
Reproductive Tract ◽  
Married Women ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Reproductive Tract Infections ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Hygiene Practices ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Reproductive Age Group

Objectives: (1) To determine the prevalence, agents of RTIs among married women of the reproductive age group in A Luoi, Thua Thien Hue; (2) Tosurvey some factors influencing the occurrence of the disease. Methods: A cross-sectional study of 460 married women of the productive age group (18 – 49 years) in A Luoi district from 5/2015 to 5/2016. This was followed by interview, clinical examination and collection of samples for laboratory tests. Results: The prevalence of RTIs among the reproductive age group women was 37.6%, of which vaginitis 26.1%, vaginitis & cervicitis 11.5%. Pathogenic agents included: Bacteria 32.4%, Gardnerella vaginosis 35.3%, Candida 17.3%, Candida& bacteria 7.5%, pus-forming bacteria 7.5%. There was no case of Trichomonas Vaginalis. There is a link between RTIs and abortion history and sexual hygiene practices. Conclution: The prevalence of RTIs was 37.6%. The causative agent is Gardnerella vaginosis 35.3%, Candida infection 17.3%. There is a link between RTIs and abortion history and sexual hygiene practices. Key words: RTIs (Reproductive Tract Infections), A Luoi

scholarly journals Risk-based screening to identify reproductive tract infection among HIV-infected women desiring use of intrauterine contraceptives

2020 ◽  
pp. bmjsrh-2019-200494
Author(s):  
Nontokozo Langwenya ◽  
Catherine S. Todd ◽  
Heidi E. Jones ◽  
Donald R. Hoover ◽  
Nai-Chung Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Vaginosis ◽  
Trichomonas Vaginalis ◽  
Reproductive Tract ◽  
Screening Tool ◽  
Reproductive Tract Infections ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Reproductive Tract Infection ◽  
Women Living With Hiv ◽  
Intrauterine Contraceptive ◽  
Tract Infections

BackgroundReproductive tract infections (RTIs) are a major cause of morbidity and mortality, yet RTI testing remains limited in resource-constrained settings. We assessed performance of an existing RTI risk assessment screening tool among women living with HIV (WLHIV) considering intrauterine contraceptive (IUC) use.MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional analysis among WLHIV screened for participation in an IUC trial in Cape Town, South Africa (NCT01721798). RTI testing included Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Trichomonas vaginalis and bacterial vaginosis. Tool scoring was based on five separately scored criteria: (1) age under 25 years, (2) cohabitation with a partner, (3) secondary education, (4) self-reported intermenstrual bleeding and (5) number of current sexual partners and condom use frequency (score 0–5). We assessed tool performance in detecting RTI at 0 vs 1–5, 0–1 vs 2–5 and 0–2 vs 3–5 score thresholds.ResultsOf 303 women, 52% (n=157) reported antiretroviral therapy use and median age was 31 years. The prevalence of any RTI was 38% (gonorrhoea=7%, chlamydia=11%, trichomoniasis=12% and bacterial vaginosis=18%) and 8% of women had multiple RTIs. Overall, 4%, 27% and 69% of women had screening tool scores of 0, 1 or 2+, respectively. At a threshold of at least one scored criterion, the tool demonstrated high sensitivities (95%–97%) but low specificities (3%–4%) for detecting any RTI. Increasing the score threshold and/or inclusion of abnormal vaginal discharge marginally improved specificity.ConclusionThe prevalence of RTIs observed in this population was high, and the screening tool had no discriminatory power to detect prevalent RTIs.

scholarly journals A study on prevalence of reproductive tract infections among women in a rural area of Tamil Nadu

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 336
Author(s):  
Kamini B. ◽  
Srisanthanakrishnan V.
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Vaginosis ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Reproductive Tract ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Reproductive Tract Infections ◽  
Gynecological Examination ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Reproductive Age Group

Background: Reproductive tract infections, adding burden to the morbidities in women especially in developing countries. Women, who are in reproductive age group, are at higher risk of contracting RTIs easily. Bacterial vaginosis, candidiasis and trichomoniasis are the commonly reported RTIs in India. Hence this study was planned to find the prevalence of self reported symptoms of RTIs and the prevalence of RTIs of public health importance in women of reproductive age group 15-49 years in a rural area.Methods: A community based, cross sectional study was conducted among 461 women, who gave written consent. Participants were interviewed and if they have more than two symptoms of RTIs, they were included for gynecological examination and laboratory investigations at the rural health center.Results: The prevalence of self reported RTIs was found to be 55.5% and 27.55% of participants had two or more symptoms of RTIs. Based on examination, Prevalence of cervisitis, vaginitis and pelvic inflammatory diseases were reported as 9.54%, 12.15% and 3.25% respectively. Based on laboratory investigation, candidiasis, bacterial vaginosis and trichomoniasis were reported as 6.075, 5.86% and 2.6% respectively.Conclusions: With the prevailing burden of RTIs, it is important to create awareness and to health educate all women to reduce increasing trend of RTIs. This is possible with proper planning and implementation of health programmes in such a way that it should reach every women residing in the rural areas also. 

scholarly journals Identifying Risk Factors for Lower Reproductive Tract Infections among Women Using Reusable Absorbents in Odisha, India

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 4778
Author(s):  
Padmalaya Das ◽  
Danielle Lisnek ◽  
Krushna Chandra Sahoo ◽  
Shalini Sinha ◽  
JyotiRanjan Mohanty ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Reproductive Tract ◽  
Laboratory Diagnosis ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Reproductive Tract Infections ◽  
Menstrual Hygiene ◽  
Socio Demographic Factors ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Study Laboratory

A large proportion of women in Odisha, India, use reusable absorbents to manage their menstruation. Yet, the risk factors for lower reproductive tract infections (RTIs) related to menstrual hygiene management (MHM) have not been studied among reusable absorbent users. Women of reproductive age attending one of two hospitals from two different cities in Odisha during two separate study intervals were recruited for the study. Laboratory diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis (BV) and vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) were conducted. A questionnaire was used to collect information on MHM practices, water, sanitation, and socio-demographic factors. Among the 509 women who used reusable absorbents, 71.7% were diagnosed with at least one infection. After adjusting for confounders, women with BV were more likely to identify as being a housewife (aOR: 1.8 (1.1–2.9)). Frequent absorbent changing was protective against BV (aOR: 0.5 (0.3–0.8)), whereas frequent body washing increased the odds of BV (aOR: 1.5 (1.0–2.2)). Women with VVC were more likely to be older (aOR: 1.6 (1.0–2.5)), live below the poverty line (aOR: 1.5 (1.1–2.2)), have a non-private household latrine (aOR: 2.2 (1.3–4.0)), dry their absorbents inside the house (aOR: 3.7 (2.5–4.5)), and store absorbents in the latrine area (aOR: 2.0 (1.3–2.9)). Washing absorbents outside the house was protective against VVC (aOR: 0.7 (0.4–1.0)). This study highlights the importance of improving MHM practices among reusable absorbent users to prevent lower RTIs among women reusing menstrual materials in Odisha.

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