Impact of Male Aging on Semen Parameters

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Arzu Yurci ◽  
Nur Dokuzeylul Gungor
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Sperm Motility ◽  
Sperm Concentration ◽  
Paternal Age ◽  
World Health ◽  
Semen Parameters ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Male Age ◽  
Semen Volume ◽  
The Mean

Aim: To investigate the effect of increasing male age on the semen parameters including semen volume, sperm concentration, and progressive sperm motility. Materials and Methods: 1038 patients who applied to our IVF clinic for semen analysis or for infertility treatment were included in the study. The participants were divided into three age categories as follows: 680 participants (65.5%) aged 22-30, 139 participants (13.4%) aged 31-45 years, and 219 participants (21.1%) aged ≥45 years. Demographic and baseline clinical characteristics were recorded. The variables considered in this study were age and the following semen parameters: volume (ml); sperm concentration (millions/ml); and progressive sperm motility A+B (%). Normal semen values were defined based on the WHO criteria (World Health Organization, 2010). Results: The mean age of the participants was 33.1(± 4.8). The mean BMI of the participants was 24.1(± 2.8). The mean semen volume was 3.3 (± 1.5), the mean semen concentration was 43.6 (± 31.7), and the mean progressive sperm motility was 43.6 (± 10.1). There was a moderate negative correlation between paternal age and semen volume (r=-0.13) and sperm motility (r=-0.32), while there was a moderate positive correlation between paternal age and sperm concentration (r=0.24). The proportion of likelihood ratio measured between semen volume, sperm concentration, sperm motility and age was found to be 1 in patients between the ages of 22-30. The 22-30 age group does not have a decreasing or increasing effect on semen volume (OR: 1), sperm concentration (OR: 1) and motility (OR: 1). Regression analysis of patients in the 31-45 age group revealed no change in semen volume (OR: 0.99, 95% CI: 0.43-2.3, p <0.9), but an increase in sperm concentration (OR: 1.74, 95% CI: 1.13-2.7, p <0.01), and decreased sperm motility (OR: 0.28, 95% CI: 0.16-0.47, p <0.00). In the regression analysis of participants over the age of 45, semen volume (OR: 0.31, 95% CI: 0.19-0.53, p <0.00) and sperm motility (OR: 0.05, 95% CI: 0.03-0.08, p <0.00) decreased with age. No change was detected in the concentration (OR: 0.87, 95% CI: 0.63- 1.2, p <0.3). Conclusion: With increasing male age, semen volume and sperm motility begin to decrease. However, a significant decrease in sperm concentration does not occur until the age of 45.

scholarly journals Correlation Between Ultrasonic Testicular Volume and Seminal Fluid Analysis in Men with Infertility

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-107
Author(s):  
Sadiq Abu ◽  
Hadijat O. Kolade-Yunusa ◽  
Terkaa Atim ◽  
F. Ehimatie Obakeye ◽  
Nuhu K. Dakum
Keyword(s):  
Sperm Motility ◽  
Teaching Hospital ◽  
Seminal Fluid ◽  
Sperm Concentration ◽  
Testicular Volume ◽  
Seminiferous Tubules ◽  
Testicular Function ◽  
Semen Volume ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean

Background: Infertility is a major cause of marital disharmony in Nigeria because of the high premium placed on childbearing. Unfortunately, the blame is on the woman most times in Nigeria. Seminiferous tubules comprise 80-90% of testicular mass. Thus, the testicular volume is an index of spermatogenesis. Therefore, accurate testicular volume will help in assessing testicular function if there is no obstruction. This study was conducted to evaluate the correlation between testicular volume, measured by ultrasound and conventional sperm parameters (semen volume, sperm concentration, sperm motility and sperm morphology) in men with infertility presenting to Urology Division, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Gwagwalada Abuja. Methodology: This was a descriptive cross sectional study, male subjects with infertility presenting to University of Abuja Teaching Hospital were recruited into the study. The testicular volume of all the subjects was measured by ultrasonography. The semen samples were collected by the process of masturbation on day five of sexual abstinence and analyzed according to WHO criteria 2010. Collated data were analyzed using SPSS version 20.0. P-value<0.05 was taken as statistically significant. Results: The average total testicular volume (TTV) of men with infertility was 19.83 ml while mean testicular volume (MTV) was 10.24 ml. There was a statistically significant difference between MTV and semen volume (r=0.391, p=0.000), and sperm concentration (r=0.639, p=0.000). There was a weak and insignificant correlation between MTV and sperm motility and MTV and morphology (r=0.216, p=0.055 and r=0.076, p=0.502) respectively. Linear regression analysis showed significant impact of MTV (P<0.001) on sperm concentration with a critical MTV of ≤10ml.0 indicating poor testicular function (severe oligospermia) Conclusion: The mean ultrasonic testicular volume in men with infertility in this study was 10.24ml and there was a significant positive correlation of MTV with semen volume and sperm concentration. Although, there was correlation of MTV with sperm motility and morphology, this was not significant. The critical mean ultrasonic testicular volume indicating poor testicular function (severe oligospermia) was found to be 10ml. This study has shown that the mean ultrasonic testicular volume can be a pointer to semen volume and sperm concentration in evaluating men with infertility.

scholarly journals Relationship between scrotal circumference and semen parameters in crossbred bulls

1970 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 61-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
MA Latif ◽  
JU Ahmed ◽  
MMU Bhuiyan ◽  
M Shamsuddin
Keyword(s):  
Sperm Motility ◽  
Sperm Concentration ◽  
Semen Parameters ◽  
Sperm Production ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Scrotal Circumference ◽  
Semen Volume ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Fresh Semen

The relationship between the scrotal circumference and semen volume, sperm concentration and number of sperm per ejaculate of 12 crossbred bulls [4 Local × Friesian, 4 Local × Sahiwal] was studied. Semen of three consecutive collections at seven day intervals was evaluated. The age of bulls at first collection varied between 15 and 20 months. Soon after collection, volume, sperm concentration, number of spermatozoa per ejaculate and initial sperm motility of fresh semen were measured. Scrotal circumference was correlated with semen volume, sperm concentration and number of spermatozoa per ejaculate in both groups. A significant (P<0.04) positive correlation (r = 0.72) was observed between scrotal circumference and volume of semen, and between scrotal circumference and number of sperm production per ejaculate. Significant (P<0.05) variation was observed in different semen parameters between bulls within the same group, but no significant (P>0.05) variation was found between the two groups. It is suggested that crossbred bulls aged 18 months or over, with scrotal circumference more than 30 cm, yielded good quality semen. DOI: 10.3329/bvet.v26i2.4952 Bangl. vet. 2009. Vol. 26, No. 2, 61-67

Semen production of the American kestrel

1977 ◽  
Vol 55 (8) ◽  
pp. 1351-1358 ◽  
Author(s):  
David M. Bird ◽  
Paul C. Laguë
Keyword(s):  
Sperm Motility ◽  
Sperm Count ◽  
Sperm Concentration ◽  
Barometric Pressure ◽  
Weather Factors ◽  
American Kestrel ◽  
American Kestrels ◽  
Semen Volume ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Egg Fertility

In 1975, semen was collected by massage from 18 randomly selected captive male American kestrels (Falco sparverius). The period of semen production extended for 103 days, beginning on March 19, while the mean duration of semen production was 73.6 days. Under natural light, semen production began at [Formula: see text] of daily light, peaked about [Formula: see text], and decline considerably around June 21 at [Formula: see text]. Weather factors, i.e., temperature, barometric pressure, did not significantly (P > 0.05) affect semen collections or quality.The following means were calculated: semen volume, 12 μl; sperm concentration, 31 000/mm3; sperm count per ejaculate, 416 000; motility score, 78%; contamination with epithelial debris and urates, 67%; and semen colour, very pale to pale amber.The following significant (P < 0.05) correlations were found: body weight with semen volume (0.48) and sperm count per ejaculate (0.54); egg fertility with sperm count per ejaculate (0.65); semen volume with sperm count per ejaculate (0.84) and sperm motility (0.54); sperm count per ejaculate with sperm concentration (0.78); and sperm motility with sperm concentration (0.59) and sperm count per ejaculate (0.75).

P–024 Health and lifestyle detrimental conditions may impact the association between patient age and semen parameters in male populations

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
M C Guglielmo ◽  
M Vitali ◽  
R Iemmello ◽  
I Caliari ◽  
S Maruccia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Semen Quality ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Sperm Concentration ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Paternal Age ◽  
Semen Parameters ◽  
Male Population ◽  
Semen Volume ◽  
Fertility Clinic ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Study question Can health and lifestyle detrimental conditions impact the relationship between paternal age and semen quality parameters in a male population? Summary answer Health and lifestyle detrimental conditions can attenuate the negative relationship between age and sperm concentration in a male population. What is known already Paternal age has increased in parallel with maternal age but its contribution in couple subfertility deserves further investigation. Previous studies suggest that paternal ageing is associated with reduced semen volume and impaired sperm morphology and motility, but not with reduced sperm concentration. Several health and lifestyle conditions such as diabetes, hypertension and smoking can negatively affect semen quality. Since the distribution of these conditions is not homogeneous throughout men’s reproductive life, one can hypothesize that their presence may confound the association between paternal age and semen quality parameters in male populations. Study design, size, duration This is a retrospective study with data from 5565 men examined in a single fertility clinic between 2015 and 2020. The impact of health and lifestyle conditions was assessed by comparing the effects of age on semen parameters in two different patient populations: the overall patient population and a subpopulation excluding patients with detrimental health or lifestyle characteristics, both divided in 4 age groups (A: 25–34, B: 35–39, C: 40–44 and D: ≥45 years). Participants/materials, setting, methods The study includes 5565 men aged 24 to 72 years providing semen samples to assess volume, progressive motility and concentration (WHO) in a single fertility clinic. Patients presenting diabetes, heart/circulatory diseases, andrological disorders, genital neoplasms, cystic fibrosis, Y microdeletions, abusive alcohol intake, smoking and/or recreational use of drugs were excluded from the healthy subpopulation. The effect of age on semen parameters was assessed by ANOVA (motility and volume) or Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA (concentration). Main results and the role of chance: Of 5565 men included in the study, 2150 (38.6%) did not present any of the detrimental health and lifestyle conditions described above. In the overall patient population, semen volume [Mean±SD (mL); A: 3.14 ± 1.55, B: 3.01 ± 1.53, C: 2.83 ± 1.52, D: 2.65 ± 1.58; p &lt; 0.001] and sperm progressive motility [Mean±SD (%); A: 33.1 ± 18.0, B: 31.7 ± 17.7, C: 31.4 ± 17.5, D: 28.4 ± 17.5; p &lt; 0.001] gradually and significantly decreased with paternal age. The same effect was observed in the patient subpopulation excluding detrimental health and lifestyle conditions [(mL; A: 3.21 ± 1.58, B: 3.05 ± 1.51, C: 2.89 ± 1.59, D: 2.78 ± 1.50; p &lt; 0.001); (%; A: 35.85 ± 17.4, B: 33.7 ± 17.4, C: 32.2 ± 17.1, D: 30.3 ± 16.5; p &lt; 0.001)]. However, sperm concentration significantly decreased with paternal age in the subpopulation excluding detrimental health and lifestyle conditions [(Mean±SD) million/mL; A: 43.19 ± 41.0, B: 38.8 ± 38.6, C: 38.4 ± 34.6, D: 36.6 ± 33.9; p &lt; 0.001], but not in the overall population (million/mL; A: 38.17 ± 40.9, B: 36.7 ± 34.7, C: 35.3 ± 35.1, D: 35. 1± 37.5; p = 0.088). Limitations, reasons for caution This study is limited by its retrospective nature and by the accuracy of data on health and lifestyle conditions provided by the patients. Differences between age groups not controlled for in the study could also impact the results. Wider implications of the findings: Ours findings suggest that health and lifestyle conditions may confound the effects of age on semen and sperm quality. Therefore, these data constitute a useful reference for the accurate assessment of the impact of male age on fertility. Trial registration number Not applicable

scholarly journals Evaluation of semen parameters in semen donors in a ten-year period in the city of São Paulo

2010 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 423-429 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sidney Glina ◽  
Thiago Nova ◽  
Vera Beatriz Fehér Brand ◽  
Erica Molina ◽  
Andrea Giannotti Galuppo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Sperm Concentration ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Semen Parameters ◽  
Standard Errors ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Donor Age ◽  
Semen Volume ◽  
The City

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate sperm concentration, morphology and motility of Brazilian semen donors from 1992 to 2003, in the city of São Paulo. Methods: Retrospective study analyzing 182 donor semen samples from 1992 to 2003. The first and the second donated sample were analyzed for each donor. Donor average age was 30.8 years. Means with standard errors, medians with minimum and maximum values, and interquartile ranges were calculated for age, sperm concentration, semen volume, oval morphology and motility. The relation between each characteristic of the semen samples and the year of donation, as well as donor age and season of the year were studied by linear and multiple regression analysis. Results: Linear regression analysis showed that the sperm concentration (R2 = 19.1%, R2 = 20.2%, p < 0.0001 respectively) and the oval morphology (R2 = 13%; R2 = 13.5%; p < 0.0001, respectively) decreased significantly, even when the first or the second sperm collection is considered. The ejaculated volume showed slight increase during the period for both samples (R2 = 2.2%, p = 0.048; R-sq = 2.4%. p = 0.038, respectively). All characteristics did not depend on the donors’ age or season of the year when the samples were obtained. Conclusions: There was a decrease in spermatic concentration and percentage of oval sperm of semen donors samples from 1992 to 2003, in the city of São Paulo.

scholarly journals Effects of Varicocelectomy on Abnormal Semen Parameters in Patients with Clinically Palpable Varicocele

2018 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 94-100
Author(s):  
Md. Selim Morshed ◽  
AKM Khurshidul Alam ◽  
AKM Anwarul Islam ◽  
Sojib Bin Zaman ◽  
Mohammad Saruar Alam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sperm Motility ◽  
Semen Analysis ◽  
Sperm Concentration ◽  
Surgical Correction ◽  
World Health ◽  
Semen Parameters ◽  
Semen Parameter ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Impact

Prevalence of varicocele is approximately 15.1% of the general population. Studies showed that surgical correction of clinically palpable varicocele could improve the semen parameters. However, there is scarce of study to demonstrate post-operative outcome of varicocelectomy among the patients with abnormal semen parameter. Therefore, this study tried to compare the microscopic changes in sperm concentration, sperm motility, and sperm morphology before and after varicocelectomy. This quasi-experimental study was done in Urology Department of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka, Bangladesh from November 2014 to April 2016. Forty five patients with clinically palpable varicocele were finally includedin the study. Semen parameters of these patients were assessed by following the World Health Organization′s 5th manual of semen parameter, 2010. Subinguinal varicocelectomy was performed in every case. Follow up was done three months and six months after surgery. Data were analysed with statistical software SPSS 20 and level of significance was assessed by paired t-test.Almost 60.0% of patients were from 25 to 35 years age group. Of them, 87.1% patients were presented with left-sided varicocele, and 80% were grade III. All the patients showed oligospermia on semen analysis, whereas the number of abnormal sperm motility and abnormal morphology was 39, and 09, respectively. After surgical correction of varicocele, mean improvement of sperm concentration, motility and morphology found in 35 patients (77.7%), 31 patients (79.4%) and six patients (66.6%) respectively. The improvement was statistically significant (p<0.05). This study showed that surgical treatment could lead to the betterment of semen parameters in patients with clinically palpable varicocele, which will guide in deciding the management of varicocele patients presented with abnormal semen parameter. However, to recommend varicocelectomy as a most useful procedure in treating infertility cases; further longitudinal studies are recommended to establish the impact of varicocelectomy on

scholarly journals Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and spermatogenesis

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 74-79
Author(s):  
M. N. Korshunov ◽  
E. S. Korshunova ◽  
Yu. V. Kastrikin ◽  
S. P. Darenkov
Keyword(s):  
Dna Fragmentation ◽  
Male Fertility ◽  
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors ◽  
Sperm Concentration ◽  
Semen Parameters ◽  
Sperm Dna Fragmentation ◽  
Normal Morphology ◽  
Sperm Dna ◽  
Semen Volume ◽  
The Mean

Introduction. According to the WHO data, depression is a common disease among women and men of reproductive age. One line of the correction of depressive disorders is selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). The ingestions have shown that using SSRIs harms sperm quality. The literature date of evaluation of male fertility after discontinuation of antidepressants is quite limited.Purpose of the study. To evaluate the influence of Fluoxetine intake on semen parameters, sperm DNA fragmentation and hormonal status.Materials and methods. Twenty-five men (mean age - 35.2 ± 4.5 yo) with depression were included in the study. Fluoxetine (20 mg per day) was prescribed to all the patients for 12 wk. Semen parameters, sperm DNA fragmentation, sex hormones levels were measured before-after treatment and 3 mo behind discontinuation.Results. After 12 weeks of the treatment the mean semen volume decreased from 3.1 ± 0.7 to 2.9 ± 0.7 ml (p = 0.638), sperm concentration - from 39.4 ± 18.5 to 34.3 ± 16.8 mln/ml (p = 0.384), sperm motility decreased from 41.7 ± 7.6 to 35.5 ± 7.8% (p < 0.05), the mean percent of normal morphology form - from с 12.7 ± 2.8 to 10.7 ± 2.2% (p < 0.001). Sperm DNA fragmentation increased 16.2 ± 4.9 to 22.2 ± 4.3% (p < 0.001). The mean semen volume, sperm concentration, motility, percentage of normal morphology increased and reverted to the normal levels after 3 mounts of drug discontinuation. Sperm DNA fragmentation index decreased, and it had the values less than before the treatment that positively correlated with the reduction of depression's symptoms. It was not significant dynamics in hormonal parameters before and after the therapy.Conclusion. Using fluoxetine has a reversible negative effect on male fertility. It is important to inform the patients about the temporary side effects of SSRIs in fatherhood planning cases.

The effects of Pb on sperm parameters and sperm DNA fragmentation of men investigated for infertility

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
G.U.S. Wijesekara ◽  
D.M.S. Fernando ◽  
S. Wijeratne
Keyword(s):  
Dna Fragmentation ◽  
Seminal Plasma ◽  
Sperm Concentration ◽  
Sperm Parameters ◽  
World Health ◽  
Sperm Dna Fragmentation ◽  
Progressive Motility ◽  
Sperm Dna ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Pb Concentration

AbstractBackgroundLead (Pb) is one of the metals most prevalent in the environment and is known to cause infertility and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) fragmentation. This study aimed to determine the association between seminal plasma Pb and sperm DNA fragmentation in men investigated for infertility.MethodsMale partners (n = 300) of couples investigated for infertility were recruited after informed consent was obtained. Sperm parameters were assessed according to the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. Seminal plasma Pb was estimated by atomic absorption spectrophotometry after digestion with nitric acid.ResultsIn Pb-positive and -negative groups the sperm parameters and sperm DNA fragmentation were compared using independent sample t-test and the Mann-Whitney U-test, respectively. The mean [standard deviation (SD)] age and duration of infertility were 34.8 (5.34) years and 45.7 (35.09) months, respectively, and the mean Pb concentration was 15.7 μg/dL. In Pb positives compared to Pb negatives the means (SD) of sperm count, progressive motility viability and normal morphology were lower (p > 0.05) but the DNA fragmentation was significantly higher 39.80% (25.08) than Pb negatives 22.65% (11.30). Seminal plasma Pb concentration and sperm DNA fragmentation had a positive correlation (r = 0.38, p = 0.03). A negative correlation was observed between sperm DNA fragmentation and sperm concentration, progressive motility, total motility and viability. When the DNA fragmentation was ≥30% sperm concentration and viability decreased (p < 0.05).ConclusionsPb in seminal plasma had a significant effect on sperm DNA fragmentation but not with other sperm parameters.

scholarly journals The relationship between serum hormone levels (follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, total testosterone) and semen parameters

2015 ◽  
Vol 87 (3) ◽  
pp. 194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehmet Zeynel Keskin ◽  
Salih Budak ◽  
Tuǧba Zeyrek ◽  
Orçun Çelik ◽  
Oguz Mertoglu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sperm Concentration ◽  
Reference Value ◽  
Semen Parameters ◽  
Total Testosterone ◽  
Testosterone Levels ◽  
Progressive Motility ◽  
Semen Volume ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Serum Hormone ◽  
Serum Gonadotropin

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of serum gonadotropin and total testosterone levels on semen parameters. Materials and Methods: Three hundred and eighty-two patients that applied to a male infertility polyclinic were included in our study. Serum gonadotropin and total testosterone levels and semen parameters of the patients were analyzed during the first visit to the clinic. The reference FSH value was 1.5-12.4 mIU/mL, that of LH was 1.7-8.6 mIU/mL and the reference value for total testosterone was 249-836 ng/dL. Results: While there was no statistically significant difference between the patients with low gonadotropin levels and the controls regarding any of the semen parameters (p &gt; 0.05), there was a strong statistically significant difference between the patients with high gonadotropin levels and the controls regarding sperm concentration (p = 0.000), total motility (p = 0.000), progressive motility (p = 0.000), and morphology (p = 0.000). There was a strong statistically significant difference between the patients with low testosterone levels and the controls regarding total motility (p = 0.012) and progressive motility (p = 0.010), and a weak statistically significant difference in morphology (p = 0.042). There was no statistically significant difference in semen volume or sperm concentration (p &gt; 0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in any of the semen parameters between the patients with high testosterone levels and the controls (p &gt; 0.05). Conclusions: Our findings especially regarding LH and T levels are not in agreement with previous reports. In this regard, there is a need for larger-scale and randomized trials to resolve this discrepancy.

scholarly journals Evaluating the ability of semen cryopreservation of Blance Blue Belge bull cattle in Vietnam

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-244
Author(s):  
Nguyen Huu Duc ◽  
Pham Thu Giang ◽  
Tran Thi Binh Nguyen ◽  
Nguyen Thi Mai ◽  
Bui Dai Phong
Keyword(s):  
Sperm Motility ◽  
Sperm Concentration ◽  
Joint Stock Company ◽  
Stock Company ◽  
Cattle Breeding ◽  
Semen Cryopreservation ◽  
Semen Collection ◽  
Frozen Semen ◽  
Semen Volume ◽  
Fresh Semen

The objective of this study was to determine the semen cryopreservation capacity of BBB bulls in Hanoi-Vietnam. Research conducted on the fresh semen collected from 05 BBB bulls. Results showed that semen color was normal (milky white, ivory white, ivory yellow), semen volume ranged from 6.35 mL to 7.48 mL (P <0.05), initial motility of semen ranged from 80.53% to 82.92% (P <0.05), sperm concentration in semen  ranged from 1.02 x 109 sperms/ml to 1.12 x 109 sperms/mL (P <0.05), abnormal sperm ratio ranged from 6.45% to 8.12% (P <0.05), alive sperm ratio ranged from 76.34% to 82.97% (P <0.05), sperm motility after thawing from straw semen ranged from 71.33% to 75.92% (P<0.05). In conclusion, successfully semen collection from 05 breeding BBB bulls at Hanoi Cattle Breeding Joint Stock Company, semen samples had normal color and good quantity and quality, suitable for production of frozen semen; and semen cryopreservation of straws of the 05 bull BBB semen mentioned at -196oC, sperm motility after freezing-thawing reached the economic and technical norms of 675/2014 of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development.

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