scholarly journals Tetrad vs. triangle test: A case study with Brazilian guarana soft drink

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. e166943049
Author(s):  
Kamila Ferreira Chaves ◽  
Adriana Lucia Wahanik ◽  
Michelly Cristiane Paludo ◽  
Bianca Iarossi Toledo ◽  
Alexandre Montagnana Vicente Leme ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soft Drink ◽  
Ionic Exchange ◽  
Difference Detection ◽  
Triangle Test ◽  
Three Samples ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Sensory Tests

Discrimination sensory tests aim to identify if a difference between two similar stimuli is detected. In this study we compared the efficacy of Tetrads and Triangle tests in the difference detection between two samples of guarana soft drink, by means of the calculation of proportion of discriminators and thurstonian distance. Evaluated samples were produced by different syrup clarification methods (activated carbon and ionic exchange column). For each test 99 testers were used; Triangle test evaluated three samples, while Tetrad four samples, in complete randomized blocks. Only Tetrad test was able to detect significant difference between the samples (p<0.05), with a low proportion of discriminators and thurstonian distance inferior to perception limit, demonstrating that Tetrad test is more powerful and sensible than Triangle test.

scholarly journals Just say “no”: Can dentists refuse care on the basis of finances? A survey using an ethical vignette in an Iranian Dental School

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Kazemian ◽  
Mahsa Fayyazi ◽  
Shahrzad Shafiee
Keyword(s):  
Ethical Dilemma ◽  
Dental Students ◽  
Dental School ◽  
Dental Office ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Dental Offices ◽  
Ethics Courses ◽  
Financial Issues

Abstract Background Decision making when patients ask a dentist for fee reduction is a real ethical dilemma at dental settings. The aim of this study was to evaluate how dental students and tutors think about their position for, or against fee reduction at dental offices. Method It was a questionnaire-based survey, which examined the ethical attitudes of students and tutors of an Iranian Dental School. The questionnaire included a vignette about an ethical dilemma at a dental office. Different ethical approaches, i.e. duty-based, virtue-oriented and consequentialist arguments, for or against fee reduction at dental office were suggested. Respondents were asked to rank those ethical options. Data was entered and analyzed in SPSS 16.0. Result 121 dental students and thirty-six faculty members (dental specialists) participated in this study. It revealed that a majority of dental students and tutors (68%) are in favor of charging patients less, when facing an imagined request at dental office, using either virtue-oriented (54%) or consequentialist (14%) argument for fee reduction. The difference between rankings of four options was statistically significant, while no statistically significant difference exists neither between male and female respondents, nor students and tutors. Conclusion This case study provides a basis for fruitful discussions in ethics courses for dental students. Our study suggests that financial issues should be considered as a part of ethical training within the dental student's curriculum.

scholarly journals Evaluation of free and total fluoride concentration in mouthwashes via measurement with ion-selective electrode

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir Yu. Reshetnyak ◽  
Olga V. Nesterova ◽  
Oleg I. Admakin ◽  
Denis A. Dobrokhotov ◽  
Irina N. Avertseva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fluoride Concentration ◽  
Fluoride Ions ◽  
Three Samples ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Fluoride Complexes ◽  
Polymeric Compounds ◽  
Amine Fluoride ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Coloring Agents ◽  
Tooth Tissue

Abstract Background Mouthwashes are among the currently used oral hygiene products aimed at preventing and reducing dental caries. This is accomplished by a remineralization process, due to the presence of fluoride ions; however, mouthwashes should also contain an appropriate amount of unbound or free fluorides to provide bioavailability. The aim of this study was to compare active fluoride concentration and total fluoride concentration in mouthwashes. Methods Fluorine-containing mouthwashes from various companies and manufacturers (Colgate Total Plax Classic Mint®, Colgate Total Plax Gentle Mint®, Colgate Total Plax Fresh Mint®, Oral B Advantage®, Reach Fresh Mint®, Foramen®, Lacalut Sensitive®, Sensodyne®, Vesna F®, and Lacalut Fresh®) were selected as study objects. Fluoride measurements were carried out using the method of potentiometry. Results Free fluoride:total fluoride ratio was more than 80% for six samples and less than 63% for three samples. Two samples had more than 70% and less than 80% of unbound fluoride, respectively. Rinse containing sodium monofluorophosphate (Na2PO3F) had more than 50% of free fluoride, while the rinses containing amine fluoride (AmF) had 94%. The difference in activity can be explained by binding of fluoride ions by components contained in mouthwashes, such as coloring agents, polymeric compounds, etc. The lowest activity was observed for aluminum fluoride (AlF3) rinse, due to possible generation of strong fluoride complexes. This implies that fluoride ions will not be uptaken by tooth tissue and may even be washed away from it, compromising the efficacy of mouthwashes. Conclusions There is an urgent need to develop a method for evaluation of free fluorides in mouthwashes for proper updating of national and international guidelines.

A Study of Applying RFID for Heat Block Management in IC Packaging Factory

2010 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 57-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei-Ling Wang ◽  
Shu-Jen Wang ◽  
Chiao-Tzu Huang
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Circuit ◽  
Operation Time ◽  
Wire Bond ◽  
Ic Packaging ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Test Of Hypothesis ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Die Bonding

In the integrated circuit (IC) packaging process, including operations of die sawing, die bonding, wire bonding, molding, plating, marking, trim/form, and inspection. Purposes of packaging include protecting ICs, making ICs easier to handle, and connecting ICs to the circuit outside. The wire bond stations are the bottleneck in the packaging and assemble process where the heat block is the key auxiliary parts in the stations. This research proposes a RFID-enabled Heat Block Management System (RHMS) to accurately control the progress of the IC packaging production line to meet the customer requirements. Our research analyzed all the flows of heat block management operations during before and after introducing RHMS. Hypothesis testing can verify significant difference between two sample sizes. Based on the statistics test of hypothesis, we compared the difference for before and after introducing RHMS. The results show that the RHMS can bring advantage for heat block management in wire bond stations. Moreover, it has clear improvement of saving counting and revising operation time. The contributions of this research are not only a case study but also a direction for applying RFID technology on IC packaging industry.

Project Managers and Functional Managers: A Case Study of Job Satisfaction in a Matrix Organization

1998 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 11-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan G. Turner ◽  
Dawn R. Utley ◽  
Jerry D. Westbrook
Keyword(s):  
Job Satisfaction ◽  
Research And Development ◽  
Project Managers ◽  
Matrix Structure ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Matrix Organization ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Development Center

Information regarding job satisfaction within an organization using a matrix structure is limited. This paper provides empirical evidence regarding the difference in job satisfaction between project managers and functional managers in one matrix organization: a government research and development center. Key findings of this research include the identification of the factors that provide job satisfaction for both groups and the significant difference in job satisfaction between the groups. The perceived efficiencies provided by the matrix structure may be negated by the lack of job satisfaction experienced by the functional managers.

scholarly journals Evaluation of free and total fluoride concentration in mouthwashes via measurement with ion-selective electrode

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir Yu. Reshetnyak ◽  
Olga V. Nesterova ◽  
Oleg I. Admakin ◽  
Denis A. Dobrokhotov ◽  
Irina N. Avertseva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Fluoride Concentration ◽  
Selective Electrode ◽  
Fluoride Ions ◽  
Three Samples ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Polymeric Compounds ◽  
Amine Fluoride ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Coloring Agents

Abstract Background The aim of this study was to compare free fluoride concentration and total fluoride concentration in mouthwashes. Methods Fluorine-containing mouthwashes from various companies and manufacturers (Colgate Total Plax Classic Mint®, Colgate-Palmolive, New York, USA; Colgate Total Plax Gentle Mint®, Colgate-Palmolive, New York, USA; Colgate Total Plax Fresh Mint®, Colgate-Palmolive, New York, USA; Oral B Advantage®, Procter&Gamble, Cincinnati, USA; Reach Fresh Mint®, Johnson&Johnson, New Brunswick, USA; Foramen®, Laboratorios Foramen, Guarnizo, Spain; Lacalut Sensitive®, Dr. THEISS, Homburg, Germany; Sensodyne®, GlaxoSmithKline, London, UK; Vesna F®, Vita, Saint Petersburg, Russia; Lacalut Fresh®, Dr. THEISS, Homburg, Germany) were selected as study objects. Fluoride measurements were carried out using the fluoride selective electrode. Results Free fluoride:total fluoride ratio was more than 80% for six samples (Colgate Total Plax Gentle Mint® - 88%, Colgate Total Plax Fresh Mint® - 99%, Oral B Advantage® - 92%, Reach Fresh Mint® - 92 and 89% for the mouthwash of another batch, Lacalut Sensitive® - 94%) and less than 63% for three samples (Colgate Total Plax Classic Mint® - 56%, Foramen® - 62%, Vesna F® - 61%). Two samples had more than 70% and less than 80% of unbound fluoride, respectively (Sensodyne® - 77%, another batch of Oral B Advantage® mouthwash - 74%). Rinse containing sodium monofluorophosphate (Na2PO3F) (Vesna F®) had more than 50% of free fluoride, while the rinse containing amine fluoride (AmF) (Lacalut Sensitive®) had 94%. The difference in the free fluoride:total fluoride ratio can be explained by binding of fluoride ions by components contained in mouthwashes, such as coloring agents and polymeric compounds. The lowest concentration of free fluoride ions (0.000093 mol/L) was observed for aluminum fluoride (AlF3) rinse (Lacalut Fresh®), while the total fluoride amount was not determined due to possible generation of strong fluoride complexes. This implies that fluoride ions will not be uptaken by tooth tissue and may even be washed away from it, compromising the efficacy of mouthwashes. Conclusions The differences in free fluoride: total fluoride ratio between analyzed mouthwashes reveal a need to develop a method for evaluation of free fluorides in mouthwashes for proper updating of national and international guidelines.

scholarly journals Effects of Family Structure on the Academic Performance of Children: A Case Study of Ayeduase R/C Junior High School in the Kumasi Metropolis, Ghana

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (10) ◽  
pp. 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francess Dufie Azumah ◽  
Krampah Samuel ◽  
Nachinaab John Onzaberigu
Keyword(s):  
Academic Performance ◽  
Parental Involvement ◽  
Family Structure ◽  
Junior High School ◽  
Single Parent ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
The Difference

In today’s competitive global setting, pupil’s performance is an important element of the school’s achievement. Pupil’s performance can significantly be affected by range of variables. Researches depict family structure as a salient variable. This study looked at the family structure of Junior High School pupils in Ayeduase Sub-Metro of Kumasi and their academic performance. The objectives were to assess the difference in relationship between the academic performance of children from single-parent families and two parent families and also to determine the difference in parental involvement in children’s academic performance. The research utilized a case study of 80 J.H.S. students in Ayeduase Sub-Metro, Kumasi between the ages of 12–18 years who were sampled by using stratified sampling technique. The sample consisted of all J.H.S 1, J.H.S 2 and J.H.S 3 students in order to maintain reliability. Chi-square test of independence was used in testing the first research hypothesis which was to determine the relationship between children in single-parent families and two parent families (family structure) and the dependent variable (academic performance). The result of the study indicated that, there was no significant difference in relationship between children from single-parent and two parent families (family structure) as independent variable and academic performance of pupils (p=0.791) as the dependent variable. The finding of this study provided evidence that family structure indicated no significant effects on academic performance of children. The study recommends that further studies should be carried out to include other family factors. Chi-square test of independence was used in testing the second hypothesis which was to determine the difference in parental involvement in children’s academic performance. The result of the study also indicated that, there was a significant difference in parental involvement in children’s academic performance (p=0.223).

scholarly journals Just Say “No”: Can Dentists Refuse Care on the Basis of Finances? A Survey Using an Ethical Vignette in an Iranian Dental School

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Kazemian ◽  
Mahsa Fayyazi ◽  
Shahrzad Shafiee
Keyword(s):  
Ethical Dilemma ◽  
Dental Students ◽  
Dental School ◽  
Dental Office ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Dental Offices ◽  
Ethics Courses ◽  
Financial Issues

Abstract Background: Decision making when patients ask a dentist for fee reduction is a real ethical dilemma at dental settings. The aim of this study was to evaluate how dental students and tutors think about their position for, or against fee reduction at dental offices. Method: It was a questionnaire-based survey, which examined the ethical attitudes of students and tutors of an Iranian Dental School. The questionnaire included a vignette about an ethical dilemma at a dental office. Different ethical approaches, i.e. duty-based, virtue-oriented and consequentialist arguments, for or against fee reduction at dental office were suggested. Respondents were asked to rank those ethical options. Data was entered and analyzed in SPSS 16.0.Result: 121 dental students and thirty-six faculty members (dental specialists) participated in this study. It revealed that a majority of dental students and tutors (68%) are in favor of charging patients less, when facing an imagined request at dental office, using either virtue-oriented (54%) or consequentialist (14%) argument for fee reduction. The difference between rankings of four options was statistically significant, while no statistically significant difference exists neither between male and female respondents, nor students and tutors. Conclusion: This case study provides a basis for fruitful discussions in ethics courses for dental students. Our study suggests that financial issues should be considered as a part of ethical training within the dental student's curriculum.

scholarly journals Proximate, Mineral and Vitamin Content of Flesh, Blanched and Dried Tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum)

2020 ◽  
pp. 11-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mashi Jamila Ahmed ◽  
Idris Ramatu Iya ◽  
Markus Faith Dogara
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Percentage Composition ◽  
Three Samples ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Sodium Magnesium ◽  
Lycopene Content

The experiment was aimed at comparing the effect of preservation methods on proximate, vitamins and mineral composition of fresh, blanched and dried tomatoes.  The tomatoes samples were divided into three; fresh, blanched and dried tomatoes. The research was conducted at the Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Bayero University, Kano, between the month of February 2019 and August 2019. The Proximate Composition was determined using AOAC methods (1975), the Vitamins were determined by (Pearson Chemical methods, 1970), and Minerals using (Atomic Absorption Spectro-photometer).The results of this research revealed the Blanched tomatoes has significant  higher (P=.05) percentage moisture (77.58±2.71), however it has the least percentage composition of Crude Protein and Carbohydrate. The fresh tomatoes has the higher  composition of crude fibre (17.00±1.87) and crude protein (1.78± 0.13) as compared with the other two samples at (P=.05), while the dried sample has the higher percentage composition of crude fat and Carbohydrate, (8.34±0.84) and (21.77±2.02) at (P=.05) respectively. Vitamin A and lycopene content were found to be significantly higher (P=.05) in Dried tomatoes, with Vitamin C content of blanched tomatoes been significantly higher (P=.05). Mineral analysis indicates that sodium, magnesium, calcium, copper and lead has no significant difference in all the three samples. Conclusion: This study reveals that dried tomatoes are also a good source of Vitamin A, lycopene and other nutrients.

scholarly journals Polyphenolic profile of fresh chokeberry and chokeberry products

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 147-153
Author(s):  
Mandica Tamara Tolić ◽  
Ksenija Marković ◽  
Nada Vahčić ◽  
Ivana Rumora Samarin ◽  
Nina Mačković ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Acids ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Coumaric Acid ◽  
Product Categories ◽  
Aronia Melanocarpa ◽  
Three Samples ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Health Promoting ◽  
Polyphenolic Profile

Chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa) fruits and its products are one of the richest sources of pholyphenols which may play important role in human health as for example in regulation of blood pressure levels, reducing concentrations of triglycerides, low density and total cholesterol. The objective of this study was to identify and quantify the content of pholyphenols, specifficaly phenolic acids (gallic, caffeic, p-coumaric, ellagic, chlorogenic) and flavonols (quercetin and kaempferol) using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in two varieties of fresh chokeberry fruit (type Nero and Viking) and in different types of chokeberry products available from Croatian market: eleven samples of juices, three samples of powders, two samples of both capsules and dried berries and four samples of teas. The results showed that there is a difference in amount of examined polyphenols between different product categories, and significant difference was also observed within the same product group (p≤0.05). In all analysed samples the highest phenolic acid quantified was p-coumaric acid, and gallic acid was the lowest one. Berry juices from fresh chokeberry fruits had higher amount of p-coumaric acid (284.55±6.34 mgL-1) compared to commercially available juices (195.48±3.05 mgL-1). The same phenolic composition was observed within the rest of the products where capsules have the higher amount of phenolic acids, followed by powders, dried berries and teas (eg. p-coumaric 81.36; 79.76; 36.28; 28.81 mg/100 g dry matter, respectively). According to flavonol amount, all observed products had higher values of quercetin compared to kaempferol. Obtained results represents a valuable set of data for novel and under-examined plant source of health promoting bioactivecompounds.

scholarly journals Concentration of Transforming Growth Factor-beta 1 in Chronic Periapical Lesions / Ispitivanje koncentracije transformišućeg faktora rasta beta 1 u hroničnim periapeksnim lezijama

2015 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jelena Popović ◽  
Tatjana Cvetković ◽  
Tanja Džopalić ◽  
Aleksandar Mitić ◽  
Marija Nikolić ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transforming Growth Factor Beta ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Periapical Lesion ◽  
Periapical Lesions ◽  
Three Samples ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Tissue Homogenates ◽  
Growth Factor Beta ◽  
The Difference

Summary Host response to antigen stimulation in chronic inflammatory periapical lesions is mainly controlled by the balance between proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. The aim of this study was to determine the concentration of TGF-β1 in the tissue homogenates of periapical lesions and to analyse its level in relation to the symptomatology of the patients and size of the lesions. Ninety three samples of chronic periapical lesions were obtained after extraction of teeth. Samples were divided according to the clinical symptoms as symptomatic and asymptomatic, and according to the size as large and small. The concentration of TGF-β1 was analyzed using ELISA. The results showed increased production of TGF-β1 in symptomatic lesions compared to asymptomatic, but the difference was not statistically significant. Statistically significant difference in TGF-β1 concentrations was observed in large lesions compared to small (p<0,001). It seems that TGF-β1 have a modulating effect on bone tissue resorption activity under the influence of proinflammatory cytokines and can be molecular prognostic marker of periapical lesion healing.

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