scholarly journals Distribusi Temporal Populasi Serangga pada Tanaman Padi (Oryza sativa) di Unit Pelaksana Teknis Pengembangan Benih Palawija Singosari Malang

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 38-46
Author(s):  
Alfira Khullatun Ni'am ◽  
Ari Hayati ◽  
Hasan Zayadi
Keyword(s):  
Oryza Sativa ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
The Body ◽  
Rice Fields ◽  
Biotic Factor ◽  
Insect Identification ◽  
Insect Distribution ◽  
Insect Populations

The rice plant (Oryza sativa.) is an important food crop which is a staple food for more than half of the world's population because it contains nutrients that the body needs. Rice production in East Java in 2011 experienced a significant decline in production i.e. 9.2% and declined again in 2013 (1.2%) with an average productivity (5.9) 1. Problems in agriculture are inseparable from the role of insects as pests. Decrease in production can occur due to insect pests. The purpose of this study was to identify the types of insects on rice fields, to find out the number of insects found based on the temporal distribution of rice fields in Technical implementation unit of Palawija Seed Development of Singosari, Malang, Research has been conducted on the temporal distribution of insect populations on rice plants by using temporal replication or time in three time periods, namely morning period (06.00-09.00), morning-noon (09.00-12.00), and afternoon (13.00-16.00). The observation parameters were done to measure abiotic factors including: temperature, humidity, wind speed, and light intensity and biotic factor measurements; insect identification, insect status determination, and insect distribution. The results of the identification of insects found there were nine species, seven kinds of families, and five orders of insects that had different statuses including predators and pests. The nine insects species include Agriocnemis pygmae, Diplacodes trivialis, Crocothermis servilia, Menochilus sexmaculata, Oxya chinensis, Valanga nigricornis, Schirpophaga innotata, Junonia almana, Zelus luridus. There are the effect of abiotic factors on the number of insects. Keywords: rice (Oryza sativa), insect population, insect status. ABSTRAK Tanaman padi (Oryza sativa) merupakan tanaman penting yang menjadi makanan pokok lebih dari setengah penduduk dunia karena mengandung nutrisi yang diperlukan tubuh. Produksi padi di Jawa Timur pada tahun 2011 terjadi penurunan produksi yang cukup signifikan yaitu 9,2% dan kembali menurun pada tahun 2013 (1,2%) dengan rata-rata produktivitas (5,9)-1. Permasalahan di bidang pertanian tidak terlepas dari peran serangga sebagai hama. Penurunan produksi dapat terjadi karena serangga hama. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi macam-macam serangga pada lahan tanaman padi, mengetahui jumlah serangga yang ditemukan berdasarkan distribusi temporal pada lahan tanaman padi di Unit Pelaksana Teknis (UPT) Pengembangan Benih Palawija Singosari Malang. Ulangan waktu pada tiga periode waktu yaitu Periode pagi (06.00-09.00), Siang (09.00-12.00), dan sore (13.00-16.00). Parameter pengamatan dilakukan pengukuran factor abiotik meliputi suhu, kelembaban, kecepatan angin, dan intensitas cahaya dan pengukuran factor biotik meliputi identifikasi serangga, penentuan status serangga, dan distribusi serangga. Hasil identifikasi serangga ditemukan ada sembilan macam spesies serangga, tujuh macam familia, dan lima ordo serangga yang memiliki status yang berbeda meliputi predator dan hama. Sembilan species serangga tersebut meliputi Agriocnemis pygmae, Diplocodes trivialis, Crocothermis servilia, Menochilus sexmaculata, Oxya chinensis, Valanga nigricornis, Schirpophaga innotata, Junonia almana, Zelus luridus. Terdapat hubungan antara factor abiotik kecepatan angin terhadap jumlah serangga. Kata Kunci: padi (Oryza sativa), populasi serangga, status serangga.

Efficacy of some insecticide modules against major insect pests and spider population of rice, Oryza sativa L.

ENTOMON ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 257-262
Author(s):  
Atanu Seni ◽  
Bhimasen Naik
Keyword(s):  
Oryza Sativa ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Untreated Control ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Gall Midge ◽  
Stem Borer ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Third ◽  
Treated Plot

Experiments were carried out to assess some insecticide modules against major insect pests of rice. Each module consists of a basal application of carbofuran 3G @ 1 kg a.i ha-1 at 20 DAT and Rynaxypyr 20 SC @ 30 g a.i ha-1 at 45 DAT except untreated control. All modules differ with each other only in third treatment which was applied in 65 DAT. The third treatment includes: Imidacloprid 17.8 SL @ 27 g a.i ha-1, Pymetrozine 50 WG @ 150 g a.i ha-1, Triflumezopyrim 106 SC @ 27 g a.i ha-1, Buprofezin 25 SC @ 250 g a.i ha-1; Glamore (Imidacloprid 40+Ethiprole 40% w/w) 80 WG @ 100 g a.i. ha-1, Thiacloprid 24 SC @ 60 g a.i ha-1, Azadirachtin 0.03 EC @ 8 g a.i ha-1, Dinotefuran 20 SG@ 40 g a.i ha-1 and untreated control. All the treated plots recorded significantly lower percent of dead heart, white ear- head caused by stem borer and silver shoot caused by gall midge. Module with Pymetrozine 50 WG @ 150 g a.i ha-1 treated plot recorded significantly higher per cent reduction of plant hoppers (>80% over untreated control) and produced higher grain yield (50.75 qha-1) than the other modules. Among the different treated modules the maximum number of spiders was found in Azadirachtin 0.03 EC @ 8 g a.i ha-1 treated module plot followed by other treatments.

scholarly journals Comparative Genomics: Insights on the Pathogenicity and Lifestyle of Rhizoctonia solani

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 2183
Author(s):  
Nurhani Mat Razali ◽  
Siti Norvahida Hisham ◽  
Ilakiya Sharanee Kumar ◽  
Rohit Nandan Shukla ◽  
Melvin Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Genomics ◽  
Rhizoctonia Solani ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Biotic Factor ◽  
Protein Coding ◽  
Sustainable Food ◽  
Repeat Elements ◽  
Gene Sets ◽  
Core Genes

Proper management of agricultural disease is important to ensure sustainable food security. Staple food crops like rice, wheat, cereals, and other cash crops hold great export value for countries. Ensuring proper supply is critical; hence any biotic or abiotic factors contributing to the shortfall in yield of these crops should be alleviated. Rhizoctonia solani is a major biotic factor that results in yield losses in many agriculturally important crops. This paper focuses on genome informatics of our Malaysian Draft R. solani AG1-IA, and the comparative genomics (inter- and intra- AG) with four AGs including China AG1-IA (AG1-IA_KB317705.1), AG1-IB, AG3, and AG8. The genomic content of repeat elements, transposable elements (TEs), syntenic genomic blocks, functions of protein-coding genes as well as core orthologous genic information that underlies R. solani’s pathogenicity strategy were investigated. Our analyses show that all studied AGs have low content and varying profiles of TEs. All AGs were dominant for Class I TE, much like other basidiomycete pathogens. All AGs demonstrate dominance in Glycoside Hydrolase protein-coding gene assignments suggesting its importance in infiltration and infection of host. Our profiling also provides a basis for further investigation on lack of correlation observed between number of pathogenicity and enzyme-related genes with host range. Despite being grouped within the same AG with China AG1-IA, our Draft AG1-IA exhibits differences in terms of protein-coding gene proportions and classifications. This implies that strains from similar AG do not necessarily have to retain similar proportions and classification of TE but must have the necessary arsenal to enable successful infiltration and colonization of host. In a larger perspective, all the studied AGs essentially share core genes that are generally involved in adhesion, penetration, and host colonization. However, the different infiltration strategies will depend on the level of host resilience where this is clearly exhibited by the gene sets encoded for the process of infiltration, infection, and protection from host.

scholarly journals Subcellular Localization and Vesicular Structures of Anthocyanin Pigmentation by Fluorescence Imaging of Black Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Stigma Protoplast

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 685
Author(s):  
Enerand Mackon ◽  
Yafei Ma ◽  
Guibeline Charlie Jeazet Dongho Epse Mackon ◽  
Qiufeng Li ◽  
Qiong Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oryza Sativa ◽  
Subcellular Localization ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Brown Rice ◽  
The Body ◽  
Central Vacuole ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Black Rice

Anthocyanins belong to the group of flavonoid compounds broadly distributed in plant species responsible for attractive colors. In black rice (Oryza sativa L.), they are present in the stems, leaves, stigmas, and caryopsis. However, there is still no scientific evidence supporting the existence of compartmentalization and trafficking of anthocyanin inside the cells. In the current study, we took advantage of autofluorescence with anthocyanin’s unique excitation/emission properties to elucidate the subcellular localization of anthocyanin and report on the in planta characterization of anthocyanin prevacuolar vesicles (APV) and anthocyanic vacuolar inclusion (AVI) structure. Protoplasts were isolated from the stigma of black and brown rice and imaging using a confocal microscope. Our result showed the fluorescence displaying magenta color in purple stigma and no fluorescence in white stigma when excitation was provided by a helium–neon 552 nm and emission long pass 610–670 nm laser. The fluorescence was distributed throughout the cell, mainly in the central vacuole. Fluorescent images revealed two pools of anthocyanin inside the cells. The diffuse pools were largely found inside the vacuole lumen, while the body structures could be observed mostly inside the cytoplasm (APV) and slightly inside the vacuole (AVI) with different shapes, sizes, and color intensity. Based on their sizes, AVI could be grouped into small (Ф < 0.5 um), middle (Ф between 0.5 and 1 um), and large size (Ф > 1 um). Together, these results provided evidence about the sequestration and trafficking of anthocyanin from the cytoplasm to the central vacuole and the existence of different transport mechanisms of anthocyanin. Our results suggest that stigma cells are an excellent system for in vivo studying of anthocyanin in rice and provide a good foundation for understanding anthocyanin metabolism in plants, sequestration, and trafficking in black rice.

scholarly journals Abundance and spatial-temporal distribution of Macrobrachium surinamicum Holthuis, 1948 (Palaemonidae) in the Amazon estuary, north of Brazil

2016 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 594-601
Author(s):  
D. V. Cavalcante ◽  
B. S. Bentes ◽  
J. M. Martinelli-Lemos
Keyword(s):  
Significant Influence ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Artisanal Fisheries ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Distribution ◽  
Low Salinity ◽  
Amazon Estuary ◽  
Disturbed Areas ◽  
Macrobrachium Amazonicum ◽  
The City

Abstract Macrobrachium surinamicum is a small shrimp that inhabits rivers of low salinity. It is mainly caught as bycatch in Amazon shrimp Macrobrachium amazonicum fisheries, which is widely exploited by artisanal fisheries for food and economic needs of the riverside population. This study aimed to characterize the spatial and temporal distribution of the freshwater shrimp M. surinamicum in the Guajará Bay and on Mosqueiro Island, correlating the abundance of this species with abiotic factors (temperature and salinity). Samples were taken from May 2006 to April 2007 in six locations: Mosqueiro Island (Furo das Marinhas and Porto do Pelé); Icoaraci district; Arapiranga Island, edge of the city of Belém; and Combu Island, using traps named 'matapis'. A total of 361 shrimps were caught. The abundance was higher in December and lower in July 2006. The biggest catch occurred on Arapiranga Island and the lowest on Mosqueiro Island. The abundance differed significantly in December 2006 and no variable studied had significant influence on M. surinamicum abundance. In Guajará Bay, particularly the more sheltered places, as Arapiranga and Combu islands, favor the development of M. surinamicum, indicating that this species has preference for less disturbed areas.

scholarly journals Endoparasites of wild animals from three biomes in the State of Mato Grosso, Brazil

2016 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 571-578 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.G.S. Ramos ◽  
A.R.G.L.O. Santos ◽  
L.C. Freitas ◽  
S.H.R. Correa ◽  
G.V. Kempe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Host Species ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Wild Animals ◽  
New Host ◽  
Biotic Factor ◽  
Mato Grosso ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Factors ◽  
Parasitological Examination ◽  
Biotic Potential ◽  
Veterinary Hospital

ABSTRACT The population of wild animals is regulated by many biotic and abiotic factors, and parasites are a biotic factor that affects the dynamic and density of host populations. From 2002 to 2014, 62 wild animals from the biomes Pantanal, Amazon, and "Cerrado" (or Savanna), which died in attendance in the veterinary hospital or have been road-killed, underwent necropsy for parasitological examination. Overall, 36 species of parasites were identified from 24 host species. Among the parasites, the most prevalent order was Oxyurida (29.1%), followed by Strongylida (20.9%), Spirurida (19.4%), Ascaridida (16.2%), Pentastomida (3.2%), Echinostomida (3.2%), Gygantorhynchia (3.2%), Rhabditida (1.6%), Plagiorchiida (1.6%), and Monilimorfida (1.6%), especially nematodes, which have more biotic potential and is more easily adapted to the environment than other classes. The occurrence of endoparasites was observed more frequently in endothermic than ectothermic animals, and herein is reported eleven new host occurrences for endoparasites in wild animals. The study has contributed to the knowledge on the biodiversity of parasites in wild animals from three biomes in central-western Brazil.

Monitor surveying for migrant insect pests

1973 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 109-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
L R Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Spatial Dimension ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Crop Pests ◽  
Insect Populations ◽  
Insect Survey ◽  
Local Assessment

Effective control of erratic crop pests requires accurate timing of treatments, and the dynamics of insect populations are inadequately understood. Aerial monitoring for many species simultaneously, instead of sampling each crop separately, enables the Rothamsted Insect Survey to provide accurate, quantitative, synoptic information on current levels of pest populations; this gives continuity to local assessment for advisory purposes, and adds a spatial dimension to population dynamics.

scholarly journals Temporal distribution and early development of Moenkausia cf. gracilima (Lucena & Soares, 2016) (Osteichthyes, Characidae) in the upper Paraná River, Brazil

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joyce Andreia dos Santos ◽  
Marcia Sayuri Iquematsu ◽  
Claudemir Martins Soares ◽  
Eliana Maria Galdioli ◽  
Klebert Faria da Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Development ◽  
Lower Lobe ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Reproductive Period ◽  
Paraná River ◽  
The Body ◽  
Parana River ◽  
Upper Paraná River Floodplain ◽  
Batch Spawning ◽  
Upper Paraná River

Abstract Aim: To analyze temporal distribution of larvae and juveniles and the early development and of Moenkhausia cf. gracilima. Methods Samples were taken quarterly in twenty-five sites in the upper Paraná River floodplain between August 2013 and May 2015. The samples were taken under the water surface at night using 0.5 mm mesh plankton nets. In the laboratory, samples were sorted, identified and separated into larval (preflexion, flexion and postflexion) and juvenile periods. Results A total of 248 individuals was collected, mainly in the Saraiva Lagoon, suggesting that the entire life cycle of this species occurs in this environment. The reproductive period takes place between December and April, since the postflexion larvae were found until May. However, the occurrence of juveniles between February and May indicates probable batch spawning. Among the 95 individuals used for ontogenic description, 82 were larvae and 13 juveniles. Larvae may be characterized by irregular pigmentation in the upper region of the head, mouth, and body, increasing throughout development; upper lobe of the caudal fin more pigmented than the lower lobe, only visible in postflexion larvae; terminal mouth; anal opening located anterior to the median region of the body and total number of myomers ranging from 34 to 40 (15 to 20 pre and 16 to 23 postanal), while juveniles have characteristics similar to adults. The total number of fin rays is: P. 11-16, V. 7-11, D, 9-11 and A. 21-23. Conclusions According to the distribution of developmental periods it is possible to conclude that this species reproduces in the summer, preferably in lagoons. Growth analysis indicated important alterations in larval morphology (metamorphosis) that may be associated with the ecomorphological characteristics of the species. The morphological separation of larvae of M. cf. gracilima from other larvae of small characids, especially at preflexion and flexion stages may be complicated by the overlap of traits, suggesting the use of other variables, mainly morphometric, for the separation of the species.

Keanekaragaman dan Kelimpahan Semut sebagai Predator Hama Tanaman Padi di Lahan Sawah Organik dan Anorganik Kecamatan Karanganom Kabupaten Klaten

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siska Lesiana Adhi ◽  
Mochamad Hadi ◽  
Udi Tarwotjo
Keyword(s):  
Insect Pests ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Rice Fields ◽  
Physical Factors ◽  
Sugar Solution ◽  
Soil Arthropods ◽  
Solenopsis Geminata ◽  
Organic Rice ◽  
High Soil ◽  
Chemical Factors

Ants potentially as predators that become natural enemies of insect pests in rice fields with paddy cultivation. This study aims to know the diversity and abundance of ants, the role of ants, the population of ants, and the influence of physical and chemical factors in organic and inorganic rice fields. The ants were collected using pit fall trap method with insect bait, fish meat, and sugar solution. The results showed that the number of species and the number of individuals in organic rice fields was higher (429 individuals, 11 species) than inorganic rice fields (193 individuals, 10 species). In general, the index of diversity in organic rice fields was higher (ranging from 0.73 to 1.65) compared to inorganic rice fields (ranging from 0 to 1.28). The index of evenness in organic rice fields ranged from 0.63 to 0.99 (evenly distributed), whereas in inorganic rice fields ranged from 0 to 0.99 (uneven until evenly distributed). The dominant ants in organic rice fields were Camponotus sp, Solenopsis geminata, Anoplolepis gracilipes, and Paratrechina longicornis, whereas in the inorganic rice fields were Tapinoma sp, Solenopsis geminata, and Camponotus sp. The index of similarity between organic and inorganic rice fields showed a high and very high degree of similarity based on the type of feed. Physical factors of high soil and air humidity environment, high soil and air temperature increased the diversity and abundance of ants in the rice fields ecosystem. Factors soil pH in accordance with the growth of soil Arthropods were neutral or slightly acidic. Chemical factors of organic matter content, Nitrogen (N), the content of C organic, and a high P total content increased the diversity and abundance of ants. Keywords: diversity and abundance, ants, organic and inorganic rice fields

scholarly journals Elevated CO2 and Temperature Resetting the Expression of Resistance, Pest Incidence, Geographical Distribution and Physiology in Insect-pests of Grain Legumes: A Review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
B.L. Jat ◽  
P. Pagaria ◽  
A.S. Jat ◽  
H.D. Choudhary ◽  
T. Khan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Elevated Co2 ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Grain Legumes ◽  
Grain Legume ◽  
Nutritional Content ◽  
High Co2 ◽  
Elevated Co2 And Temperature

The most important factor that affects the crop production in terms of nutritional content of foliar plants is the global climate change. Herbivore’s growth, development, survival and geographical distribution all are determined by elevated CO2 and temperature. The interactions between herbivores and plants have changed due to increasing level of CO2 and temperature. The effect of high CO2 and temperature on grain legume plant which change in to plant physiology (e.g., nutritional content, foliage biomass) and how it change in herbivory metabolism rate and food consumption rate. Plant injury is determined by two factors viz. resistance and tolerance and both are influenced by greater CO2 and temperature. Legumes are an important source of food and feed in the form of proteins and also improve the soil environment. The repercussions of the abiotic factors mentioned above needs discussion among the scientific community. We may able to limit the negative repercussions of stated factors in future breeding projects by harnessing the practical favourable impacts and by including such influences of elevated CO2 and temperature on pulses productivity. The extensive research is necessary to overcome the negative effects of high CO2 and temperature on insect-plant interaction.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document