Multiple embolism of arterial vessels of the systemic circulation: classification, clinical manifestations, and outcomes

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 9
Author(s):  
M. V. Mel'nikov ◽  
A. V. Sotnikov ◽  
D. S. Kozhevnikov
2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wes Boland ◽  
Caitlin Bond ◽  
Ruth Namazzi ◽  
Paul Bangirana ◽  
Robert O. Opoka ◽  
...  

Background:Severe malaria (SM) remains a major global health problem causing ~275,000 pediatric deaths annually, worldwide. Continuous, non-invasive monitoring of peripheral perfusion can help detect abnormalities in systemic circulation, a common problem in critically ill patients, and can improve outcomes in children hospitalized with SM. Perfusion index (PI), an indicator of peripheral perfusion measured using a point-of-care pulse oximeter, is the ratio of pulsatile blood flow to static blood in peripheral tissue.  Objective: To investigate the role of PI as an indicator of adverse outcomes including mortality in children hospitalized with SM.  Methods: We measured PI in a prospective cohort study of 600 children <5 years of age with 5 different clinical manifestations of SM, and 120 healthy community children (CC) at two hospitals in Uganda. PI was measured at 6-hr intervals during hospitalization using a Masimo Rad 57 pulse oximeter. Results: Children with SM had significantly lower admission PI values (1.2 [IQR: 0.58, 2.2] compared to CC (2.8 [1.7, 4.3], p<0.001). Children with SM manifesting as respiratory distress syndrome or severe malarial anemia had lower median PI compared to other manifestations including cerebral malaria, the deadliest form of SM in children. In children with SM, a log decrease in admission PI was associated with 2.7 higher odds of in-hospital mortality (p=0.01). A log reduction in PI was also associated with in-hospital clinical complications associated with SM, including circulatory shock, deep acidotic breathing and acidosis, hypoglycemia, and severe anemia (all P<0.03). In survivors of SM, there were no significant associations between PI and cognitive outcomes at 12-month follow-up. Conclusion: The role of PI as an indicator of mortality in children with SM and the use of point-of-care tools for continuous monitoring of PI warrants further investigation in the management of SM to prevent or reduce the incidence of adverse outcomes. 


Author(s):  
М.Ю. Яковлев

Самообновление популяции является базисным элементом развития вида. В основе этого процесса лежит старение. Оно является связующим звеном между такими равновеликими фундаментальными понятиями как жизнь и смерть. В основе старения лежит низкоинтенсивное (с периодами обострений) воспаление, которое длительное время протекает бессимптомно, т.е. без каких-либо клинических проявлений. Наиболее яркий тому пример болезни атеросклеротической природы, которые неуклонно прогрессируют с возрастом и являются наиболее частой причины смерти. Неизбежность старения генетически предопределена природой иммунной системы и факторами регуляции её активности, среди которых особое место занимают кишечный эндотоксин и стресс (определяющий объём поступления ЛПС в общий кровоток). Главная роль адаптивного иммунитета - «клеточный надзор», реализуемый астрономическим числом рецепторов, которые ставят «чёрную метку» как на чужеродные, так и собственные антигены. Расплатой за соблюдение чистоты клеточного пула является аутоиммунный процесс, который, по-видимому, является основой низкоинтенсивного воспаления. Интенсивность этого самоуничтожающего процесса (скорость старения) определяется активностью врождённого иммунитета. Последняя зависит от концентрации лигандов врождённого иммунитета в общем кровотоке и способности иммунной системы на них реагировать. Существенные отличия механизма взаимодействия TLR4 c ЛПС от других TLR со своими лигандами, позволяет квалифицировать кишечный эндотоксин как «экзогормон»: адаптации, старения и эволюции. Таким образом, старение, как фундаментальный процесс, генетически предопределён самой природой иммунной системы и реализуется при участии кишечного эндотоксина и стресса, которые одновременно являются и облигатными факторами гомеостаза. Скорость старения может быть замедлена при помощи известных (и пока неведомых) средств нормализации показателей системной эндотоксинемии, которая является облигатным фактором гомеостаза и общей патологии. Self-renewal of a population is a basic element of species development. This process is based on aging. Aging is a link between such equipollent fundamental notions as life and death. The basis of aging is low-intensity (with periods of exacerbations) inflammation, which is asymptomatic for a long time, i.e., does not show any clinical manifestations. The brightest example of this is atherosclerosis, which steadily progresses with age and becomes the most common cause of death. The inevitability of aging is genetically determined by the nature of the immune system and factors that regulate its activity. A special place among these factors belongs to intestinal endotoxin and stress, which determines the amount of LPS entering the systemic circulation. The main role of adaptive immunity is “cell surveillance” mediated by an astronomical number of receptors that put a “black mark” on both self and foreign antigens. The payment for maintaining purity of the cell pool is the autoimmune process, which apparently underlies low-intensity inflammation. The intensity of this self-destructive process (aging rate) is determined by the activity of innate immunity. The innate immunity depends on concentration of innate immunity ligands in the systemic circulation and the ability of the immune system to respond to them. Significant differences in the TLR4 and LPS interaction mechanism from other TLRs interactions with their ligands allows to qualify the intestinal endotoxin as an “exohormone” of adaptation, aging, and evolution. Thus, aging as a fundamental process is genetically predetermined by the very nature of the immune system and occurs with participation of intestinal endotoxin and stress, which are also mandatory factors of homeostasis. Aging may be slowed using known and so far unknown means for reversing systemic endotoxinaemia, a mandatory factor of homeostasis and general pathology.


Author(s):  
Lucilla do Espírito Santo Brandão ◽  
Rose Mary Ferreira Lisboa da Silva ◽  
Roberto Max Lopes ◽  
Cristiane Nunes Martins

The Ductus Arteriosus (DA) is a vascular structure of the fetal heart that communicates the isthmus of the aorta (at the junction of the aortic root with the descending aorta) to the roof of the bifurcation of the pulmonary trunk. It is an essential structure of the fetal heart that connects the pulmonary circulation to de systemic circulation bypassing the lungs. The DA is usually patent at birth. It undergoes through muscle contraction between 10 and 15 hours of life and closes due to fibrous proliferation of the intimal layer by the third week of life. The change in the natural history of DA, with consequent permeability beyond the predicted period, promotes the Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) a congenital acyanotic heart disease. The most important risk factor for PDA is prematurity. Other risk factors are the congenital rubella, chromosomal abnormalities, genetic factors, low birth weight, perinatal asphyxia and birth in high altitude places. The clinical manifestations of a PDA are determined by the degree of left-to-right shunting, which is dependent upon age, the size and length of the PDA and the difference between pulmonary and systemic vascular resistances. The diagnosis of PDA is usually based on its characteristic clinical findings and confirmation by echocardiography. The proper management of PDA depend on age, hemodynamic impact and resource available and may include conservative management, pharmacologic treatment, surgical approach and percutaneous closure. The complication rates for percutaneous and surgical closure are rare.


Author(s):  
T. Shimizu ◽  
Y. Muranaka ◽  
I. Ohta ◽  
N. Honda

There have been many reports on ultrastructural alterations in muscles of hypokalemic periodic paralysis (hpp) and hypokalemic myopathy(hm). It is stressed in those reports that tubular structures such as tubular aggregates are usually to be found in hpp as a characteristic feature, but not in hm. We analyzed the histological differences between hpp and hm, comparing their clinical manifestations and morphologic changes in muscles. Materials analyzed were biopsied muscles from 18 patients which showed muscular symptoms due to hypokalemia. The muscle specimens were obtained by means of biopsy from quadriceps muscle and fixed with 2% glutaraldehyde (pH 7.4) and analyzed by ordinary method and modified Golgimethod. The ultrathin section were examined in JEOL 200CX transmission electron microscopy.Electron microscopic examinations disclosed dilated t-system and terminal cistern of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)(Fig 1), and an unique structure like “sixad” was occasionally observed in some specimens (Fig 2). Tubular aggregates (Fig 3) and honeycomb structure (Fig 4) were also common characteristic structures in all cases. These ultrastructural changes were common in both the hypokalemic periodic paralysis and the hypokalemic myopathy, regardless of the time of biopsy or the duration of hypokalemia suffered.


2020 ◽  
Vol 477 (14) ◽  
pp. 2679-2696
Author(s):  
Riddhi Trivedi ◽  
Kalyani Barve

The intestinal microbial flora has risen to be one of the important etiological factors in the development of diseases like colorectal cancer, obesity, diabetes, inflammatory bowel disease, anxiety and Parkinson's. The emergence of the association between bacterial flora and lungs led to the discovery of the gut–lung axis. Dysbiosis of several species of colonic bacteria such as Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes and transfer of these bacteria from gut to lungs via lymphatic and systemic circulation are associated with several respiratory diseases such as lung cancer, asthma, tuberculosis, cystic fibrosis, etc. Current therapies for dysbiosis include use of probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics to restore the balance between various species of beneficial bacteria. Various approaches like nanotechnology and microencapsulation have been explored to increase the permeability and viability of probiotics in the body. The need of the day is comprehensive study of mechanisms behind dysbiosis, translocation of microbiota from gut to lung through various channels and new technology for evaluating treatment to correct this dysbiosis which in turn can be used to manage various respiratory diseases. Microfluidics and organ on chip model are emerging technologies that can satisfy these needs. This review gives an overview of colonic commensals in lung pathology and novel systems that help in alleviating symptoms of lung diseases. We have also hypothesized new models to help in understanding bacterial pathways involved in the gut–lung axis as well as act as a futuristic approach in finding treatment of respiratory diseases caused by dysbiosis.


2007 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. 105-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael L. Paffett ◽  
Benjimen R. Walker

Several molecular and cellular adaptive mechanisms to hypoxia exist within the vasculature. Many of these processes involve oxygen sensing which is transduced into mediators of vasoconstriction in the pulmonary circulation and vasodilation in the systemic circulation. A variety of oxygen-responsive pathways, such as HIF (hypoxia-inducible factor)-1 and HOs (haem oxygenases), contribute to the overall adaptive process during hypoxia and are currently an area of intense research. Generation of ROS (reactive oxygen species) may also differentially regulate vascular tone in these circulations. Potential candidates underlying the divergent responses between the systemic and pulmonary circulations may include Nox (NADPH oxidase)-derived ROS and mitochondrial-derived ROS. In addition to alterations in ROS production governing vascular tone in the hypoxic setting, other vascular adaptations are likely to be involved. HPV (hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction) and CH (chronic hypoxia)-induced alterations in cellular proliferation, ionic conductances and changes in the contractile apparatus sensitivity to calcium, all occur as adaptive processes within the vasculature.


2011 ◽  
Vol 81 (5) ◽  
pp. 328-334 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oya Halicioglu ◽  
Sezin Asik Akman ◽  
Sumer Sutcuoglu ◽  
Berna Atabay ◽  
Meral Turker ◽  
...  

Aim: Nutritional vitamin B12 deficiency in infants may occur because the maternal diet contains inadequate animal products. Clinical presentations of the infants who had nutritional vitamin B12 deficiency were analyzed in this study. Subjects and Methods: Patients with nutritional vitamin B12 deficiency were enrolled in the study between 2003 and 2010. The diagnosis was based on a nutritional history of mothers and infants, clinical findings, hematological evaluation, and low level of serum vitamin B12. Results: Thirty children aged 1 - 21 months constituted the study group. Poverty was the main cause of inadequate consumption of animal products of the mothers. All infants had predominantly breastfed. The most common symptoms were developmental delay, paleness, apathy, lethargy, anorexia, and failure to thrive. Hematological findings were megaloblastic anemia (83.3 %), thrombocytopenia (30 %), and severe anemia (13.3 %). All of the mothers had low serum B12 levels; eight of them had megaloblastic anemia. Conclusion: The unusual clinical manifestations of vitamin B12 deficiency may also be seen apart from neurological and hematological findings. Nutritional vitamin B12 deficiency due to maternal deficiency might be a serious health problem in infants. Therefore, screening and supplementation of pregnant and lactating women to prevent infantile vitamin B12 deficiency should be considered.


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