scholarly journals THE USE OF NITROGEN ON HILL COUNTRY

1973 ◽  
pp. 52-62
Author(s):  
R.R. Sherlock ◽  
M.B. O'Connor
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Economic Analysis ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Nitrogen Application ◽  
Cold Winter ◽  
Total Response ◽  
Hill Country ◽  
Carry Over ◽  
Made In ◽  
Applied Nitrogen

Results from trials at Te Kuiti in 1971 and 1972 substantiated for the better fertility Mairoa Ash soils the results obtained from nitrogen trials elsewhere in New Zealand. High responses (24 to 39 kg DM/kg N for applications of 2.5 kg N/ha) were obtained from early spring applications. Substantial carry-over responses (up to 65% of total response) were measured for applications made in the cold winter months of 1972. Evidence from overseas and New Zealand is reviewed which suggested higher residual responses to applied nitrogen in grazing trials than in mown plot trials. An economic analysis based on the Te Kuiti trial results investigates the profitability of hay versus nitrogen, and optimum rates of nitrogen application for two cattle fattening policies. Some practical aspects of using nitrogen on King Country farms are considered.

scholarly journals MANAGEMENT OF LATE SPRING-EARLY SUMMER PASTURE SURPLUSES IN HILL COUNTRY

1984 ◽  
pp. 199-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.W. Sheath ◽  
R.W. Webby ◽  
W.J. Pengelly
Keyword(s):  
Early Spring ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Late Spring ◽  
First Year ◽  
Hill Country ◽  
Continuous Grazing ◽  
Summer Pasture ◽  
Animal Performances ◽  
Grazing Policy ◽  
Made In

Comparisons of controlling late spring to early summer pasture growth on either easy or steep contoured land with either a fast rotation or continuous grazing policy were made in self-contained farmlets for two years. Pasture control was maintained over more land by controlling steep land first and with continuous grazing. Animal performances (ewes, steers) were generally similar for the mid-November to early January treatment period, and subsequently until May shearing. In the first year better animal performances occurred in "steep control" farmlets during winter and early spring, but this was less evident in the second year. Priority control of steep land during late spring-early summer is recommended because of likely longer-term benefits in pasture composition,density and production. Quick rotation grazing through the period provides a better ability to recognise and manage pasture quantities and should be adopted if summer droughts are anticipated. For well fenced properties in summer-wet areas and with integrated stock grazing, continuous grazing during late spring-early summer may be equally suitable. Keywords: hill country, grazing management, pasture control

scholarly journals BIRDSFOOT TREFOIL (LOTUS CORNICULATUS) AS A POTENTIAL DRYLAND HERBAGE LEGUME IN NEW ZEALAND

1983 ◽  
pp. 98-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Scott ◽  
J.F.L. Charlton
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Lotus Corniculatus ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Birdsfoot Trefoil ◽  
Hill Country ◽  
Better Than

Observations in trials over a decade are now showing that birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus) has the particular characteristics of high persistency and continued production under moderate soil fertility conditions on drier hill and high country sites. Hence it may have a role in the agriculture of such areas, probably as late summer or autumn feed. The species is seen as a 'poorer land grazing lucerne' rather than as a hay species as it is overseas. One particular disadvantage is likely to be its slow establishment from seed. In evaluations of introductions and overseas cultivars, some of the unselected introductions, showing early spring growth and an upright habit, performed better than cultivars. Keywords: Birdsfoot trefoil; Lotus corniculatus; infertile hill country; lucerne

Pathways ahead for New Zealand hill country farming

2016 ◽  
Vol 78 ◽  
pp. 73-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
F.G. Scrimgeour
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Hill Country ◽  
The Status ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Hill Farming ◽  
The Hill

This paper provides a stocktake of the status of hill country farming in New Zealand and addresses the challenges which will determine its future state and performance. It arises out of the Hill Country Symposium, held in Rotorua, New Zealand, 12-13 April 2016. This paper surveys people, policy, business and change, farming systems for hill country, soil nutrients and the environment, plants for hill country, animals, animal feeding and productivity, and strategies for achieving sustainable outcomes in the hill country. This paper concludes by identifying approaches to: support current and future hill country farmers and service providers, to effectively and efficiently deal with change; link hill farming businesses to effective value chains and new markets to achieve sufficient and stable profitability; reward farmers for the careful management of natural resources on their farm; ensure that new technologies which improve the efficient use of input resources are developed; and strategies to achieve vibrant rural communities which strengthen hill country farming businesses and their service providers. Keywords: farming systems, hill country, people, policy, productivity, profitability, sustainability

EVALUATION OF CLOVERS ON SANDY COASTAL SOIL

1977 ◽  
pp. 130-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
W.M. Williams ◽  
L.B. Anderson ◽  
B.M. Cooper
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Drought Stress ◽  
Sandy Soil ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Plant Material ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Commercial Cultivars ◽  
Mediterranean Origin ◽  
Winter Annual

In evaluations of clover performances on summer-dry Himatangi sandy soil, it was found that none could match lucerne over summer. Emphasis was therefore placed on production in autumn-winter- early spring when lucerne growth was slow. Evaluations of some winter annual clover species suggested that Trifolium spumosum, T. pallidum, T. resupinatum, and T. vesiculosum would justify further investigation, along with T. subterraneum which is already used in pastures on this soil type. Among the perennial clover species, Kenya white clover (7'. semipilosum) showed outstanding recovery from drought and was the only species to produce significantly in autumn. However, it failed to grow in winter-early spring. Within red clover, materials of New Zealand x Moroccan origin substantially outproduced the commercial cultivars. Within white clover, material from Israel, Italy and Lebanon, as well as progeny of a selected New Zealand plant, showed more rapid recovery from drought stress and subsequently better winter growth than New Zealand commercial material ('Grasslands Huia'). The wider use of plant material of Mediterranean origin and of plants collected in New Zealand dryland pastures is advocated in development of clover cultivars for New Zealand dryland situations.

Reuse of Sludge from Pulp and Paper Industry Pilot and Full Scale Applications

1993 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 17-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Eroǧlu ◽  
A. M. Saatçi
Keyword(s):  
Economic Analysis ◽  
Paper Industry ◽  
Pulp And Paper Industry ◽  
Pulp And Paper ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Primary Sludge ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
Made In

Recent advances made in the reuse of pulp and paper industry sludges in hardboard production are explained. Data obtained from pilot and full-scale plants using primary sludge of a pulp and paper industry as an additive in the production of hardboard is presented. An economic analysis of the reuse of pulp and paper primary sludge in hardboard manufacturing is given. The quality of the hardboard produced is tested and compared with the qualities of the hardboard produced by the same plant before the addition of primary sludge. The hardboard with primary sludge additive has been used in Turkey for about a year in the manufacturing of office and home furniture. The results are very satisfactory when the primary sludge is used at 1/4 ratio.

scholarly journals Evolution in Configuration and Productivity of New Zealand Hill Country Sheep and Beef Cattle Systems

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 531
Author(s):  
Januarius Gobilik ◽  
Stephen Todd Morris ◽  
Cory Matthew
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Conversion Efficiency ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Metabolic Energy ◽  
Meat Production ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Feed Conversion Efficiency ◽  
Hill Country ◽  
Cattle Systems

Metabolic energy budgeting (MEB) was used to evaluate evolution over 30 years (1980–1981 to 2010–2011) in New Zealand southern North Island ‘hill country’ sheep and beef cattle systems. MEB calculates energy required by animals for body weight maintenance, weight gain or loss, pregnancy, and lactation to estimate the system feed demand and thereby provide a basis for calculating feed conversion efficiency. Historic production systems were reconstructed and modeled using averaged data from industry surveys and data from owners’ diaries of three case-study farms and reviewed for patterns of change over time. The modeling indicated that pasture productivity was 11% lower and herbage harvested was 14% lower in 2010–2011 than in the early 1980s. This productivity decline is attributable to warmer, drier summer weather in recent years. However, primarily through increased lambing percentage, feed conversion efficiency based on industry data improved over the study period from 25 to 19 kg feed consumed per kg lamb weaned, while meat production rose from 137 to 147 kg per ha per year. Similar improvements were observed for the three case farms. The New Zealand MEB model was found effective for analysis of tropical beef production systems in Sabah, Malaysia.

IMPROVEMENT OF: HILL COUNTRY PASTURES IN THE WELLINGTON PROVINCE

1949 ◽  
pp. 89-117
Author(s):  
F.E.T. Suckling
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Secondary Growth ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Sheep Population ◽  
Hill Country ◽  
National Importance ◽  
Tussock Grassland ◽  
Sown Area

Of the 5 1/4 million acres of total occupied land in the Wellington district nearly 4 million acres are in sown pasture, the remainder being bush, natural tussock grassland, scrub and secondary growth. Of this sown area a large proportion comprises hill-country farms running sheep and beef cattle and carrying an average of 1 to 2 sheep per acre. From the sheepfarming point of view the Wellington district is of major national importance, contributing nearly 22 per cent. of the total sheep population and almost 19 per cent. of the total beef cattle. The region as a whole carries the heaviest concentration of stock of all New Zealand.

Early spring and late autumn response to applied nitrogen in four grasses

1980 ◽  
Vol 94 (2) ◽  
pp. 443-453 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Wilman ◽  
A. A. Mohamed
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Leaf Blade ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Leaf Extension ◽  
Applied Nitrogen

SummaryThe regrowth of Aberystwyth S. 23 perennial ryegrass, S. 24 perennial ryegrass, S. 59 red fescue and S. 170 tall fescue was studied in field swards, comparing four levels of applied nitrogen, for 8 weeks following a clearing cut. The clearing cuts were in mid-October, mid-February and mid-March in each of 3 years, different plots being used on each occasion.The application of N increased the number of leaf primordia, the number of un-emerged leaves, the rate of leaf emergence and death, leaf blade length, width and weight, sheath length, number of leaves per unit area of ground and proportion of green tissue in total yield. The application of N had little effect on the number of leaves per tiller and tended to reduce weight per unit area of leaf blade. The increase in size, weight and number of leaf blades appeared to be major reasons for the positive effect of applied N on yield, previously reported; and the increase in sheath length contributed to the increase in proportion of yield above 4 cm. Rate of leaf extension was not closely related to yield and was more sensitive to temperature than was yield. Changes during regrowth in blade and sheath length helped to explain changes in weight per tiller, previously reported. The effects of improving weather conditions in late winter/early spring were similar to the effects of applied N: larger, heavier leaf blades, longer sheaths, a taller canopy, a lower proportion of dead material, younger leaves. The length of shoot apex per leaf primordium was relatively constant. Leaves continued to emerge, at a slow rate, in the period December–February. S. 170 had the biggest leaves, particularly in May, and the slowest rate of leaf turnover. Rate of leaf extension was increased by applied N more, on average, in the ryegrasses than in the fescues.

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