scholarly journals MANAGEMENT OF LATE SPRING-EARLY SUMMER PASTURE SURPLUSES IN HILL COUNTRY

1984 ◽  
pp. 199-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.W. Sheath ◽  
R.W. Webby ◽  
W.J. Pengelly
Keyword(s):  
Early Spring ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Late Spring ◽  
First Year ◽  
Hill Country ◽  
Continuous Grazing ◽  
Summer Pasture ◽  
Animal Performances ◽  
Grazing Policy ◽  
Made In

Comparisons of controlling late spring to early summer pasture growth on either easy or steep contoured land with either a fast rotation or continuous grazing policy were made in self-contained farmlets for two years. Pasture control was maintained over more land by controlling steep land first and with continuous grazing. Animal performances (ewes, steers) were generally similar for the mid-November to early January treatment period, and subsequently until May shearing. In the first year better animal performances occurred in "steep control" farmlets during winter and early spring, but this was less evident in the second year. Priority control of steep land during late spring-early summer is recommended because of likely longer-term benefits in pasture composition,density and production. Quick rotation grazing through the period provides a better ability to recognise and manage pasture quantities and should be adopted if summer droughts are anticipated. For well fenced properties in summer-wet areas and with integrated stock grazing, continuous grazing during late spring-early summer may be equally suitable. Keywords: hill country, grazing management, pasture control

The influence of cultural factors and mildew on yield of winter barley

1980 ◽  
Vol 94 (2) ◽  
pp. 389-397 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Bainbridge ◽  
M. E. Finney ◽  
J. F. Jenkyn
Keyword(s):  
Early Spring ◽  
Winter Barley ◽  
Late Spring ◽  
First Year ◽  
Seed Rate ◽  
Significant Yield ◽  
Half Seed ◽  
Plant Emergence ◽  
Effect On Yield ◽  
Late Sowing

SummaryIn experiments on winter barley in 1975–6 and 1977–8 early or late sowing, full or half seed rate, nitrogen applied in March or April and tridemorph spray applied in autumn, early spring and late spring were assessed factorially in all combinations for their effects on mildew development, crop growth and grain yield.Date of sowing had the biggest effect on yield. Early-sown crops (24 September 1975, 6 October 1977) greatly out-yielded the late-sown; by 79·8% in the first year and 53·9% in the second. Late sowing (6 November 1975, 2 November 1977) approximately halved plant emergence. Although late-sown plants developed more tillers, more grains per ear and larger grain this failed to compensate for the thinner stand.Sowing at half seed rate did not decrease yield when compared with the crop sown at the full seed rate on the same date. In contemporaneous crops extra tillering and larger ears generally compensated for fewer plants.The effect of date of applying N was variable. April N gave the best yield in the early· and late-sown crops in 1975–6 and in the late-sown crop in 1977–8. However, in the early-sown crop in the second year March N was best. Number of ears was increased in early-sown crops by March N but date of N application had no influence on number of ears in late-sown crops or on the number of grains per ear in any crop.The winter of 1975–6 was mild and mildew developed on both early· and late-sown crops throughout their growth.Single tridemorph sprays applied in autumn (14 November) to the early-sown crop or winter (25 February) to the late-sown crop or early spring (9 April) to both crops gave significant yield increases of 6·3–7·6%. Applying two sprays, one in autumn or winter plus one in early spring gave an increase equal to the sum of each applied separately. A late spring spray (14 May) had no significant effect on yield. The 1977–8 winter was colder and although mildew was moderate on the early-sown crop in autumn it was almost absent from this experiment after winter. Spraying failed to increase yield significantly.

A COMPARISON OF RYEGRASS CULTIVARS IN SOUTH CANTERBURY 2. Annual cultivars

1973 ◽  
pp. 219-223
Author(s):  
C.C. Mcleod
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Late Spring ◽  
Annual Ryegrass ◽  
Short Rotation

The results of three annual ryegrass cultivar trials showed that, of seven cultivars, the Dutch tetraploid Western Wolths Tewera Barenza established first and made good autumn growth. Three tetraploid Western Wolths cultivars including Grasslands Tama were observed to give the best early spring growth. In contrast, the two later maturing Dutch tetraploid Italian ryegrasses gave the highest late spring and early summer production, Poor maximum total yields, the tetraploid Western Wolths ryegrass Billion was the most consistent cultivar. In addition, the tetraploids, whether Italian or Western Wolths, tended to be more productive than the New Zealand diploid Grasslands Paroa (Ralian) or Gramlands Manawa (short-rotation) ryegrasses.

Foraging behaviour of beef cattle in the hilly terrain of a Mediterranean grassland

2012 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Henkin ◽  
E. D. Ungar ◽  
A. Dolev
Keyword(s):  
Foraging Behaviour ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Beef Cows ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Grazing Pressure ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Late Spring ◽  
Full Potential

The objective of this study was to determine the role of terrain in the foraging behaviour of beef cows grazing hilly Mediterranean grasslands. The study was conducted in eastern Galilee, Israel, during 2002 and 2003 on two similar 28-ha paddocks encompassing distinct terrain types in terms of slope and rock cover. The paddocks were continuously grazed by cows from mid winter (January–February) to autumn (September) at two different stocking rates (1.1 and 0.56 cows per ha). From early June to the end of September the cows were offered poultry litter ad libitum as a supplementary feed. The location and activity of cows were monitored with GPS collars during four periods in each year: early spring (February–March), late spring (April), early summer (June) and late summer (August). Herbage mass was measured at the beginning of each of these periods. During early and late spring, when the herbage mass and nutritive value of herbage were high, the cows spent 40–50% of the day grazing, with peaks in the morning and afternoon. In the dry, late summer period (August), grazing of the herbage was 20–22% of the day, occurring only in the early morning and late afternoon with sporadic bouts of grazing until midnight. In all periods the cows tended to prefer the flattest terrain sites. As the herbage mass declined to 1000–1500 kg ha–1, the exploitation of the pasture during grazing became increasingly similar among the different terrains. Even on relatively small paddocks, where grazing pressure was close to the full potential of the site, free-ranging cows tended to prefer less sloping and rocky sites. It is concluded that the grazing strategy of beef cows is determined by the interaction between terrain, the distribution of the herbage mass and the nutritive value of the herbage. As herbage mass declines during the growing season, the distribution of grazing becomes uniform and all terrain types are exploited.

scholarly journals Improving summer and autumn feed quality in New Zealand hill country

2014 ◽  
Vol 76 ◽  
pp. 145-148
Author(s):  
G.M. Rennie ◽  
W.Mcg King ◽  
T.L. Knight ◽  
B. Devantier ◽  
C.J. Hoogendoorn
Keyword(s):  
Early Summer ◽  
Late Spring ◽  
Hill Country ◽  
Pasture Quality ◽  
Herbage Quality ◽  
Dead Material ◽  
Hill Farming ◽  
Cutting Height ◽  
Clover Content

Abstract Management of late spring surpluses to restrict reproductive growth can increase the quality of hillcountry pastures during summer and autumn. This occurs through a reduction in accumulated stem and dead material and an increase in clover content. However, there is little information on the magnitude and longevity of these effects. This trial investigated the effects of four late spring defoliation intensities on herbage quality, measured at the end of spring and during summer. Treatments were applied through regular cutting of hill pastures in areas of medium fertility and slope on two aspects in each of four geo-climatically different hill-farming regions over two years. Pasture herbage quality at the end of spring followed expected trends: defoliation to low residual pasture height led to higher quality herbage. The maximum difference in quality between the lowest cutting height and nil cutting at this time was nearly 2 MJME/kg DM. With a change to uniform cutting height across all plots in early summer, these pasture quality differences reduced and disappeared. Keywords: Pasture quality, hill country, grazing management

Early summer pasture control: what suits the plant?

1991 ◽  
pp. 73-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Matthew ◽  
A.C.P. Chu ◽  
J. Hodgson ◽  
A.D. Mackay
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Late Spring ◽  
Leaf Elongation ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
Radioactive Carbon ◽  
Summer Pasture ◽  
Tiller Dynamics

Plugs of sheep-grazed, ryegrass-dominant pasture were transplanted to a glasshouse, in order to make detailed studies of tiller appearance from the base of flowering tillers in late spring-early summer. In 2 experiments, cutting treatments which reduced the opportunity for transport of assimilate from parent flowering tillers to daughter tillers markedly reduced both numbers of daughter tillers formed and their size. In one of the studies, proportion of radioactive carbon dioxide fed to flowering tillers, but recovered from daughter tillers, was 7.0%, and this transported radiocarbon appeared to be delivered preferentially to leaf elongation zones of young tillers. There appear to be fundamental differences in tillerbehaviour between 'Grasslands Ruanui' ryegrass and 'Ellett' ryegrass. The implications for farm practice are briefly discussed. Keywords ryegrass, tiller dynamics, radiocarbon, summer pasture production, pasture persistence

scholarly journals The effect of deferred grazing in spring and early summer pastures on pasture growth rate and feed quality

2017 ◽  
Vol 79 ◽  
pp. 189-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
B.P. Devantier ◽  
D.R. Stevens ◽  
G.M. Rennie ◽  
K.N. Tozer
Keyword(s):  
Farming Systems ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Late Spring ◽  
Grazing Management ◽  
Management Tool ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
Hill Country ◽  
Pasture Quality ◽  
Metabolisable Energy

Abstract Maintaining pasture quality in late spring and early summer is a challenge in many hill country farming systems where pasture growth often exceeds animal demand. One possible management tool is to defer grazing on a portion of the farm to enable the desired grazing management and animal performance on the remainder. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of timing and duration of deferred grazing in mid-spring to early-summer on subsequent pasture accumulation rates, composition and quality, from mid-spring through to the following winter. A factorial design (3 durations x 3 closing times) in eight replicates compared withholding grazing (nil, 1 or 3 grazings), in three closing periods, mid spring, late spring, and early summer. Grazing pasture when covers reached 2500 - 3000 kg DM/ha to a residual of 1500 kg DM/ha was the standard grazing regimen used. Grazing after the exclusion period aimed to achieve the same residual as in the control treatment based on a feed budget. Short early closures resulted in little, or no change in pasture quality and quantity for the remainder of the season. Longer closure periods reduced pasture quality due to increases in the proportions of dead and reproductive stem. This effect was reduced with later closings. The control (nil deferred grazings) and mid-spring closings had a net loss of dead matter (-1000 and -420 kg DM/ ha, respectively), while the late -spring and earlysummer closings accumulated 60 and 180 kg DM/ha, respectively. These differences in dead matter were the major driver of the differences of net herbage accumulations (P=0.018), with net accumulations from 7990 kg DM/ha for the control (Nil) closings to 9660 kg DM/ha for the December (late) closings. Deferred grazing can be used to alter feed availability and utilisation while maintaining net pasture production over spring, summer and autumn. Keywords: grazing management, pasture quality, deferred grazing, net pasture accumulation, dead matter, reproductive tillers, metabolisable energy

scholarly journals THE USE OF NITROGEN ON HILL COUNTRY

1973 ◽  
pp. 52-62
Author(s):  
R.R. Sherlock ◽  
M.B. O'Connor
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Economic Analysis ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Nitrogen Application ◽  
Cold Winter ◽  
Total Response ◽  
Hill Country ◽  
Carry Over ◽  
Made In ◽  
Applied Nitrogen

Results from trials at Te Kuiti in 1971 and 1972 substantiated for the better fertility Mairoa Ash soils the results obtained from nitrogen trials elsewhere in New Zealand. High responses (24 to 39 kg DM/kg N for applications of 2.5 kg N/ha) were obtained from early spring applications. Substantial carry-over responses (up to 65% of total response) were measured for applications made in the cold winter months of 1972. Evidence from overseas and New Zealand is reviewed which suggested higher residual responses to applied nitrogen in grazing trials than in mown plot trials. An economic analysis based on the Te Kuiti trial results investigates the profitability of hay versus nitrogen, and optimum rates of nitrogen application for two cattle fattening policies. Some practical aspects of using nitrogen on King Country farms are considered.

Responses of Plankton, Turbidity, and Macrophytes to Biomanipulation in a Shallow Prairie Lake

1994 ◽  
Vol 51 (5) ◽  
pp. 1180-1188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark A. Hanson ◽  
Malcolm G. Butler
Keyword(s):  
Submerged Macrophytes ◽  
Sediment Resuspension ◽  
Initial Response ◽  
Water Clarity ◽  
Eutrophic Lake ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Water Transparency ◽  
First Year ◽  
Fish Kill

We evaluated effects of complete fish kill in a large, shallow, eutrophic lake in Minnesota. Low densitites of Bosmina and Chydorus (< 100∙L−1) were replaced in the early spring/early summer by high densities of larger Daphnia galeata and D. pulex (> 100∙L−1) during the first year after the fish kill (1988). During peak daphnid abundance (May–June), chlorophyll a concentrations and edible phytoplankton were reduced, water transparency increased, and submerged macrophytes expanded. Orthophosphate and ammonia were detectable during clear-water phases, indicating that phytoplankton were not severely nutrient limited. Increased water transparency in subsequent years (1989–90) apparently was related to decreased sediment resuspension and lower algal biomass owing to the expansion of submerged plants. The fish kill invoked a strong initial response that transmitted to the phytoplankton level and increased water clarity. Higher transparency persisted during subsequent years because submerged macrophytes both responded to improved water clarity and subsequently prolonged it. These results support the contention that removal of fish from shallow lakes may invoke "cascading impacts" that enhance water clarity, stimulate macrophytes, and establish a new steady state.

PERFORMANCE OF 'GRASSLANDS MATUA' PRAIRIE GRASS UNDER CLOSE MOWING IN THE CENTRAL NORTH ISLAND

1977 ◽  
pp. 139-147
Author(s):  
J.A. Baars ◽  
A. Cranston
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Annual Production ◽  
First Year ◽  
Total Production ◽  
The Third ◽  
Prairie Grass

'Grasslands Matua' prairie grass (Bromus catharticus) was evaluated under close mowing (a) against cocksfoot, phalaris, and tall fescue as a companion grass for lucerne, on a pumice soil from 1974 to 1977 at sowing rates of 4, 13 and 22 kg/ha and (b) against ryegrasses in grass/white clover pastures on a sandy loam from 1975 to 1977. (a) In the first year lucerne/Matua sown at 13 and 22 kg/ha outyielded lucerne/Matua sown at 4 kg/ha by 19%, lucerne alone by 61%, and other mixtures by at least 21%. There were no significant differences in total production between the three lucerne/ Matua treatments, luccrne alone, and other mixtures over the second and third year. The inclusion of Matua reduced weed ingress. In the third year, Matua had a higher weed content than lucerne/tall fescue, which was almost weed free. (b) Annual production of Matua and Nui ryegrass swards was not significantly different. Matua swards were, however, superior to Nui from midsummer to early spring, whereas over spring/early summer Nui swards outproduced Matua swards.

scholarly journals Hydrology and pollution assessment in a coastal estuarine system. The case of the Strymonikos Gulf (North Aegean Sea)

2002 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 65 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. PAVLIDOU ◽  
I. HATZIANESTIS ◽  
E. SKLIVAGOU ◽  
V. PAPADOPOULOS ◽  
V. ZERVAKIS
Keyword(s):  
Polychlorinated Biphenyl ◽  
Ecological Status ◽  
Aegean Sea ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Late Spring ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Estuarine System ◽  
North Aegean ◽  
North Aegean Sea

Three hydrographic cruises were undertaken to study the hydrology and to estimate the ecological status of the coastal ecosystem of the Strymonikos Gulf (North Aegean Sea) impacted by the riverine waters of the Strymon River. Surface sediments were also collected in order to determine the levels of organic contaminants in the gulf. Three main water masses were identified in the Strymonikos Gulf throughout the year: a) the surface river plume water, b) the surface and subsurface Black Sea Water and c) the near bottom (>50 m) water of Levantine origin. High nutrient concentrations were recorded close to the mouth of the river, indicating a rather eutrophic environment, which was restricted near the river discharge. The salinity-nutrient correlations of the surface waters of the study area were linear, indicating that the riverine waters are the major source of nutrient in the gulf. DIN:P ratios varied seasonally from relatively higher values during winter and early spring to lower values in late spring-early summer. This led to a shift from likelihood P-limitation during winter and early spring to N-limitation in late spring – early summer. Total hydrocarbon concentrations measured in the sediments ranged from 19.2 to 95.9 μ g/g, whereas total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) values varied between 107.2 and 1019 ng/g. The application of different diagnostic criteria suggests a natural terrestrial origin for aliphatic hydrocarbons and pyrolytic origin for the PAHs. DDTs displayed the highest concentrations of all the organochlorines determined, whereas polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs) concentrations were very low. Riverine input seems to be the major source for all the compounds identified.

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