scholarly journals Lime-phosphate interactions on a Kaipara clay soil in Northland

2007 ◽  
pp. 271-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.B. O'Connor ◽  
B.J. Hunt ◽  
K.W. Perrott
Keyword(s):  
Clay Soil ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
P Fractionation ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Olsen P ◽  
Plant Chemical ◽  
Initial Ph ◽  
Sparing Effect ◽  
Ph Range

The Kaipara clay soils and associated soil types occupy some 36 000 ha in Northland. The soils are naturally high in P and P fertilisers have been used sparingly in the past but with increasing farming intensity a fall in soil Olsen P values (to < 20) is occurring and responses to P fertilisers are becoming more common. Lime is widely used. In December 1996, a field trial, conducted over 6 years, was established on a Kaipara clay soil near Ruawai. The first phase (1996-1999) consisted of six rates of P (0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100 kg P/ha) with or without lime at 5 t/ha applied once. The initial pH was 5.8 and Olsen P was 16. Results indicated a marked rates response to P without lime but with lime a marked Psparing effect occurred equivalent to 50-60 kg P/ha. The effect was consistent over 3 years. An explanation for this finding is due to lime improving plant growth probably by N mineralisation and N uptake, thus giving improved root growth and allowing those roots to explore a greater volume of soil and absorb more P. Plant chemical analyses and soil P fractionation studies indicated that more P was being taken up by plants on the lime/no P plots. The second phase (2000-2003) involved splitting plots and applying additional lime to some to give a pH range from 5.6-7.0. Results indicated no benefit to increasing pH above 6.0 but there was a suggestion that the reapplication of lime itself was beneficial. The P sparing effect of lime will best be utilised where soil Olsen P levels remain above 20. Keywords: P-sparing effect, lime, phosphate, Kaipara clay

Consequences of Ontario P index recommendations for reduced manure and fertilizer phosphorus applications on corn yields and soil phosphorus

2016 ◽  
Vol 96 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.A. Ribey ◽  
I.P. O’Halloran
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
P Fractions ◽  
Environmental Indices ◽  
P Fractionation ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Olsen P ◽  
Soil P Fractions ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
P Index ◽  
The Impact

Environmental indices for soil P limit P applications when soil tests and risk of P losses exceed a given threshold. Producers’ reluctance to reduce P inputs often stem from concerns regarding reduced crop production and soil fertility. Our objectives were to identify changes in soil P fractions after 4 yr of repeated manure or fertilizer P applications at rates ≤ crop removal by corn (Zea mays L.), and the impact of these applications on yields. Olsen P and soil P fractions extracted using a modified Hedley P fractionation procedure were measured. Corn yields were nonresponsive to P applications. After 4 yr, Olsen P was 16.6 and 24.6 mg kg−1 at the application rates of 0 and 33 kg P ha−1 yr−1, respectively, for the inorganic fertilizer treatment indicating that soil P drawdown was occurring. Only the most labile forms of Pi (resin and bicarbonate extractable) were affected by treatment, with greater values at higher P application rates. Adherence to Ontario’s P index recommendations for P applications at or below crop removal should not be a crop production concern. Furthermore, given the rate of soil labile P drawdown, routine soil testing (every 3–5 yr) would identify agronomically significant changes in soil test P before the crop yield is impacted.

Calibration of methods for soil and diagnostic plant analysis in the Hungarian National Fertilization Long-term Trials. I. Comparison of soil P tests for agronomic purposes in the soils of long-term experiments

2011 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 343-358
Author(s):  
Péter Csathó ◽  
Marianna Magyar ◽  
Erzsébet Osztoics ◽  
Katalin Debreczeni ◽  
Katalin Sárdi
Keyword(s):  
Plant Analysis ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Olsen P ◽  
Long Term Experiments ◽  
Soil P Tests

A szabadföldi trágyázási (tartam)kísérletek eredményeit talaj-, illetve diagnosztikai célú növényvizsgálatok segítségével tudjuk kiterjeszteni, általánosítani – figyelembe véve természetesen a kiterjesztés korlátait is. Célszerűnek láttuk ezen túl a talaj könnyen oldható tápelem-, közöttük P-tartalmát is meghatározni a hazánkban hivatalosan elfogadott AL- (ammónium-laktátos) módszer mellett az Európai Unióban és Észak-Amerikában alkalmazott P-tesztekkel is (CaCl2-, H2O-, Olsen-, Bray1-, LE-, Mehlich3- stb.) a hazai OMTK kísérletek talajmintáiban. A kísérleti helyek talajtulajdonságaiban megnyilvánuló jelentős különbségek lehetőséget adnak rá, hogy a talaj P-teszteket – és a növényi P-felvételt – jellegzetes hazai talajokon, sokszor szélsőséges talajparaméterek mellett vizsgáljuk. Az egyes P-szintek között a 28 év átlagában mintegy évi 50 kg P2O5·ha-1volt a különbség. A P0-szinten mért P-tartalmak jól jelezték az egyes kísérleti helyek talajának eltérő P-ellátottságát, illetve, közvetve, fizikai féleségében, pH és mészállapotában meglévő különbségeket. A P2-szinten – a hazai talajokra, P-igényes növényekre a hazai szabadföldi P-trágyázási tartamkísérleti adatbázisban talált összefüggésekre alapozott – új AL-P határértékek szerint csupán a bicsérdi csernozjom barna erdőtalajon nem javult a P-ellátottság legalább a „jó” szintig. Vizsgálataink megerősítették az AL-módszer függőségét a CaCO3-tartalomtól: a Mehlich3 módszerrel való összefüggésben a karbonátmentes és a karbonátos talajok csoportja erőteljesen elkülönült egymástól. Az AL-P korrekció elvégzése, azaz az AL-P értékeknek egy standard talajtulajdonság-sorra való konvertálása (KA: 36; pH(KCl): 6,8; CaCO3: 0,1%) látványosan csökkentette az AL-módszernek a talaj CaCO3-tartalmától való függőségét. Az AL-P és Olsen-P, valamint a korrigált AL-P és Olsen-P tartalmak összehasonlításában ugynakkor ugyanez az összefüggés nem volt állapítható, ami arra utal, hogy az Olsen módszer bizonyos fokig szintén pH- és mészállapot függő. Kísérleti eredményeink megerősítették a Sarkadi-féle AL-P korrekciós modell helytálló voltát. Fenti megállapításunkat ugyanakkor a növényi P-tartalmakkal való összefüggéseknek is igazolniuk kell. Szükséges tehát a talajvizsgálati eredményeknek a diagnosztikai célú növényvizsgálatokkal, valamint a terméseredményekkel való összevetése. A tartamkísérletek talajai lehetőséget nyújtanak a környezetvédelmi célú P-vizsgálatok értékelésére, a talaj P-feltöltöttsége környezeti kockázatának becslésére. Ezekkel a kérdésekkel a cikksorozat további részeiben kívánunk foglalkozni.

scholarly journals Bioprospection and characterization of the amylolytic activity by filamentous fungi from Brazilian Atlantic Forest

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula Zaghetto de Almeida ◽  
Marita Gimenez Pereira ◽  
Caio Cesar de Carvalho ◽  
Paulo Ricardo Heinen ◽  
Luciana Sobrani Ziotti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Filamentous Fungi ◽  
Atlantic Forest ◽  
Rhizopus Oryzae ◽  
Residual Activity ◽  
Brazilian Atlantic Forest ◽  
Tropical Environments ◽  
Aspergillus Brasiliensis ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Initial Ph ◽  
Ph Range

Abstract Filamentous fungi are widely diverse and ubiquitous organisms. Such biodiversity is barely known, making room for a great potential still to be discovered, especially in tropical environments - which are favorable to growth and species variety. Filamentous fungi are extensively applied to the production of industrial enzymes, such as the amylases. This class of enzymes acts in the hydrolysis of starch to glucose or maltooligosaccharides. In this work twenty-five filamentous fungi were isolated from samples of decomposing material collected in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. The two best amylase producers were identified as Aspergillus brasiliensis and Rhizopus oryzae. Both are mesophilic, they grow well in organic nitrogen-rich media produce great amounts of glucoamylases. The enzymes of A. brasiliensis and R. oryzae are different, possibly because of their phylogenetical distance. The best amylase production of A. brasiliensis occurred during 120 hours with initial pH of 7.5; it had a better activity in the pH range of 3.5-5.0 and at 60-75°C. Both fungal glucoamylase had wide pH stability (3-8) and were activated by Mn2+. R. oryzae best production occurred in 96 hours and at pH 6.5. Its amylases had a greater activity in the pH range of 4.0-5.5 and temperature at 50-65ºC. The most significant difference between the enzymes produced by both fungi is the resistance to thermal denaturation: A. brasiliensis glucoamylase had a T50 of 60 minutes at 70ºC. The R. oryzae glucoamylase only had a residual activity when incubated at 50°C with a 12 min T50.

Influence of soil texture on fertilizer and soil phosphorus transformations in Gleysolic soils

2003 ◽  
Vol 83 (4) ◽  
pp. 395-403 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Zheng ◽  
L. E. Parent ◽  
J. A. MacLeod
Keyword(s):  
Soil Texture ◽  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
P Uptake ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
P Fractionation ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Plant P Uptake ◽  
Heavy Clay

The P dynamics in soils should be quantified in agricultural soils to improve fertilizer P (FP) efficiency while limiting the risk of P transfer from soils to water bodies. This study assessed P transformations following FP addition to Gleysolic soils. A pot experiment was conducted with five soils varying in texture from sandy loam to heavy clay, and receiving four FP rates under barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)-soybean (Glycine max L.) rotations. A modified Hedley procedure was used for soil P fractionation. Soil resin-P and NaHCO3-Pi contents were interactively affected by texture and FP. The NaHCO3-Po, NaOH-Po, HCl-P and H2SO4-P were only affected by soil texture. Proportions of 78 and 90% of the variation in labile and total P were, respectively, related to soil clay content. The FP addition increased resin-P, NaHCO3-Pi and NaOH-Pi and -Po contents in coarse-textured soils, but the amount added was not sufficient to mask the initial influence of soil texture on the sizes of soil P pools. Plant P uptake was proportional to FP rate but less closely linked to clay content. The average increase in labile P per unit of total FP added in excess of plant exports was 0.85, 0.8 2 , 0.73, 0.55 and 0.24 for the sandy loam, loam, clay loam, clay and heavy clay soil, respectively. The results of this study stress the important of considering soil texture in Gleysolic soils when assessing P accumulation and transformations in soils, due to commercial fertilizers applied in excess of crop removal. Key words: P fractions, clay content, fertilizer P, plant P uptake, soil texture

scholarly journals Bone char effects on soil: sequential fractionations and XANES spectroscopy

SOIL ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohsen Morshedizad ◽  
Kerstin Panten ◽  
Wantana Klysubun ◽  
Peter Leinweber
Keyword(s):  
Xanes Spectroscopy ◽  
Bone Char ◽  
Reduced Sulfur Compounds ◽  
Sequential Fractionation ◽  
P Fractionation ◽  
Edge Structure ◽  
Amended Soils ◽  
Soil P ◽  
P Fraction ◽  
Sequential P Fractionation

Abstract. The acceptability of novel bone char fertilizers depends on their P release, but reactions at bone char surfaces and impacts on soil P speciation are insufficiently known. By using sequential fractionation and synchrotron-based X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy we investigated whether and how the chemical composition of bone char particles has been altered in soil and has consequently affected the P speciation of amended soils. Therefore, two different kinds of bone char particles (BC produced by the pyrolysis of degreased animal bone chips at 800 °C and BCplus, a BC enriched with reduced sulfur compounds) were manually separated from the soil at the end of two different experiments: incubation leaching and ryegrass cultivation. Sequential P fractionation of amended soils showed P enrichment in all fractions compared to the control. The most P increase between all treatments significantly occurred in the NaOH–P and resin-P fractions in response to BCplus application in both incubation-leaching and ryegrass cultivation experiments. This increase in the readily available P fraction in BCplus-treated soils was confirmed by linear combination fitting (LCF) analysis on P K-edge XANES spectra of BC particles and amended soils. The proportion of Ca hydroxyapatite decreased, whereas the proportion of CaHPO4 increased in BCplus particles after amended soils had been incubated and leached and cropped by ryegrass. Based on P XANES speciation as determined by LCF analysis, the proportion of inorganic Ca(H2PO4)2 increased in amended soils after BCplus application. These results indicate that soil amendment with BCplus particles leads to elevated P concentration and maintains more soluble P species than BC particles even after 230 days of ryegrass cultivation.

scholarly journals Soil phosphorus bioavailability as influenced by long-term management and applied phosphorus source

2019 ◽  
Vol 99 (3) ◽  
pp. 292-304
Author(s):  
Tandra D. Fraser ◽  
Derek H. Lynch ◽  
Ivan P. O’Halloran ◽  
R. Paul Voroney ◽  
Martin H. Entz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
P Uptake ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
P Availability ◽  
P Fractionation ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Plant P Uptake ◽  
Term Management

Soil phosphorus (P) availability may be impacted by management practices, thereby affecting plant P uptake and plant response to P amendments. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of long-term management on soil P pools and to assess the response of P bioavailability, plant growth, and P uptake to mineral versus manure P treatments. Soils were collected from plots under organic (ORG), organic with composted manure (ORG + M), conventional (CONV), and restored prairie (PRA) management. Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L.) seedlings were grown in the greenhouse for 106 d in soils amended with various rates of manure or mineral P. The ORG soil had lower concentrations of labile P (resin-P and NaHCO3-P) compared with the CONV and PRA soils, as determined by sequential P fractionation prior to planting. Ryegrass biomass (root + shoot) and shoot P uptake from soils receiving no P were significantly lower for the ORG than all other management systems. Although apparent P use efficiency of the whole plant was increased by low P rate in the ORG management system, the source of applied P, manure > mineral, only influenced Olsen test P.

A comparison of some surface soil phosphorus tests that could be used to assess P export potential

Soil Research ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 45 (5) ◽  
pp. 397 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Nash ◽  
Murray Hannah ◽  
Kirsten Barlow ◽  
Fiona Robertson ◽  
Nicole Mathers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic P ◽  
Soil Tests ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Olsen P ◽  
P Sorption ◽  
P Loss ◽  
Extractable P ◽  
Soil P Tests ◽  
Total P ◽  
Water Extractable

Phosphorus (P) exports from agricultural land are a problem world-wide and soil tests are often used to identify high risk areas. A recent study investigated changes in soil (0–20 mm), soil water and overland flow in 4 recently laser-graded (<1 year) and 4 established (laser-graded >10 years) irrigated pastures in south-eastern Australia before and after 3 years of irrigated dairy production. We use the results from that study to briefly examine the relationships between a series of ‘agronomic’ (Olsen P, Colwell P), environmental (water-extractable P, calcium chloride extractable P, P sorption saturation, and P sorption), and other (total P, organic P) soil P tests. Of the 2 ‘agronomic’ soil P tests, Colwell P explained 91% of the variation in Olsen P, and Colwell P was better correlated with the other soil tests. With the exception of P sorption, all soil P tests explained 57% or more of the total variation in Colwell P, while they explained 61% or less of Olsen P possibly due to the importance of organic P in this soil. Variations in total P were best explained by the organic P (85%), Calcium chloride extractable P (83%), water-extractable P (78%), and P sorption saturation (76%). None of the tests adequately predicted the variation in P sorption at 5 mg P/L equilibrating solution concentration. The results of this limited study highlight the variability between soil P tests that may be used to estimate P loss potential. Moreover, these results suggest that empirical relationships between specific soil P tests and P export potential will have limited resolution where different soil tests are used, as the errors in the relationship between soil test P and P loss potential are compounded by between test variation. We conclude that broader study is needed to determine the relationships between soil P tests for Australian soils, and based on that study a standard protocol for assessing the potential for P loss should be developed.

The orthophosphate content of bicarbonate soil extracts

Soil Research ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 415 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanne L. Coventry ◽  
David J. Halliwell ◽  
David M. Nash
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Plant Uptake ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Average Amount ◽  
Soil Extracts ◽  
Specific Identification ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Olsen P ◽  
Soil Solutions ◽  
Future Work

The Olsen P and Colwell P bicarbonate extraction procedures are empirically derived tests that provide an estimate of the soil P that is available for plant uptake. This paper examines each procedure using high performance liquid chromatography with flow injection analysis detection (HPLC-FIA) to specifically measure orthophosphate in bicarbonate extracts. Extract solutions from 3 soils of contrasting plant-available soil P contents were analysed for orthophosphate, total filtered (<15—45 µm) P (TFP), and either Olsen P or Colwell P. The amounts of P extracted by the Olsen procedure were not statistically different from orthophosphate (HPLC-FIA) (P > 0.05), suggesting the Olsen P test was a good measure of orthophosphate, the most immediately plant-available form of P. However, the average amount of P extracted by the Colwell procedure was 14% higher (P < 0.01) than the corresponding average orthophosphate concentration, presumably due to the presence of labile organic/condensed P, colloidal associated orthophosphate, or high molecular weight reactive P. These results suggest that there is a pool of non-orthophosphate P present in the molybdate reactive Colwell P extract that is potentially plant available. Future work should focus on specific identification of P compounds extracted from soils and soil solutions to examine their role as a source of P to plants.

Preparation of Persimmon Tannins Immobilized on Collagen Adsorbent and Research on its Adsorption to Cr(VI)

2013 ◽  
Vol 743-744 ◽  
pp. 523-530 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jian Cui ◽  
Zhong Min Wang ◽  
Feng Lei Liu ◽  
Pei Bang Dai ◽  
Ran Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adsorption Mechanism ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Major Influence ◽  
Initial Concentration ◽  
Adsorbent Dosage ◽  
Adsorption Data ◽  
Initial Ph ◽  
Pseudo Second Order ◽  
Ph Range

Persimmon tannins (PT) were immobilized on a matrix of collagen fiber by cross-linking of glutaraldehyde. The adsorption behaviours to Cr (VI) on PT were investigated including the effects of initial pH, initial concentration of Cr (VI), temperature, adsorbent dosage, adsorption kinetics and the recycling performance of PT adsorbents. The results showed that pH value had a major influence in adsorption. PT showed a strong adsorbability to Cr (VI) in the pH range of 1.0 to 3.0, whereas the effect of temperature on the adsorption was comparatively weaker. The adsorption equilibrium could be well described by Freundlich equation. PT adsorption efficiency of Cr (VI) reached 98.04% and the maximum equilibrium adsorption capacity of Cr (VI) was up to 49.01 mg/g at 303 K with a pH value of 2.0, 100 mg/L of initial concentration of Cr (VI) and 0.1g of adsorbent dosage. The adsorption data could be well fitted by pseudo-second-order rate model. PT adsorbents were characterized by FTIR and EDS. The analysis indicated that the adsorption mechanism was mainly contributed by redox adsorption.

Residues from a buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) green manure crop grown with phosphate rock influence bioavailability of soil phosphorus

2010 ◽  
Vol 90 (2) ◽  
pp. 257-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
M M Arcand ◽  
D H Lynch ◽  
R P Voroney ◽  
P. van Straaten
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Biomass ◽  
Green Manure ◽  
Phosphate Rock ◽  
Fagopyrum Esculentum ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Olsen P ◽  
P Concentration ◽  
Microbial Biomass P ◽  
P Supply

Low soil test phosphorus (P) concentrations are common in organically managed soils in Canada. This field study examined the effect of residues from a buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) green manure (GM) crop grown with an igneous and a sedimentary source of phosphate rock (PR) on in situ soil P supply, Olsen P, and soil microbial biomass P on an organic farm in Ontario, Canada. Phosphate rock application did not increase GM dry matter production, but did increase above-ground tissue P concentration with applications of the sedimentary PR (Calphos). In the following spring, in situ soil P supply and Olsen P were increased in GM residue-applied soils and in soils containing the Calphos PR, while microbial biomass P was largely unaffected. Release of P was detected when GM P concentration was greater than 2.9 g P kg-1. The results suggest the quality of the GM residues had more influence on P availability than the quantity applied to the soil; however, the low changes in available P (P supply and Olsen P) were not agronomically significant. Key words: Phosphate rock, soil phosphate supply, Olsen P, organic agriculture, green manure

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