Intervention mapping as a framework for planning the implementation of urine diversion toilets and Ecosan education in a community school in Kavre, Nepal

Waterlines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-141
Author(s):  
Roshani Rajbanshi ◽  
Sheri Bastien ◽  
Manoj Pandey ◽  
Bipana Sharma ◽  
Bal Chandra Luitel
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Intervention Mapping ◽  
Community School ◽  
Effective Implementation ◽  
Urine Diversion ◽  
Human Excreta ◽  
School Gardening ◽  
Sanitation And Hygiene ◽  
Flush Toilet ◽  
Regular Practice

Use of human excreta as fertilizer is not a new concept. However, with the use of the modern water-flush toilet, human excreta becomes mixed with water and causes environmental pollution. To reemphasize the nutritional value of human urine in the field, a urine diversion toilet was constructed in a community school situated in Kavre, Nepal. The purpose of establishing the urine diversion toilet is to improve hygiene outcomes through promoting proper sanitation and transforming the school community’s regular practice and attitudes towards urine as a resource. To ensure effective implementation of the urine diversion toilets, intervention mapping was used as a guiding framework. The aim of this paper is to document how the urine diversion toilet was planned and implemented in the school and how the urine diversion toilet was connected with the curriculum to address concerns regarding water, sanitation, and hygiene with a focus on sustainability through intervention mapping. This study highlights the benefits of intervention mapping as a systematic and step-by-step process for the planning and implementation of the urine diversion toilet. This study also highlights the benefits of connecting urine diversion toilets with school gardening, and engaging with local government and other stakeholders about the value of the approach.

scholarly journals Urine Diversion Dry Toilet: A Narrative Review on Gaps and Problems and its Transformation

1970 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 10-19
Author(s):  
Govinda Prasad Devkota ◽  
Manoj K. Pandey ◽  
Shyam Krishna Maharjan
Keyword(s):  
Human Urine ◽  
Review Paper ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Free Text ◽  
Urine Diversion ◽  
Human Excreta ◽  
Key Word ◽  
Community People ◽  
Word Search ◽  
Micro Pollutants

This review paper highlights the gaps and problems on source separation of human excreta; implementing and adopting human urine as nutrients for agriculture. The objective of the paper is to appraise the historical context behind the promotion of Urine Diversion Dry Toilet/Eco-san toilet and its relevance in rural Nepalese context. Moreover, it highlights the experiences regarding agricultural perspectives and livelihood by applying human urine as a fertilizer. Furthermore, it helps to understand and analyze the major issues, gaps and problems in acceptance and use of human excreta in Nepalese context for scaling up of its application and its transformation through school education system. Database search based on ‘Free text term’ or key word search was the strategy used to map of all relevant articles from multiple databases; Medline (1987-2018), MeSH (2005-2018), CINAHL (1998-2018) and OvidMedline (1992-2019). For each the outputs were downloaded into RefWorks databases. Specifically, this paper focuses on urine diversion to demonstrate its potential to elegantly separate and collect as nutrients and desire to control pathogens and micro-pollutants help in sanitation. It is recommended that an urgent need to participate community people and school children to disseminate users’ perceptions, attitudes and behaviour concerning the urine diversion toilets.

scholarly journals The Kailash Ecovillage project converting human excreta into organic foodstuffs and sanitized compost using new international building codes for compost toilet and urine diversion systems

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Ersson ◽  
K. King
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Preparedness ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
International Association ◽  
National Standards ◽  
Water Efficiency ◽  
Urine Diversion ◽  
Human Excreta ◽  
Toilet Paper ◽  
Pathogen Testing ◽  
Sewage Systems

Abstract Since March 2014, a sustainably focused community located on a 0.7 hectares site in Portland, Oregon, USA, has been undertaking an experimental composting toilet system modeled after the Water Efficiency and Sanitation Standard (WE-Stand) set out by the International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials (IAPMO). This system collects urine and hot composts human excreta in a dry-composting toilet system for eventual use on the community's organic gardens. The system design reduces the need to access municipal water, sewer, and electrical infrastructure, enhancing emergency preparedness. It conserves an otherwise wasted nutrient flow, and safely produces a valuable compost. The system consists of urine collection vessels, multiple portable collection containers for excreta, toilet paper, and additive, and a compost processor. Urine diversion has allowed the community to reclaim nitrogen and other nutrients otherwise lost in conventional sewage systems, resulting in large savings of potable water and significant carbon sequestration via topsoil creation. Logs showed thermophilic compost temperatures. Compost and urine pathogen testing met American National Standards Institute and National Sanitation Foundation Standard 41 requirements.

scholarly journals Human excreta: a resource or a taboo? Assessing the socio-cultural barriers, acceptability, and reuse of human excreta as a resource in Kakul Village District Abbottabad, Northwestern Pakistan

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abda Khalid
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Local Community ◽  
Cultural Barriers ◽  
Treatment Facility ◽  
Social Barriers ◽  
Human Excreta ◽  
Traditional Societies ◽  
Main Barrier ◽  
Value Of It ◽  
The Village

Abstract Sustainable reuse of human excreta in socially and religiously conservative societies is extremely difficult. People's perceptions and acceptability regarding the reuse of human excreta is mainly linked to their culture. In addition, certain societies regard the cultural and social barriers more than the religious barriers. The aim of this study is to understand the perceptions of people about the reuse of human excreta for agricultural purposes. Qualitative research methods were used for data collection. Farmers in the village recognized the importance and economic benefit of reusing human excreta. They accepted the reuse of human excreta on their farms only if they were supplied with a treatment facility. Contrary to the farmers, the local community showed reluctance in reusing human excreta while recognizing the nutritional value of it. It was therefore concluded that the main barrier in sustainable and safe re-use of human excreta lies in socio-cultural and religious foundations of traditional societies like Kakul village in Abbottabad District.

Evaluation of Community and Household Based Sanitation Systems in Ethekwini Municipality, South Africa: Lessons Learned and Recommendations

2010 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Starkl ◽  
S. Mbatha ◽  
E. Roma ◽  
P. Jeffrey ◽  
T.A. Stenström ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Rapid Assessment ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Urine Diversion ◽  
Detailed Evaluation ◽  
Flush Toilet ◽  
Sanitation Systems

This paper reports about a study comparing the performance of different sanitation systems delivered by Ethekwini Municipality in South Africa. The following sanitation systems have been studied: pit latrines, VIPs, urine diversion toilet, community ablution block and the conventional sewer borne flush toilet. The evaluation has been based on a 2-step approach. A rapid assessment capturing the overall situation whether the case study is performing successfully or not, followed by a more detailed evaluation focusing on those aspects where the rapid assessment could not provide sufficient results. The paper results in several lessons learned and recommendations and shows how Ethekwini has incorporated them.

Problems of ensuring metrological traceability of measurement results of indicators of quality for food products and food raw materials

2020 ◽  
pp. 64-70
Author(s):  
Mariya Y. Medvedevskikh ◽  
Anna S. Sergeeva
Keyword(s):  
Reference Materials ◽  
Mass Fraction ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
Metrological Traceability ◽  
Food Products ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
Measurement Results

The article raises the problem of ensuring metrological traceability of the measurement results of indicators of quality and nutritional value for food products and food raw materials: water (moisture), nitrogen (protein, crude protein), fat, ash and carbohydrates. The problem under consideration can be solved by applying reference materials of food composition, traceable to state primary measurement standards GET 173-2017 and GET 176-2019 and primary reference measurement procedures (PRMP), for attestation of measurement procedures and accuracy checking of measurement results. The article discusses the results of the PRMP development of mass fraction of fat, ash and carbohydrates in food products and food raw materials, as well as mass fraction of crude fat (oil content) in oil crops seeds and products based on them. The paper also presents metrological characteristics of reference materials of composition of dry dairy products, grain-milk dry porridges for nutrition of babies, grain dry porridges for nutrition of babies, egg powder, freeze-dried meat products, animal feed. The results of the work allow for building a chain of metrological traceability from GET 173-2017, GET 176-2019 and PRMP to routine measurement procedures, thereby ensuring the uniformity of measurements of nutritional value of food products.

Influence of bioactivation of barley grain on the nutritional value and consumer properties of cereals

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 46-48
Author(s):  
L. V. Chirkova ◽  
◽  
I.S. Vitol ◽  
O.V. Politukha ◽  
N.A. Igoryanova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Barley Grain
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