scholarly journals The Kailash Ecovillage project converting human excreta into organic foodstuffs and sanitized compost using new international building codes for compost toilet and urine diversion systems

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Ersson ◽  
K. King
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Preparedness ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
International Association ◽  
National Standards ◽  
Water Efficiency ◽  
Urine Diversion ◽  
Human Excreta ◽  
Toilet Paper ◽  
Pathogen Testing ◽  
Sewage Systems

Abstract Since March 2014, a sustainably focused community located on a 0.7 hectares site in Portland, Oregon, USA, has been undertaking an experimental composting toilet system modeled after the Water Efficiency and Sanitation Standard (WE-Stand) set out by the International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials (IAPMO). This system collects urine and hot composts human excreta in a dry-composting toilet system for eventual use on the community's organic gardens. The system design reduces the need to access municipal water, sewer, and electrical infrastructure, enhancing emergency preparedness. It conserves an otherwise wasted nutrient flow, and safely produces a valuable compost. The system consists of urine collection vessels, multiple portable collection containers for excreta, toilet paper, and additive, and a compost processor. Urine diversion has allowed the community to reclaim nitrogen and other nutrients otherwise lost in conventional sewage systems, resulting in large savings of potable water and significant carbon sequestration via topsoil creation. Logs showed thermophilic compost temperatures. Compost and urine pathogen testing met American National Standards Institute and National Sanitation Foundation Standard 41 requirements.

scholarly journals Urine Diversion Dry Toilet: A Narrative Review on Gaps and Problems and its Transformation

1970 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 10-19
Author(s):  
Govinda Prasad Devkota ◽  
Manoj K. Pandey ◽  
Shyam Krishna Maharjan
Keyword(s):  
Human Urine ◽  
Review Paper ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Free Text ◽  
Urine Diversion ◽  
Human Excreta ◽  
Key Word ◽  
Community People ◽  
Word Search ◽  
Micro Pollutants

This review paper highlights the gaps and problems on source separation of human excreta; implementing and adopting human urine as nutrients for agriculture. The objective of the paper is to appraise the historical context behind the promotion of Urine Diversion Dry Toilet/Eco-san toilet and its relevance in rural Nepalese context. Moreover, it highlights the experiences regarding agricultural perspectives and livelihood by applying human urine as a fertilizer. Furthermore, it helps to understand and analyze the major issues, gaps and problems in acceptance and use of human excreta in Nepalese context for scaling up of its application and its transformation through school education system. Database search based on ‘Free text term’ or key word search was the strategy used to map of all relevant articles from multiple databases; Medline (1987-2018), MeSH (2005-2018), CINAHL (1998-2018) and OvidMedline (1992-2019). For each the outputs were downloaded into RefWorks databases. Specifically, this paper focuses on urine diversion to demonstrate its potential to elegantly separate and collect as nutrients and desire to control pathogens and micro-pollutants help in sanitation. It is recommended that an urgent need to participate community people and school children to disseminate users’ perceptions, attitudes and behaviour concerning the urine diversion toilets.

Outbreaks Where Food Workers Have Been Implicated in the Spread of Foodborne Disease. Part 9. Washing and Drying of Hands To Reduce Microbial Contamination

2010 ◽  
Vol 73 (10) ◽  
pp. 1937-1955 ◽  
Author(s):  
EWEN C. D. TODD ◽  
BARRY S. MICHAELS ◽  
DEBRA SMITH ◽  
JUDY D. GREIG ◽  
CHARLES A. BARTLESON
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Microbial Contamination ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Hand Washing ◽  
Skin Damage ◽  
Foodborne Outbreak ◽  
Toilet Paper ◽  
Diarrheal Episode ◽  
Single Use ◽  
Food Workers

During various daily activities at home and work, hands quickly become contaminated. Some activities increase the risk of finger contamination by pathogens more than others, such as the use of toilet paper to clean up following a diarrheal episode, changing the diaper of a sick infant, blowing a nose, or touching raw food materials. Many foodborne outbreak investigation reports have identified the hands of food workers as the source of pathogens in the implicated food. The most convenient and efficient way of removing pathogens from hands is through hand washing. Important components of hand washing are potable water for rinsing and soaps to loosen microbes from the skin. Hand washing should occur after any activity that soils hands and certainly before preparing, serving, or eating food. Antimicrobial soaps are marginally more effective than plain soaps, but constant use results in a buildup of the antimicrobial compound on the skin. The time taken to wash hands and the degree of friction generated during lathering are more important than water temperature for removing soil and microorganisms. However, excessive washing and scrubbing can cause skin damage and infections. Drying hands with a towel removes pathogens first by friction during rubbing with the drying material and then by wicking away the moisture into that material. Paper rather than cloth towels should be encouraged, although single-use cloth towels are present in the washrooms of higher class hotels and restaurants. Warm air dryers remove moisture and any surface microorganisms loosened by washing from hands by evaporation while the hands are rubbed together vigorously; however, these dryers take too long for efficient use. The newer dryers with high-speed air blades can achieve dryness in 10 to15 s without hand rubbing.

Developing National Standards for Public Health Emergency Preparedness With a Limited Evidence Base

2010 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 285-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Nelson ◽  
Ed Chan ◽  
Anita Chandra ◽  
Paul Sorensen ◽  
Henry H. Willis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Emergency Preparedness ◽  
Panel Discussion ◽  
Performance Standards ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
National Standards ◽  
Public Health Preparedness ◽  
National Performance ◽  
Local Flexibility ◽  
Public Health Emergency Preparedness

ABSTRACTObjective: The paucity of evidence and wide variation among communities creates challenges for developing congressionally mandated national performance standards for public health preparedness. Using countermeasure dispensing as an example, we present an approach for developing standards that balances national uniformity and local flexibility, consistent with the quality of evidence available.Methods: We used multiple methods, including a survey of community practices, mathematical modeling, and expert panel discussion.Results: The article presents recommended dispensing standards, along with a general framework that can be used to analyze tradeoffs involved in developing other preparedness standards.Conclusions: Standards can be developed using existing evidence, but would be helped immensely by a stronger evidence base.(Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2010;4:285-290)

WATER SUPPLIES FOR AUCKLAND - PREDICT AND PROVIDE OR CONSERVE AND CONTAIN?

2008 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Taylor ◽  
James Hodges
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Capital Investment ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Water Services ◽  
Water Industry ◽  
Water Efficiency ◽  
Water Supplies ◽  
Auckland Region

Potable water services are provided to the population of 1.2m residents in the Auckland region of New Zealand by one wholesaler and six retailers. Forecasts for water demand suggest that a major new resource will be required by 2025 but that resource has not been identified at this time. Water efficiency techniques could defer this major capital investment. The paper discusses the region's water industry and the strategic investigations into water efficient alternatives to date.

scholarly journals REAGENT-FREE TECHNOLOGY FOR THE PREPARATION OF POTABLE WATER FROM SURFACE SOURCES OF THE KYRGYZ REPUBLIC

2020 ◽  
pp. 308-313
Author(s):  
T.M. Karimov ◽  
N. Baigazy kyzy ◽  
M.T. Karimova ◽  
A.M. Kulahmetov ◽  
G.A. Egemberdieva
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Anthropogenic Impact ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Chemical Pollution ◽  
Clean Water ◽  
Kyrgyz Republic ◽  
Intestinal Infections ◽  
Biological Pollution ◽  
Sewage Systems

The lack of clean water is the main reason for the spread of intestinal infections, hepatitis and diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, the occurrence of pathologies and the increased impact on the human body of carcinogenic and mutagenic factors. In some cases, the lack of access to clean water and sewage systems leads to massive diseases and the spread of epidemics. The development of research to identify the risk to public health in connection with chemical and biological pollution of surface and ground waters confirms the need for targeted action to reduce morbidity associated with the anthropogenic impact of biological and chemical pollution.

scholarly journals Hospital Impact After a Chemical Spill That Compromised the Potable Water Supply: West Virginia, January 2014

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 621-624 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joy Hsu ◽  
Maria C. del Rosario ◽  
Erica Thomasson ◽  
Danae Bixler ◽  
Loretta Haddy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Virginia ◽  
Infection Control ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Emergency Preparedness ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Preparedness Planning ◽  
Hospital Operations ◽  
Potable Water Supply ◽  
Alternative Sources ◽  
Phenyl Ethers

AbstractIn January 2014, a chemical spill of 4-methylcyclohexanemethanol and propylene glycol phenyl ethers contaminated the potable water supply of approximately 300,000 West Virginia residents. To understand the spill’s impact on hospital operations, we surveyed representatives from 10 hospitals in the affected area during January 2014. We found that the spill-related loss of potable water affected many aspects of hospital patient care (eg, surgery, endoscopy, hemodialysis, and infection control of Clostridium difficile). Hospital emergency preparedness planning could be enhanced by specifying alternative sources of potable water sufficient for hemodialysis, C. difficile infection control, and hospital processing and cleaning needs (in addition to drinking water). (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2017;11:621–624)

Standards for the Thermal Spray Industry

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.M. Bhusari ◽  
R.A. Sulit
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Spray ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Protective Coatings ◽  
International Association ◽  
The United States ◽  
Water Tank ◽  
Application Process ◽  
Professional Societies ◽  
Testing And Measurement ◽  
American Society

Abstract Thermal-spray standards in the United States are developed by several professional societies that include American Society for Testing and Measurement (ASTM) for test & measurements methods and composition specifications; American Welding Society (AWS) for feedstock, equipment acceptance, application process, training & certification; American Water Works Association (AWWA) for thermal-sprayed zinc as potable water tank lining; International Association of Corrosion Engineers (NACE) for corrosion protection processes and inspection; and Society of Protective Coatings (SSPC) for test & measurement methods, application specification & inspection in regards to protective coatings for the protection of steel. This paper provides information on various standards set by these bodies.

Intervention mapping as a framework for planning the implementation of urine diversion toilets and Ecosan education in a community school in Kavre, Nepal

Waterlines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-141
Author(s):  
Roshani Rajbanshi ◽  
Sheri Bastien ◽  
Manoj Pandey ◽  
Bipana Sharma ◽  
Bal Chandra Luitel
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Intervention Mapping ◽  
Community School ◽  
Effective Implementation ◽  
Urine Diversion ◽  
Human Excreta ◽  
School Gardening ◽  
Sanitation And Hygiene ◽  
Flush Toilet ◽  
Regular Practice

Use of human excreta as fertilizer is not a new concept. However, with the use of the modern water-flush toilet, human excreta becomes mixed with water and causes environmental pollution. To reemphasize the nutritional value of human urine in the field, a urine diversion toilet was constructed in a community school situated in Kavre, Nepal. The purpose of establishing the urine diversion toilet is to improve hygiene outcomes through promoting proper sanitation and transforming the school community’s regular practice and attitudes towards urine as a resource. To ensure effective implementation of the urine diversion toilets, intervention mapping was used as a guiding framework. The aim of this paper is to document how the urine diversion toilet was planned and implemented in the school and how the urine diversion toilet was connected with the curriculum to address concerns regarding water, sanitation, and hygiene with a focus on sustainability through intervention mapping. This study highlights the benefits of intervention mapping as a systematic and step-by-step process for the planning and implementation of the urine diversion toilet. This study also highlights the benefits of connecting urine diversion toilets with school gardening, and engaging with local government and other stakeholders about the value of the approach.

scholarly journals Current situations and advice of supervision of mandatory national standards for water efficiency in China

2021 ◽  
Vol 236 ◽  
pp. 01042
Author(s):  
Zhang Yu-bo ◽  
Yang Jie ◽  
Lin Ling ◽  
Hu Hong-ying ◽  
Bai Xue ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Database Management ◽  
The State ◽  
National Standards ◽  
Market Regulation ◽  
Water Efficiency ◽  
Supervision System ◽  
Household Products ◽  
State Administration

China has issued eight mandatory national standards so far to regulate the water efficiency of household products. The State Administration for Market Regulation performs national spot checks yearly on products qualities, which includes water efficiency, meantime it required market regulation bureaucracies of regional levels to strengthen inspection of energy and water efficiency labels from 2019. However, those two levels of inspection neither focus on water efficiency standards nor cover all eight categories of products. Furthermore, there is still space to improve in term of supervision effectiveness, efficiency and database management. For those reasons, this article aims to clarify the deficiencies and propose corresponding advice on the supervision system.

scholarly journals Research on Optimization of Parametric Propeller Based on Anti-Icing Performance and Simulation of Cutting State of Ice Propeller

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 1247
Author(s):  
Yu Lu ◽  
Chunxiao Wu ◽  
Shewen Liu ◽  
Zhuhao Gu ◽  
Wu Shao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Optimization Design ◽  
International Association ◽  
Equivalent Stress ◽  
Design Procedure ◽  
Optimal Solution ◽  
Open Water ◽  
Hydrodynamic Performance ◽  
Water Efficiency ◽  
Nsga Ii ◽  
Thrust Coefficient

When a ship sails in an ice area, the ice could cause damage to ship hull and the propeller as well as the rudder. In the design process of an ice class propeller, the strength verification of the propeller has always been the focus of the design and research of the ice propeller. Based on the International Association of Classification Societies Unified Requirements for Polar Class (IACS Polar UR), it is required that the maximum torque from the propeller cannot exceed the required value to ensure the safety of the propeller shafting equipment. This paper investigates the hydrodynamic performance of the propeller under the condition of satisfying the propeller’s ice strength. A parametric propeller optimization design procedure was established in which the thrust coefficient and open water efficiency solved by CFD method were selected as the objective function and optimization target, the maximum ice torque was used as the optimization constraint under the condition that the ship’s shafting equipment remains unchanged, the propeller pitch, thickness, and camber at each radial direction were taken as the optimization design variables, and the optimization algorithm of SOBOL and NSGA-II was adopted. The interaction mode of propeller and ice was simulated by the method of explicit dynamics. The equivalent stress and displacement response of the blade during the cutting process of the ice propeller were calculated, monitoring the ice destruction process. The results show that the multi-objective Pareto optimal solution set of thrust coefficient and open water efficiency of the ice class propeller was formed at the design speed while maintain the maximum ice torque not exceeding the original ice torque.

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