3. Simple drilling methods; Emergency water supply; Latrine slabs and seats; Chlorination; Improving pond water

Running Water ◽  
1999 ◽  
pp. 41-60
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Pond Water ◽  
Emergency Water Supply

scholarly journals GIS-Based Groundwater Potential Assessment in Varied Topographic Areas of Mianyang City, Southwestern China, Using AHP

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (22) ◽  
pp. 4684
Author(s):  
Qing Zhang ◽  
Shuangxi Zhang ◽  
Yu Zhang ◽  
Mengkui Li ◽  
Yu Wei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Groundwater Potential ◽  
Southwestern China ◽  
Borehole Data ◽  
Hydrological Data ◽  
Potential Map ◽  
Groundwater Potential Map ◽  
Emergency Water Supply ◽  
Post Disaster ◽  
Geological Background

Mianyang City is located in the varied topographic areas of Sichuan Province in southwestern China and is characterized by a complex geological background. This area is prone to disasters and its varied topography is inconvenient for emergency water storage and supply. Groundwater is essential for alleviating the demand for water and post-disaster emergency water supply in this area. This study applied AHP to integrate remote sensing, geological and hydrological data into GIS for the assessment of groundwater potential, providing a plan for the rational exploitation of groundwater and post-disaster emergency water supply in the area. Nine factors, including the spring calibration related to groundwater, were integrated by AHP after multicollinear checks. As a result, the geology-controlled groundwater potential map was classified into five levels with equal intervals. All the results were validated using borehole data, indicating the following: the areas with yield rates of , 1–20 , and 20–400 accounted for 2.66%, 36.1%, and 39.62%, respectively, whereas the areas with yield rates of 400–4000 and accounted for only 20.88% and 0.75% of the overall area. The flexibility of this quick and efficient method enables its application in other regions with a similar geological background.

Emergency water supply decision-making of transboundary river basin considering government–public perceived satisfaction

2021 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 381-401
Author(s):  
Weiwei Wang ◽  
Haiwei Zhou ◽  
Lidan Guo
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Transboundary Water ◽  
The Public ◽  
Transboundary Water Resources ◽  
Perceived Satisfaction ◽  
Emergency Water Supply

The emergency supply of transboundary water resources is a prominent problem affecting the social and economic development of basin countries. However, current water supply decisions on transboundary water resources may ignore the psychological perception of multi-stakeholders, and the evolution of emergencies increases the uncertainty of decision making. Both factors would lead to the low acceptance of water-related decisions. Utility satisfaction, perceived losses, and quantity satisfaction were selected in this paper to identify the perceived satisfaction of upstream governments, downstream governments, and the public, respectively, over multiple decision-making stages. A modeling framework combining prospect theory and the multi-stage multi-objective programming methodology was then developed to measure the perceived satisfaction of different stakeholders in a watershed under emergency. A two-stage NSGA-II and TOPSIS based approach was adopted to find the optimal compromise solution to solve the model. The framework was applied in the Lancang–Mekong River basin to provide suggestions to decision makers. Upstream decision makers must choose a moderate proportional fairness degree when making emergency decisions to maximize the perceived satisfaction of all stakeholders. Meanwhile, the perceived loss of downstream countries with low water demand should be considered first in the formulation of emergency water supply plans. Furthermore, although water supply from upstream countries can improve perceived water quantity satisfaction of downstream publics, additional actions must still be taken to change the traditional concepts of the public.

Emergency water supply: A review of potential technologies and selection criteria

2012 ◽  
Vol 46 (10) ◽  
pp. 3125-3151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siew-Leng Loo ◽  
Anthony G. Fane ◽  
William B. Krantz ◽  
Teik-Thye Lim
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Selection Criteria ◽  
Emergency Water Supply

scholarly journals Emergency Water Supply of Rzeszow / Kryzysowe Zaopatrzenie Rzeszowa W Wodę

2013 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-116
Author(s):  
Janusz R. Rak ◽  
Izabela Piegdoń ◽  
Karolina Homa
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Crisis Management ◽  
Energy Systems ◽  
Supply System ◽  
Water Supply System ◽  
Gas Network ◽  
Systemic Crisis ◽  
Emergency Water Supply ◽  
The City

Abstract In this study the methodology of balancing water needs in a crisis situation was presented. The example was done for city of Rzeszow. The municipal infrastructure: water supply system, sewage system, gas network, heating and energy systems was shortly characterized. The research undertaken in this study was related to Systemic Crisis Management and protection of the inhabitants of the city. The balance of emergency water supply Rzeszow in drinking water for the 29 neighborhoods of the city was shown.

scholarly journals Public health without water? Emergency water supply and minimum supply standards of hospitals in high-income countries using the example of Germany and Austria

Water Policy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Bross ◽  
J. Bäumer ◽  
I. Voggenreiter ◽  
I. Wienand ◽  
A. Fekete
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
High Water ◽  
Humanitarian Assistance ◽  
Scientific Publications ◽  
Core Element ◽  
International Agencies ◽  
Guideline Values ◽  
Supply Planning ◽  
Emergency Water Supply

Abstract The drinking water supply is a core element of national regulations for normal and emergency supply as well as coping with crisis events. Particularly with regard to the interdependence of critical infrastructures means that water supply failures can have far-reaching consequences and endanger the safety of a society, e.g., by impairing hospital operations. In case of an emergency in the drinking water infrastructure, minimum supply standards, e.g., for patients in hospitals, become important for emergency management during crisis situations. However, wider recognition of this issue is still lacking, particularly in countries facing comparably minor water supply disruptions. Several international agencies provide guideline values for minimum water supply standards for hospitals in case of a disaster. Acknowledging these minimum standards were developed for humanitarian assistance or civil protection, it remains to be analyzed whether these standards apply to disaster management in countries with high water and healthcare supply standards. Based on a literature review of scientific publications and humanitarian guidelines, as well as policies from selected countries, current processes, contents, and shortcomings of emergency water supply planning are assessed. To close the identified gaps, this paper indicates potential improvements for emergency water supply planning in general as well as for supply of hospitals and identifies future fields of research.

Merchant Capitalists

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert B. Gordon
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Blast Furnace ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Pond Water ◽  
Iron Smelting ◽  
Iron Castings ◽  
Investment Opportunities ◽  
Colonial Economy ◽  
The Town

Bloomery forges could not produce cast items such as hollowware, potash kettles, or the hammerheads and anvil bases artisans needed for their forges. With a blast furnace, an ironmaker could both increase the scale of iron smelting and provide customers with iron castings. However, in colonial times a furnace required an investment of over £3,000, while a fully equipped bloomery forge cost only about £500. Additionally, blast furnace proprietors had to assemble a workforce at least ten times larger than they would need for a bloomery, provide a continuous supply of ore and fuel over a period of months, and create a stable organization to manage the whole enterprise. Bankruptcies among the initial furnace owners in Salisbury showed how difficult these tasks could be. Philip Livingston, proprietor of the manor across the border in New York, had access to capital that no one in Connecticut could match. In 1743 he had a blast furnace built at Ancram, in the western part of his manor, to smelt ore brought over the Connecticut border from Ore Hill. Nineteen years elapsed before Ethan Allen and his partners managed to launch the first such venture in the Salisbury district. Blast furnace proprietors needed an absolutely reliable water supply, since they had to keep their furnace’s running continuously for months. The place closest to Ore Hill that could provide such a supply was the outlet of Wononskopomuc Lake, soon to be renamed Furnace Pond. Water from this lake could run the approximately two-horsepower air pump needed for an eighteenth-century blast furnace throughout the year. A thriving colonial economy in 1760 encouraged John Hazeltine of Massachusetts—founder of the town of Upton, dealer in lands, and proprietor of the bloomery forge in Sutton—to send his son Paul to scout out investment opportunities in mineral-rich and underpopulated Salisbury. Here Paul met Ethan Allen, later to gain fame at Fort Ticonderoga, who had just sold his Cornwall farm for fifty pounds.

scholarly journals Membrane Filter and Emergency Water Supply Control

1954 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-63
Author(s):  
Gilbert V. Levin ◽  
Edmund J. Laubausch
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Membrane Filter ◽  
Emergency Water Supply
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