Diversity of tropical cryptophytes

2021 ◽  
pp. 139-143
Author(s):  
Evgeniy S. Gusev ◽  
Nikita A. Martynenko ◽  
Pavel V. Kulizin ◽  
Yulia A. Podunay
Keyword(s):  
Preliminary Data ◽  
Molecular Methods ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Rich Flora ◽  
The Tropics

The paper presents the preliminary data on the diversity of cryptomonad in the tropics (Vietnam and India). Isolation of algae into culture (more than 200 strains) and their study using molecular methods made it possible to reveal the rich flora of the genus Cryptomonas, consisting of 51 species (statistically supported clades).

scholarly journals Evaluating the role of contracting and expanding rainforest in initiating cycles of speciation across the Isthmus of Panama

2012 ◽  
Vol 279 (1742) ◽  
pp. 3520-3526 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Tilston Smith ◽  
Amei Amei ◽  
John Klicka
Keyword(s):  
Bird Species ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Isthmus Of Panama ◽  
Species Pairs ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
High Species Richness ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
The Impact

Climatic and geological changes across time are presumed to have shaped the rich biodiversity of tropical regions. However, the impact climatic drying and subsequent tropical rainforest contraction had on speciation has been controversial because of inconsistent palaeoecological and genetic data. Despite the strong interest in examining the role of climatic change on speciation in the Neotropics there has been few comparative studies, particularly, those that include non-rainforest taxa. We used bird species that inhabit humid or dry habitats that dispersed across the Panamanian Isthmus to characterize temporal and spatial patterns of speciation across this barrier. Here, we show that these two assemblages of birds exhibit temporally different speciation time patterns that supports multiple cycles of speciation. Evidence for these cycles is further corroborated by the finding that both assemblages consist of ‘young’ and ‘old’ species, despite dry habitat species pairs being geographically more distant than pairs of humid habitat species. The matrix of humid and dry habitats in the tropics not only allows for the maintenance of high species richness, but additionally this study suggests that these environments may have promoted speciation. We conclude that differentially expanding and contracting distributions of dry and humid habitats was probably an important contributor to speciation in the tropics.

scholarly journals Sensitivities of the Madden–Julian oscillation forecasts to configurations of physics in the ECMWF global model

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 4759-4778
Author(s):  
Jun-Ichi Yano ◽  
Nils P. Wedi
Keyword(s):  
Forecast Model ◽  
Global Model ◽  
Madden Julian Oscillation ◽  
Forecast Performance ◽  
Theoretical Investigations ◽  
Forecast Models ◽  
Forecasting System ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Original Motivation

Abstract. The sensitivities of the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) forecasts to various different configurations of the parameterized physics are examined with the global model of ECMWF's Integrated Forecasting System (IFS). The motivation for the study was to simulate the MJO as a nonlinear free wave under active interactions with higher-latitude Rossby waves. To emulate free dynamics in the IFS, various momentum-dissipation terms (“friction”) as well as diabatic heating were selectively turned off over the tropics for the range of the latitudes from 20∘ S to 20∘ N. The reduction of friction sometimes improves the MJO forecasts, although without any systematic tendency. Contrary to the original motivation, emulating free dynamics with an operational forecast model turned out to be rather difficult, because forecast performance sensitively depends on the specific type of friction turned off. The result suggests the need for theoretical investigations that much more closely follow the actual formulations of model physics: a naive approach with a dichotomy of with or without friction simply fails to elucidate the rich behaviour of complex operational models. The paper further exposes the importance of physical processes other than convection for simulating the MJO in global forecast models.

scholarly journals Calotropis procera (Arka): A Tribal Herb of Utmost Significance

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Isha Kumari ◽  
Gitika Chaudhary
Keyword(s):  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Calotropis Procera ◽  
Pharmacological Properties ◽  
The Family ◽  
Anti Oxidant ◽  
Phytochemical Constituents ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Important Medicinal Plant

Nature has gifted humans a vast variety of medicinal plants, which are the rich source of bioactive compounds. Calotropis procera is an important medicinal plant that belongs to the family asclepiadaceae. It is commonly known as madar and milkweed plant in english and arka in hindi. It is mostly found in the tropics of asia and africa. Calotropis procera is a highly valued plant in the folk medication system. Each part of the plant is richly endowed with diverse nature of phytochemical constituents like alkaloids, proteins, vitamins, carbohydrates, saponins, terpenes, and flavonoids, etc. These phytochemicals are significantly associated with various therapeutic and pharmacological properties such as anti-microbial, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-ulcer, antifertility, anti-diarrheal, and spasmolytic. In this review article, the therapeutic and pharmacological value of this important plant has been summarized along with its utilization in the folklore and ayurvedic medicinal system.

Why is the Sea Blue?

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas N. Sherratt ◽  
David M. Wilkinson
Keyword(s):  
Natural Habitat ◽  
Euphotic Zone ◽  
Scuba Divers ◽  
Light Levels ◽  
High School Physics ◽  
Rich Diversity ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Great White Shark ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The Tropics

One answer to this chapter’s question is straightforward and based on high-school physics. The early SCUBA divers quickly discovered that if they took underwater colour photographs, even if they were only a few metres down, their pictures had a strong blue cast to them. However, if they illuminated their subjects with a flash, then a more colourful world emerged in their pictures—especially if they were photographing the rich diversity of highly coloured fish that can be found in some parts of the tropics. The reason for the blueness is that as sunlight passes through water the colours of the spectrum are absorbed at different rates, with the long wavelengths (e.g. red) absorbed first and the higher-energy shorter wavelengths (e.g. blue) penetrating deeper into the depths. It follows that underwater available light is predominantly blue and that any light reflected from within the water body is more likely to be from the bluer end of the spectrum of visible light. So, light coming from the sea to our eyes is mainly blue because these wavelengths are least absorbed; indeed oceanographers who have studied some of the cleanest waters describe them as looking ‘violet blue’. As biologists we are interested in a more ecological answer to the question, ‘Why is the sea blue’? The physics explanation only works if seawater is reasonably clear, and it is this clarity that biologists need to explain. Consider our opening quotation, which comes from Peter Matthiessen’s book describing early attempts to film the great white shark in its natural habitat. It raises an interesting ecological question—why can a SCUBA diver or snorkeler see where they are going in the ocean? Put another way, why is the sea blue rather than green? The upper layer of the ocean with enough light for photosynthesis is called the euphotic zone (defined as extending down to the point where only 1% of photosynthetically usable light is present compared with surface light levels); this is often only a few tens of metres deep, but in extremely clear water near Easter Island in the Pacific it has recently been found to extend down to 170 m depth.

Spatial Patterns of Precipitation Change in CMIP5: Why the Rich Do Not Get Richer in the Tropics

2013 ◽  
Vol 26 (11) ◽  
pp. 3803-3822 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robin Chadwick ◽  
Ian Boutle ◽  
Gill Martin
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Patterns ◽  
Mass Flux ◽  
Precipitation Change ◽  
Specific Humidity ◽  
Tropical Precipitation ◽  
Humidity Change ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Convergence Zones ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Convective Mass Flux

Abstract Changes in the patterns of tropical precipitation (P) and circulation are analyzed in Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5) GCMs under the representative concentration pathway 8.5 (RCP8.5) scenario. A robust weakening of the tropical circulation is seen across models, associated with a divergence feedback that acts to reduce convection most in areas of largest climatological ascent. This is in contrast to the convergence feedback seen in interannual variability of tropical precipitation patterns. The residual pattern of convective mass-flux change is associated with shifts in convergence zones due to mechanisms such as SST gradient change, and this is often locally larger than the weakening due to the divergence feedback. A simple framework is constructed to separate precipitation change into components based on different mechanisms and to relate it directly to circulation change. While the tropical mean increase in precipitation is due to the residual between the positive thermodynamic change due to increased specific humidity and the decreased convective mass flux due to the weakening of the circulation, the spatial patterns of these two components largely cancel each other out. The rich-get-richer mechanism of greatest precipitation increases in ascent regions is almost negated by this cancellation, explaining why the spatial correlation between climatological P and the climate change anomaly ΔP is only 0.2 over the tropics for the CMIP5 multimodel mean. This leaves the spatial pattern of precipitation change to be dominated by the component associated with shifts in convergence zones, both in the multimodel mean and intermodel uncertainty, with the component due to relative humidity change also becoming important over land.

scholarly journals Element Content of Herbaceous Plants in the Floodplain Meadows

2004 ◽  
pp. 55-58
Author(s):  
Krisztina Alapi ◽  
Zoltán Győri
Keyword(s):  
Vegetation Period ◽  
Element Content ◽  
Species Number ◽  
Elemental Content ◽  
Nutritional Values ◽  
Mn Deficiency ◽  
River Floodplains ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Rich Flora ◽  
The Ideal

Animals require well-balanced nutrition. The elemental content of the vegetation of meadows is influenced by as many factors such as heat, rainfall, irrigation, soil type and nutrients, meadow types, species, aspects of the vegetation period and cultivation.Natural meadows used extensively are common sights on river floodplains. Since chemicals are banned and the species number is high, measuring the elemental composition of plants on these meadows is beneficial. Cenological survey and element content measurements were held on the rich flora of four natural meadows in the year 2001.Weeds, in a wider sense, are plants not directly involved in growing, although their nutritional values make them important costituents of feed. Meadows are enriched by their relatively high microelement content.On the sampling sites, the ratio deviated from the ideal 2/3 parts monocotyledon and 1/3 part dicotyledon, but this did not mean a Mn deficiency as it would have been assumed.

Nomenclatural types of the Umbelliferae in P.E.Boissier’s oriental herbarium (G-BOIS)

Phytotaxa ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 466 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-91
Author(s):  
MICHAEL G. PIMENOV ◽  
FERNAND JACQUEMOUD
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Small Minority ◽  
Middle Asia ◽  
Infraspecific Taxa ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Rich Flora ◽  
One New Species

G-BOIS (“Flora Orientalis Herbarium”), the result of many years (1844–1888) of titanic work by an outstanding botanist from Geneva Pierre-Edmond Boissier, is the most important taxonomic and nomenclature source of data on the rich flora of the territory from Greece to Middle Asia and the borders of India. It was isolated from an extensive Boissier’s private herbarium after the latter was included in the collection of Conservatoire et Jardin Botaniques and kept in a special underground bunker. A material for 366 species and 47 infraspecific taxa of the Umbelliferae is stored in G-BOIS. Among lectotypes, the vast majority relate to the Boissier taxa; a small minority belong to taxa of other authors (their types and lectotypes are in other herbaria). The materials of other herbaria, Geneva and non-Geneva (Geneva General Herbarium, De Candolle Prodromus Herbarium, K, LE, P, JE, W, B and others) were also checked. Among the Umbelliferae material kept in G-BOIS, lectotypes of 255 names were designated here and those of 107 names have been designated before, including lectotypes selected prior 2011 as types and holotypes which were corrected to lectotypes (89 names). Besides the designated lectotypes and isolectotypes, G-BOIS also contains holotypes of 44 Boissierian Umbelliferae names and syntypes of 81 names. Additionally, holotypes, lectotypes and isolectotypes (in total for 168 names) were revealed in Geneva General herbarium (G). One new species name (Prangos iranica nom. nov.) has been proposed here in the genus Prangos.

scholarly journals Identification and Characterization of Pestalotiopsis spp. Causing Scab Disease of Guava, Psidium guajava, in Hawaii

Plant Disease ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 90 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa M. Keith ◽  
Maile E. Velasquez ◽  
Francis T. Zee
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Genetic Resource ◽  
Psidium Guajava ◽  
Molecular Methods ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Tropical Plant ◽  
Characterization Studies ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Identification And Characterization

Guava is one of the most widely grown plants in the tropics; however, it is affected by many fruit rot diseases. Fruit diseases decrease the marketability of fresh fruit and fruit for processing. A survey of scab disease was conducted at the USDA/ARS Tropical Plant Genetic Resource Management Unit in Hilo, HI, where more than 50 accessions of guava are grown. Symptoms observed were gray/light brown lesions surrounded by dark brown borders on leaves and brown, raised, corky, necrotic lesions on the exocarp of fruit which progressed as the fruits matured. Seventeen isolates from infected fruit, six isolates from lesions on leaves, and nine isolates from additional crops surrounding the guava trees were collected. The main fungi consistently isolated from symptomatic leaves and fruit were Pestalotiopsis spp. Morphology, colony characteristics, and pathogenicity of the isolates were examined and potential sources of host resistance were identified for germplasm characterization studies. Molecular methods were used to identify four Pestalotiopsis taxa (P. clavispora, P. microspora, P. sp. GJ-1, and P. disseminata) on guava in Hawaii. To our knowledge, this is the first report of traditional and molecular methods of identification and characterization being used for fungal pathogens of guava in Hawaii.

scholarly journals A remarkable new species of Cheilolejeunea (Marchantiophyta: Lejeuneaceae) from Colombia.

2017 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 325-330 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Robbert Gradstein ◽  
M. Elena Reiner-Drehwald
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Vegetative Reproduction ◽  
Parallel Evolution ◽  
Plant Leaf ◽  
Western Cordillera ◽  
Endemic Taxon ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Rich Flora

We describe the new liverwort species Cheilolejeunea schiavoneana M.E.Reiner & Gradst. from submontane rainforest in the Western Cordillera of Colombia. The new species is related to C. adnata (C. sect. Cheilolejeunea) but differs by larger plant, leaf and underleaf size, robust stems, a 5-6 cells wide ventral merophyte, abundance of microphyllous branches, and vegetative reproduction by caducous leaf lobes produced on flagelliform shoots. The latter feature is characteristic of the genus Rectolejeunea and its presence in Cheilolejeunea is apparently a case of parallel evolution. The discovery of C. schiavoneana adds a further endemic taxon to the rich flora of the Colombian Western Cordillera. Key

scholarly journals Medicinal pteridophytes of sitheri hills, eastern ghats, tamil nadu

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 56-58
Author(s):  
Moorthy D ◽  
Kavitha T
Keyword(s):  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Eastern Ghats ◽  
Medicinal Uses ◽  
Nutritional Values ◽  
Medicinal Properties ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Rich Flora

Investigation on medicinal properties and nutritional values of higher plants were commonly reported but often neglected the pteridophytes. Despite the rich flora in and around Sitheri, study on their medicinal uses were limited. The objective of the investigation is to document of medicinal pteridophytes,in sitheri hills.

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