A ‘Polite and Commercial People’? Masculinity and Economic Violence in Scotland, 1700–60

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tawny Paul
Keyword(s):  
Economic Theory ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Interpersonal Violence ◽  
Functional Role ◽  
Economic Violence ◽  
Customary Rights ◽  
Violent Acts ◽  
Classical Economic ◽  
Forms Of Violence ◽  
Masculine Gender

Classical economic theory suggests that commerce played a central role in the growth of politeness and the decline of violence. This chapter complicates commerce’s role in the civilising process by exploring economic violence in eighteenth century Scotland. Economic violence is defined as constituting a range of physical and non-physical violent acts carried out against persons and property, and economic actions interpreted as forms of violence. Drawing examples from legal records and the debtors’ prison, it considers the intersections between masculinity, economy and interpersonal violence, structured particularly around notions of honour. It argues that violence played a functional role within eighteenth-century Scottish commerce, where it supported claims to masculine gender identity. Violence was not only the property of the crowd, used to defend customary rights, but was deployed by a range of different men, including the commercial middling sorts.

Understanding the Situational Context for Interpersonal Violence: A Review of Individual-Level Attitudes, Attributions, and Triggers

2019 ◽  
pp. 152483801986910
Author(s):  
Jerel M. Ezell
Keyword(s):  
Romantic Relationships ◽  
Interpersonal Violence ◽  
Behavioral Interventions ◽  
The United States ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Situational Cues ◽  
Violent Acts ◽  
Verbal Insults ◽  
Forms Of Violence

Research conducted with violent offenders demonstrates an overwhelming tendency for individuals in this population to frame their violent acts as tuned responses to perceived slights ranging from verbal insults to ostensibly nonviolent physical actions. To date, no review has characterized and categorized specific situational cues that are associated with interpersonal violence/ideation. Here, literature addressing attitudes, attributions, and triggers around reactive forms of violence and perspectives on violence deservedness was thematically and narratively reviewed using a theoretical framework focused on shame and threatened social bonds. Of the 29 articles that met the inclusion criteria, 11 statistically assessed relationships between attributions, attitudes, or triggers and subsequent violence/ideation, with 10 (90.1%) demonstrating, in subgroup analysis, statistically greater attitudes endorsing violence when shame or a threat to a social bond manifested. Overall, three primary axes of attribution, attitudes, or triggers toward interpersonal violence emerged from the review: (1) generalized intrapersonal justifications, (2) environmental and social group triggers, and (3) jealousy and triggers in the context of romantic relationships. These dynamics, both inside and outside of the United States, are reviewed, and a conceptual intervention model is presented. Findings illustrate that behavioral interventions specifically targeting individual- and community-level pathways to shame manifestation and emotion regulation represent an underutilized yet auspicious approach to curbing violence ideation and perpetration.

Recurrent Childhood Animal Cruelty and Its Link to Recurrent Adult Interpersonal Violence

2017 ◽  
Vol 62 (8) ◽  
pp. 2345-2356 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caleb E. Trentham ◽  
Christopher Hensley ◽  
Christina Policastro
Keyword(s):  
Interpersonal Violence ◽  
Animal Cruelty ◽  
Outcome Variable ◽  
Animal Abuse ◽  
Southern State ◽  
Medium Security ◽  
Potential Link ◽  
Violent Acts ◽  
Using Data

In the early 1960s, researchers began to examine the potential link between childhood animal cruelty and future interpersonal violence. Findings since then have been inconsistent in establishing a relationship between the two. This may be due to researchers failing to measure the recurrency of childhood animal abuse and the recurrency of later violent acts committed in adulthood. The current study, using data from 257 inmates at a medium-security prison in a Southern state, is a replication of research conducted by Tallichet and Hensley, and Hensley, Tallichet, and Dutkiewicz, which examined this recurrency issue. The only statistically significant predictor of recurrent adult interpersonal violence in this study was recurrent childhood animal cruelty. Inmates who engaged in recurrent childhood animal cruelty were more likely to commit recurrent adult interpersonal violence. Respondents’ race, education, and childhood residence were not significant predictors of the outcome variable.

scholarly journals Une idéologie incarnée. Les marques identitaires et le discours marketing les sous-tendant

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (45) ◽  
pp. 161
Author(s):  
Alexandre Coutant
Keyword(s):  
Economic Theory ◽  
Brand Equity ◽  
Communication Strategies ◽  
Comprehensive Approach ◽  
Theoretical Justification ◽  
Classical Economic

Marketers as advertising executives have long been concerned by brand equity. Nevertheless, classical economic theory used to undervalue its importance in the marketplace, as brand could hardly fit the positivist epistemology it was relying on. Recent research arguing for a more comprehensive approach of consumption gave a new credibility to brands. Thus, the value of some of their intangible dimensions have been admitted enough to justify new kinds of communication strategies which are relying on brands’ identity strength. These socalled “identity brands” are supposed to operate as models for consumers. This paper is dealing with the theoretical justification of this strategy and the assumed reasons why consumers should have a taste for these kinds of brands.

The Taming of Highland Masculinity: Interpersonal Violence and Shifting Codes of Manhood, c. 1760–1840

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lynn Abrams
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Middle Class ◽  
Interpersonal Violence ◽  
Cultural Norms ◽  
Indigenous Culture ◽  
Class Culture ◽  
Court Records ◽  
Scottish Highlands ◽  
The Law ◽  
Violent Assault

This chapter argues that male interpersonal violence provides a way in which divergent, conflicting and shifting codes of manliness in Scottish society can be discerned. Historians of masculinity have argued that the eighteenth century saw a change in the model of manhood as male interpersonal violence in defence of honour and reputation was replaced by the advocacy of self-governance and recourse to the law. Using court records of violent assault, this chapter focusses on a type of modernizing society – the Scottish Highlands 1760-1840 - in which a code of violence governed by an indigenous culture of manhood was gradually superceded by new cultural norms. An earlier association of masculinity with interpersonal violence in the Highlands was challenged increasingly from around 1800 by those who advocated civility and restraint amongst men, especially in the growing Highland town of Inverness, the centre of an emerging middle-class culture with changing social sensibilities

Economic Violence

2020 ◽  
pp. 177-186
Author(s):  
Mona Lena Krook
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Violence Against Women ◽  
Financial Support ◽  
Economic Hardship ◽  
Women In Politics ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Economic Violence ◽  
Property Destruction ◽  
Forms Of Violence

Chapter 15 provides an overview of economic forms of violence against women in politics. Economic violence employs economic hardship and deprivation as a means of control, most often by destroying a person’s property or harming their financial livelihood as a form of intimidation. Forms of economic violence include vandalism, property destruction, theft, extortion, raids to remove property, withholding of funds and resources, threats to terminate employment, withdrawal of financial support, and restrictions on access to funding. Despite direct links between economic violence and the ability of women to perform political functions, it remains a largely invisible phenomenon. Few women, indeed, appear willing to speak on the record about their experiences for fear of negative effects on their personal and professional livelihoods. Relative silence on these dynamics, in turn, means that few measures exist to address economic violence, with civil society largely filling the gap to provide emergency grants and accounting oversight.

The Role of Religious Ideas and the Use of Models in Max Weber's Comparative Studies of Non-Capitalist Societies

1970 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Stephen Warner
Keyword(s):  
Economic Theory ◽  
Political Science ◽  
Comparative Studies ◽  
Max Weber ◽  
Historical Sociology ◽  
Economic Life ◽  
Classical Economic ◽  
Use Of Models ◽  
Significant Question

The theme of this conference, “The Organizational Forms of Economic Life and Their Evolution,” implies a concern for specifying the limits of the applicability of classical and neo-classical economic theory. Presumably because we sociologists have been in the forefront of those who insist on the recognition of these limits, I have been asked to present a paper from the viewpoint of historical sociology. Now I suppose that your field and mine are alike in at least one respect: the infrequency of finding any one view on a broad and significant question. I am sure you will understand, therefore, my concentration on some lessons to be learned from the work of one of the heroes of my discipline, Max Weber (1864–1920). Weber, as you may know, was, among his other titles, a professor of economics and avoided the epithet of “sociologist.” Yet because sociology has changed since his day, largely under his influence, and because he was also a professor of law and of political science, we sociologists have now claimed him. Nevertheless, many of the issues that informed his massive scholarly research were and are issues central to both your field and mine.

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