scholarly journals De la migración forzada al tráfico de migrantes: la migración clandestina en tránsito de Cuba hacia Chile

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 0
Author(s):  
Nanette Paz Liberona Concha ◽  
Carlos Daniel Piñones Rivera ◽  
Haroldo Dilla Alfonso
Keyword(s):  
Forced Migration ◽  
Critical Discussion ◽  
International Level ◽  
Transit Migration

This article takes up the critical discussion that has taken place at an international level by considering people smuggling as a crime. It focuses on clandestine transit migration of Cubans to Chile, associated with the trafficking of migrants, the latter understood as forced migration. From a collaborative ethnographic follow-up, the experience of clandestine transit migration is collected while reconstructing the motives, routes, the lack of a coyote figure, the abuses, the risks, the crossing of Chilean borders, and the denial of refuge. It is concluded that emphasizing the voluntariness of being smuggled contributes to the irregularization of migrants, which is why we consider it necessary to stop perceiving this phenomenon from a criminal perspective and consider the density social, cultural, political, and economic dimensions of people smuggling.

scholarly journals Match-fixing as a Threat to Sport: Ethical and Legal Perspectives

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 37-48
Author(s):  
Ladislav Mravec
Keyword(s):  
International Level ◽  
Council Of Europe ◽  
Legal Norms ◽  
Current State ◽  
Legal Perspective

This article aims to show how match-fixing is a threat to sport, not only from an ethical but also from a legal perspective, and to explain the various challenges of combating match-fixing in sport on the national and international level. To achieve this, the first step of the article is to explain corruption in sport, the values of sport and their endangerment through match-fixing, and then the crucial factor of sport autonomy is explained. Further, the article discusses various national and international legal norms and measures in the fight against match-fixing. On the international level there is discussed the current state of play of the Council of Europe Convention on the Manipulation of Sports Competitions (the so-called Macolin Convention) and the Group of Copenhagen, as the follow-up network of national platforms. Finally, the article makes recommendations regarding the better investigation of match-fixing and concludes with a critical appreciation of findings in the fight against match-fixing. 

scholarly journals Spinal Muscular Atrophy: The High Costs of Innovative Therapies for Rare Diseases

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heiko Brennenstuhl ◽  
Kim Green ◽  
Dominic Störzinger ◽  
Torsten Hoppe-Tichy ◽  
Peter Burgard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Muscular Atrophy ◽  
Dynamic Pricing ◽  
Muscular Atrophy ◽  
Orphan Drugs ◽  
Critical Discussion ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Strong Increase ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Advanced Therapy

Abstract Background: Despite numbers of prescriptions filled remaining constant, expenditures for drugs are rising. Among others, this is caused by high prices for orphan drugs and advanced therapy medicinal products (ATMPs). Despite attempts by policymakers to intervene, the increasing use of these therapies poses numerous challenges on the health care system.Results: Using data from the University Hospital Heidelberg, we found that the division of pediatric neurology is experiencing a strong increase in drug costs, caused by two pharmaceuticals for the treatment of spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), Nusinersen and Onasemnogene Abeparvovec. To put this finding in a broader context, we conducted a survey of 41 German SMA treatment centers revealing a general lack of human and infrastructure resources for therapy and follow-up care, which demonstrates insufficient reimbursement of treatment. To improve structural conditions, we propose that disease-independent registries for medication surveillance that comply with the rules of the European Union are needed as well as the development of a fair funding model.Conclusion: Innovative forms of therapy require a critical discussion and concise regulation of treatment application and follow-up reimbursement as well as international industry-independent registry work. Based on the previously described model of “evidence-based dynamic pricing” by the Techniker Krankenkasse, we propose a revised model which offers an internationally scalable solution to meet these challenges.

25. Refugees and forced migration

2019 ◽  
pp. 404-418
Author(s):  
Ariadna Estévez
Keyword(s):  
Power Relations ◽  
International Politics ◽  
Forced Migration ◽  
Critical Discussion ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Underlying Causes ◽  
Colonial Legacies ◽  
The Subject ◽  
International Issues

This chapter is concerned with the international politics of refugees and forced migration. It shows how they are produced and managed in the context of contemporary globalization. Forced migration, the chapter defines, is the compulsory mobility of people due to existing and potential threats, mostly in the Global South and East. The chapter explains that these threats are related to a variety of international issues, and highlights the fact that there is debate concerning the underlying causes, including on-going colonial legacies and existing power relations. In order to discuss forced migration, with an emphasis on the international politics of refugee legislation and law, the chapter locates the subject within the field of international relations (IR). It goes on to provide an overview of the conceptual debate, presenting a critical discussion of new ways of characterizing forced migration, along with their analytical and policy implications. It then considers how policy-makers classify various types of forced migration. Finally, it describes the institutions informing the international regime that governs refugees, their specific definitions of the term, and subsidiary categories.

Explanatory dictionary of key terms in toxicology: Part II (IUPAC Recommendations 2010)

2010 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 679-751 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monica Nordberg ◽  
John H. Duffus ◽  
Douglas M. Templeton
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Full Description ◽  
International Level ◽  
Medical Practitioners ◽  
Regulatory Authorities ◽  
Linguistic Barriers ◽  
Key Terms ◽  
Risk Assessment And Management ◽  
Common Understanding

The objective of the “Explanatory Dictionary of Key Terms in Toxicology” is to give full explanations of the meaning and usage of toxicological terms chosen for their importance and complexity with regard to the merging of chemistry into toxicology. This requires a full description of the underlying concepts, going beyond a normal dictionary definition. Often linguistic barriers lead to problems in obtaining a common understanding of terminology at an international level and between disciplines. The explanatory comments should help to break down such barriers. This dictionary is a follow-up and continuation of part I published in 2007. It consists of a collection of terms chosen from the IUPAC “Glossary of Terms Used in Toxicology”. These terms are organized under 19 main headings. The authors hope that this explanatory dictionary will be helpful to chemists, pharmacologists, toxicologists, risk assessors, regulators, medical practitioners, regulatory authorities, and everyone with an interest in the application of chemistry to solving toxicological problems. It should be of particular value to those involved in risk assessment and management.

Therapy and prevention for mental health: What if mental diseases are mostly not brain disorders?

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
John P. A. Ioannidis
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Mental Disease ◽  
Brain Disorders ◽  
Social Stressors ◽  
Labor Education ◽  
Mental Diseases ◽  
Long Term Follow Up ◽  
Political Decisions

AbstractNeurobiology-based interventions for mental diseases and searches for useful biomarkers of treatment response have largely failed. Clinical trials should assess interventions related to environmental and social stressors, with long-term follow-up; social rather than biological endpoints; personalized outcomes; and suitable cluster, adaptive, and n-of-1 designs. Labor, education, financial, and other social/political decisions should be evaluated for their impacts on mental disease.

Brief summary of Kleť photographic search programme for minor planets

1999 ◽  
Vol 173 ◽  
pp. 189-192
Author(s):  
J. Tichá ◽  
M. Tichý ◽  
Z. Moravec
Keyword(s):  
Ccd Camera ◽  
Minor Planet ◽  
Minor Planets ◽  
Main Belt

AbstractA long-term photographic search programme for minor planets was begun at the Kleť Observatory at the end of seventies using a 0.63-m Maksutov telescope, but with insufficient respect for long-arc follow-up astrometry. More than two thousand provisional designations were given to new Kleť discoveries. Since 1993 targeted follow-up astrometry of Kleť candidates has been performed with a 0.57-m reflector equipped with a CCD camera, and reliable orbits for many previous Kleť discoveries have been determined. The photographic programme results in more than 350 numbered minor planets credited to Kleť, one of the world's most prolific discovery sites. Nearly 50 per cent of them were numbered as a consequence of CCD follow-up observations since 1994.This brief summary describes the results of this Kleť photographic minor planet survey between 1977 and 1996. The majority of the Kleť photographic discoveries are main belt asteroids, but two Amor type asteroids and one Trojan have been found.

Intranuclear Crystals in Regenerating Canine Kidneys

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 412-413
Author(s):  
D.G. Osborne ◽  
L.J. McCormack ◽  
M.O. Magnusson ◽  
W.S. Kiser
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cell ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Tubular Epithelial Cell ◽  
Tubular Epithelial Cells ◽  
Cell Nuclei ◽  
Crystalline Structures ◽  
Small Crystals ◽  
Membrane Bound

During a project in which regenerative changes were studied in autotransplanted canine kidneys, intranuclear crystals were seen in a small number of tubular epithelial cells. These crystalline structures were seen in the control specimens and also in regenerating specimens; the main differences being in size and number of them. The control specimens showed a few tubular epithelial cell nuclei almost completely occupied by large crystals that were not membrane bound. Subsequent follow-up biopsies of the same kidneys contained similar intranuclear crystals but of a much smaller size. Some of these nuclei contained several small crystals. The small crystals occurred at one week following transplantation and were seen even four weeks following transplantation. As time passed, the small crystals appeared to fuse to form larger crystals.

Electron Microscopy of Human Gallstones

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 296-297
Author(s):  
C. Wolpers ◽  
R. Blaschke
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Bile Pigment ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Triclinic Crystal System ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Follow Up Study ◽  
Infra Red ◽  
Main Components

Scanning microscopy was used to study the surface of human gallstones and the surface of fractures. The specimens were obtained by operation, washed with water, dried at room temperature and shadowcasted with carbon and aluminum. Most of the specimens belong to patients from a series of X-ray follow-up study, examined during the last twenty years. So it was possible to evaluate approximately the age of these gallstones and to get information on the intensity of growing and solving.Cholesterol, a group of bile pigment substances and different salts of calcium, are the main components of human gallstones. By X-ray diffraction technique, infra-red spectroscopy and by chemical analysis it was demonstrated that all three components can be found in any gallstone. In the presence of water cholesterol crystallizes in pane-like plates of the triclinic crystal system.

Articulatory Intervention for the Visually Impaired

1979 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 139-144
Author(s):  
Cheri L. Florance ◽  
Judith O’Keefe
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
High School Students ◽  
Behavior Change ◽  
Visually Impaired ◽  
School Students ◽  
Handicapped Children ◽  
Paired Stimuli ◽  
Visually Handicapped ◽  
Parent Program

A modification of the Paired-Stimuli Parent Program (Florance, 1977) was adapted for the treatment of articulatory errors of visually handicapped children. Blind high school students served as clinical aides. A discussion of treatment methodology, and the results of administrating the program to 32 children, including a two-year follow-up evaluation to measure permanence of behavior change, is presented.

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